Development Process Research Articles

The Development of a Blended Instructional Model Using the Inquiry Process with Digital Games to Enhance Analytical Thinking Skills for Primary Students

Analytical thinking skills were an essential learning process for primary students. The research objectives were to 1) study the current condition, problems, and good practices regarding teaching and learning. 2) develop a blended instructional model using the inquiry process with digital games to enhance analytical thinking skills for elementary school. 3) study the results of using the instructional model. The research and development process was divided into 3 phases. Phase 1; study the current conditions, problems, and good practices regarding teaching and learning, the sample group included 377 teachers and 11 teachers. Phase 2; develop a blended instructional model, the sample consisted of 7 and 7 experts. Phase 3; study the results of using the instructional model the sample consisted of 34 grade 6 students. The data were analyzed by basic statistics and hypothesis testing statistics. The research found that 1) The current condition and overall problems were moderate level. The good practices included blended learning methods, the inquiry process, and instructional media with digital games. 2) The blended instructional model using an inquiry process along with a digital game included 4 core components: principles, objectives, management of teaching-learning processes, and measurement and evaluation. Seven experts evaluated and certified this instructional model that was appropriate in all aspects at a high level. 3) The results of using the instructional model found that (1) the analytical thinking skills of students who studied using the instructional model overall post-test were significantly higher than pre-test at the .05. (2) Measuring students’ learning achievement overall score post-test was significantly higher than pre-test at the .05. (3) Students’ post-test scores of the experimental were significantly higher than the control group at the .05. (4) Students’ post-test scores of the experimental were significantly higher than the control group at the .05.

The Current Development and Outlook of China Certified Emission Reduction Trading Scheme

China’s trading scheme for voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, i.e. China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER), is an important policy tool to promote GHG emission reduction through market mechanisms and help achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals (the “dual carbon” goals). The CCER trading scheme was initiated in 2012, and after five years of practical exploration, it has provided an effective channel for the whole society to actively participate in carbon emission reductions. Since 2023, the relevant state departments have issued the Measures for the Administration of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (Trial) and released the first batch of four project-specific methodologies and five verification institutions, marking the basic completion of the institutional framework of the CCER trading market. In January 2024, the CCER trading market was officially launched, and has been operated in a stable and orderly way, with its policy role of low-cost emission reduction through market mechanisms gradually coming into play. It should be also noted that, in the early stage of its start-up, the market still faces problems such as insufficient market supply, uncertain integration with international schemes, and relatively lagging behind in capacity building, which need to be gradually addressed in the development process. On that basis, this paper gives an outlook.

Private banking market developments: Evidence from Hungary

Private banking institutions serve the financial sector’s wealthiest clientele via a dedicated value proposition. Based on the relevant tendencies and statistics, a remarkable expansion can be outlined since the mid-1990s. The aim of this study is to elaborate the Hungarian private banking market’s development as a case study. The paper also intends to add to the literature on this unique segment of the financial market. Based on the available statistics, the analysis primarily focuses on the Hungarian private banking market’s rapid development process. This can be underpinned by the clientele’s savings, number of accounts and respective segmentation limits of the institutions. Referring to the amount of savings, a correlation analysis indicates significant co-movements with specific social and economic variables. The growth rate of the Hungarian clientele’s savings outperformed the respective indicator in Western Europe during the review time period (2007–2020). The current paper also includes a section that summarises general challenges that private banking managers need to address during the development process. Generally, the literature on private banking can still be considered scarce, whereas there is a lack of studies on the Central-Eastern European region. The analysis of the Hungarian sector’s development path can serve with relevant information to any financial expert in the field.

Trends of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use in Drug Targets, Discovery and Development: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmaceutical sectors have advanced drug discovery and development methods. AI has been applied in virtual drug design, molecule synthesis, advanced research, various screening methods, and decision-making processes. In the fourth industrial revolution, when medical discoveries are happening swiftly, AI technology is essential to reduce the costs, effort, and time in the pharmaceutical industry. Further, it will aid "genome-based medicine" and "drug discovery." AI may prepare proactive databases according to diseases, disorders, and appropriate usage of drugs which will facilitate the required data for the process of drug development. The application of AI has improved clinical trials on patient selection in a population, stratification, and sample assessment such as biomarkers, effectiveness measures, dosage selection, and trial length. Various studies suggest AI could be perform better compared to conventional techniques in drug discovery. The present review focused on the positive impact of AI in drug discovery and development processes in the pharmaceutical industry and beneficial usage in health sectors as well.

Enhancing the Ecosystem of Central Areas in European Metropolises: A Project for Rome

The paper presents the results of a third-party research project defining the process of redevelopment and social and environmental regeneration along the historic urban axis of Via Nazionale and Corso Vittorio Emanuele II in Rome. The site is affected by the construction of the new tram line connecting Termini Station to the Vatican City. The study proposes an approach to the design of public spaces that, starting by inhibiting traffic from rubber-tired vehicles and private cars and the application of environmental mitigation strategies, allows to reduce pollutant emissions, enhance the cultural heritage along the urban axis, and revitalise cultural, social, and commercial activities, thus triggering a virtuous process of sustainable growth and development.

Direction for Physical Arrangement of Slums in Coastal Areas (Case Study: Liem Hie Djung Area, North Nunukan Village, Nunukan Regency)

The process of urban development is always faced with various kinds of problems. One of the most important problems is the limited ability of cities to provide housing for residents who continue to grow and grow rapidly. The objectives of this study are: (1) To find out the extent of the level of slums in the Coastal Area around Liem Hie Djun, (2) To find out the correlation between the factors causing slums to the level of slums, and (3) To formulate directions for the arrangement of physical buildings of houses and the arrangement of basic infrastructure of the residential environment in the research area so that a residential environment with healthy and good environmental quality is realized. This research method uses the Spearman correlation method, and (3) The results of these two analyses are used as inputs in efforts to organize the slum environment, using the development analysis method. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it was found that the level of slums in RT 9 and RT 10 is heavy slums with weighting values of 374.8 and 328.5, respectively. Meanwhile, RT 11 is included in the category of medium slum level with a weighting value of 297. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the indicators of the level of health and comfort of buildings and environmental sanitation conditions had a perfect relationship that affected the level of slums. In RT 9, the level of health and comfort of buildings has a strong relationship affecting the level of slums.

National Forest City Policy and Urban Ecological Resilience: Evidence from 292 Cities in China

The process of sustainable urban development faces complex and severe environmental problems. Therefore, enhancing urban ecological resilience (UER) has become an urgent and critical goal. In this study, the establishment of national forest cities (NFCs) in China is regarded as an exogenous shock event, and the impact of NFCs on UER and its mechanisms are investigated based on data from 292 cities spanning 2003 to 2021 using a difference-in-difference method. It is found that NFCs can significantly enhance UER, and this conclusion holds after a series of robustness tests. Mechanism analysis shows that NFCs can effectively strengthen environmental regulations, upgrade industrial structures, promote green innovation, and thus enhance UER. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the effect of NFC on UER is more significant in low-carbon non-pilot cities, cities with higher levels of industrial development, and cities in central and western China. Spatial spillover analysis shows that NFCs can effectively improve the ecological resilience of neighboring cities. Therefore, NFCs should be continuously implemented and optimized to establish a long-term mechanism for urban forests to enhance ecological resilience.

Ethics and Values Matter: The Role of Higher Education

Human existence is a process of learning and development aimed at achieving wisdom, and education has been regarded as the ultimate value system since the birth of culture and way of life for this reason. Education is more than only the acquisition of skills or the gathering of knowledge or news about a topic of interest from others or from other parts of the world. It is not limited to the abilities of obtaining information received and preserved via knowing, or just the exploration of existential problems and familiarization with previously acquired knowledge or data, or with a system of knowledge - but also with the goal of comprehending this cognition. Knowledge is involved with the comprehension of a collection of propositions or concepts. Knowledge can be theoretical and practical, fundamental and abstract, and it may exist in any time period: past, present, and future. However, cognition is always done in the present. Past memories and future prophecies are also remembered in the present, as the ideas flash or surface in the mind. These flashes act as an impetus for our quick determination, allowing us to decide whether or not to undertake anything. However, for the purpose of brevity, I'll lump the two, knowledge and cognition, together under the heading of knowledge. Education fosters the development of talents from all three faculties, as well as wisdom in their right application for the benefit of people and society for creating value and ethics. The goal of NEP 2020 is also having important role in higher education teaching to encourage systematic and focused discoveries and practices that benefit society. Society views higher education institutions as catalysts for the transformation of knowledge into wisdom. The quality, morals, and ethics of higher education institutions are increasingly important in integrating young people into society. A country like India has a large young population, and they are the frontiers of the Indian government's Made in India Initiative. It has been well mentioned that the actual philosophy of education is in the combination of ethics, virtues, values, and the validity of human life, thus it is vital to improve ethical values, philosophical thinking, study, research, and moral growth in the Indian education system.

Role of LncRNA MSTRG.20890.1 in Hair Follicle Development of Cashmere Goats

Background: The cashmere goat is a biological resource that mainly produces cashmere. Cashmere has a soft hand feel and good luster, with high economic value. The quality and yield of cashmere are determined by the process of hair follicle development during the embryonic period. Methods: In this study, the skin of the Inner Mongolia cashmere goat at different embryonic stages (45, 55, 65, and 75d) was collected, and the differentially expressed lncRNA MSTRG.20890.1 at 75d was obtained by screening. Dual luciferase reporter gene system, qRT-PCR, and EDU experiments were used to verify further the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of the lncRNA in dermal fibroblasts. Results: Based on the transcriptome database of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat skin at different embryonic stages, which was previously constructed by our group, according to the characteristics of hair follicle development in the embryonic stage, we screened out the lncRNA MSTRG.20890.1 that was down-expressed on the 75-SHFINI day of the embryonic stage. We found that lncRNA MSTRG.20890.1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of cells, and it could inhibit the proliferation and directional migration of dermal fibroblasts through the chi-miR-24-3p/ADAMTS3 signaling axis, thereby inhibiting the formation of dermal papilla structure at embryonic stage. Conclusions: This study revealed that lncRNA MSTRG.20890.1 regulated secondary hair follicle morphogenesis and development in cashmere goats through the chi-miR-24-3p/ADAMTS3 signaling axis.

Homogeneous Catalysts of RedOx Processes Based on Heteropolyacid Solutions. VI: Developing a Process for Low-Temperature Oxidation of CO with Oxygen

Research on the development of a homogeneous process for low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of a “platinum group metal + vanadium-containing heteropolyacid (HPA)” catalytic system has been presented. The optimal reaction conditions, ensuring the maximum rate of CO oxidation to CO2, have been determined; for this reaction the kinetic features have been established, and its mechanism has been proposed. It has been shown that homogeneous systems based on PdII complex exhibit high activity and productivity, but have low stability and operate only at pH below 1,5. The stability of the catalyst can be increased by simultaneous introduction of σ- and π-donor ligands into the system; however, it is more effective to use the PtIV complex in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium salt at a ratio of 100/1. The transition from HPA solutions with a low content of vanadium atoms (H7PMo8V4O40) to solutions of modified compositions (H10P3Mo18V7O84) ensures an increase in the activity and productivity of the system, with the kinetics of CO oxidation being maintained. The combined homogeneous catalyst PtIV + PdII + H10P3Mo18V7O84 remains stable during multi-cycle use without reducing activity, operates without an induction period and can be used at pH range of 1,7–2,0, which simplifies the process equipment.

Effect of pH-Shift Treatment on IgE-Binding Capacity and Conformational Structures of Peanut Protein

Hypoallergenic processing is an area worthy of continued exploration. In the treatment of the peanut protein (PP), pH shift was applied by acidic (pH 1.0–4.0) and alkaline (pH 9.0–12.0) treatment, after which the pH was adjusted to 7.0. Following pH-shift treatment, PP showed a larger particle size than in neutral solutions. SDS-PAGE, CD analysis, intrinsic fluorescence, UV spectra, and surface hydrophobicity indicated the protein conformation was unfolded with the exposure of more buried hydrophobic residues. Additionally, the IgE-binding capacity of PP decreased after pH-shift treatment on both sides. Label-free LC–MS/MS results demonstrated that the pH-shift treatment induced the structural changes on allergens, which altered the abundance of peptides after tryptic digestion. Less linear IgE-binding epitopes were detected in PP with pH-shift treatment. Our results suggested the pH-shift treatment is a promising alternative approach in the peanut hypoallergenic processing. This study also provides a theoretical basis for the development of hypoallergenic food processing.

Exploring the link between foresight and artificial intelligence methods to strengthen collective future-building in contexts of social instability

Purpose The study explores the connection between foresight and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in a community within an environment of social instability in Colombia. It aims to contribute to research on aligning these methods for future-shaping, with the goal of enhancing shared governance, peer learning and collective learning among traditional decision-makers and local communities in emerging countries. The study seeks to foster a community of social actors who are likely to engage constructively in strategic dialogues. To enhancing shared governance and learning a hybrid model is synthesized, combining foresight and computational intelligence. Design/methodology/approach The case study explores the integration of computational intelligence and foresight through Gaston Bachelard's (Bachelard, 1936) phenomenology concept of ante-perception. The mathematical representation of the cone of scenarios provides a structured way to explore multiple future pathways, allowing communities to visualize and compare different trajectories and make informed decisions amid uncertainty. The model facilitates critical reflections on present assumptions, deepening insights into future scenarios. Ante-perception challenges traditional approaches to foresight by encouraging a break from established experiences, allowing for novel insights into possible futures. When enriched by computational intelligence, this reflective process is further strengthened by quantitative approach scenario modeling. Findings This research develops and tests a proposal that includes the logic and methods for constructing a mathematical representation of the cone of scenarios. This process, which is interactive and deliberative, is driven by anticipation and combines qualitative and quantitative approaches within a context of high uncertainty. By combining the critical reflection facilitated by ante-perception with the predictive power of computational intelligence, the model allows communities to transcend established thought patterns and explore innovative future possibilities. This integrative approach helps them envision and work toward social self-transformation. Research limitations/implications The article aims to identify the creation of scenarios in contexts of high uncertainty, to respond to the needs of communities in emerging countries to manage change. Practical implications This article explores a novel approach to using foresight for address collective intelligence by developing a shared future vision in high-uncertainty contexts within local communities in emerging countries. The application of the hybrid model demonstrates that foresight is a key innovative social tool for developing long-term strategic reflection and planning for territories. Social implications In developing long-term reflective processes, explaining phenomena, mechanisms and correlations requires the use of value judgments. This set of value judgments requires a representation that facilitates their treatment, helps to account for their behavior during the inference process to form a shared future vision. Consequently, ensuring the recognition of the opinions of local communities through participatory discussion spaces and their subsequent refinement, from a technical perspective, aims to illustrate the development of this social construction process. While similarities exist, differences add value through a transfer process, often subconscious. This process stimulates collective learning and builds capacities as knowledge is developed through inquiry, evaluation, interpretation and generalization. Originality/value This research provides a unique hybrid model that fosters collective learning and engagement by integrating local community perspectives with advanced computational intelligence methods. By facilitating both reflective and quantitative approach future-shaping, it offers a practical framework for addressing uncertainty while empowering communities to shape their own futures. It underscores the importance of recognizing local community views through bottom-up participatory discussions, thereby widening the stakeholder community to active engagement in addressing broader societal issues. The case study focuses on community collaboration in Puerto Gaitán, a Colombian municipality.

Nuclear bilateral telerobotic systems: performance comparison and future implications

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of two nuclear-rated bilateral telerobotic systems, Telbot and Dexter, focusing on critical performance metrics such as effort transparency, stiffness, and backdrivability. Despite the absence of standardized evaluation methodologies for these systems, this study identifies key gaps by experimentally assessing the quantitative performance of both systems under controlled conditions. The results reveal that Telbot exhibits higher stiffness, but at the cost of greater effort transmission, whereas Dexter offers smoother backdrivability. Furthermore, positional discrepancies were observed during the tests, particularly in nonlinear positional displacements. These findings highlight the need for standardized evaluation methods, contributing to the development, manufacturing, and procurement processes of future bilateral telerobotic systems.

From Family to Community: A Preliminary Discussion on Strengthening the Sence of the Chinese National Community through the Integration of Family and Country

The Chinese nation shares the same culture and ancestry, and the traditional values of the unity and homogeneity of the family and the country in Chinese civilization indicate the development prospects and process of various ethnic groups on the road of rejuvenation, which is characterized by unity and solidarity, and has become an endogenous driving force for strengthening the sense of community of the Chinese nation. At a new historical starting point, with the focus and support on the unity of family and country, we aim to strengthen the sense of community among the Chinese nation, providing important value guidance and spiritual support for consolidating the shared spiritual home of the Chinese nation and consolidating its centripetal force. We should promote the construction of modern civilization of the Chinese nation and enhance the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation; Focusing on "small families", melting millions of "family dreams" into the "Chinese Dream" of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; Focusing on "everyone", inheriting and innovating excellent traditional Chinese culture, and enhancing the subjectivity of Chinese national culture; Looking at the world, we should enhance the conscious identification of various ethnic groups with the sense of community of the Chinese nation through cultural exchange and mutual learning.

Certificate in Advanced Behavioral Interventions Among Multiple Populations

This manuscript describes the curricular and instructional approaches utilized in the composition and delivery of the Certificate in Advanced Behavioral Interventions Among Multiple Populations (CABISAM) created by the School of Social Work at Loyola University Chicago. CABISAM is a social work led interprofessional education (IPE) model where students from social work, nursing, and medicine engage in didactic and experiential activities to advance clinical and leadership knowledge of interprofessional approaches to screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment (SBIRT) with diverse populations. An interprofessional team of faculty from each discipline was involved throughout the development and planning process to consider accreditation, cultural, and logistical issues unique to each profession. CABISAM engages students in an evidenced-based interprofessional education (IPE) experience with exposure to cutting-edge topics relevant to health professionals: training in interprofessional practice, substance use in unique settings with diverse populations, and clinical implementation skills. This manuscript presents an adaptable and generalizable interprofessional education approach to other undergraduate and graduate programs across disciplines.

MMV 1804559 is a potential antistaphylococcal and antibiofilm agent targeting the clfA gene of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus, a high-priority pathogen proclaimed to cause infections ranging from mild to life-threatening, presents significant challenges in treatment. New therapies can be developed quicker using open drug discovery platforms offering a distinct approach to expedite the development of innovative antibacterial and anti-biofilm therapeutics. This study set out to address these issues by finding new uses for current medications to find compounds that are effective against S. aureus. In this study, we screened the global priority health box, launched by Medicines for Malaria Ventures containing 240 compounds, for their effectiveness against S. aureus. MMV1795508, MMV1542799, MMV027331, MMV1593278, and MMV1804559 showed potential antibacterial activity at 10µM concentration. These compounds underwent further evaluation for their ability to clear intracellular bacteria, disrupt biofilm formation and eradicate existing biofilms. MMV1804559 demonstrated strong efficacy across all tested parameters, achieving 94% inhibition of intracellular bacteria, 79.19% disruption of biofilm cells, and 66.18% inhibition of biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed notable membrane perforations and blebbing in MMV1804559-treated cells, indicating its impact on bacterial membranes. Gene expression analysis of cells treated with MMV1804559 showed downregulation of clfA and clfB genes, critical for biofilm formation. Additionally, docking studies confirmed the binding affinity of MMV1804559 with clfA, supported by favorable docking scores, MM/GBSA binding energy, and increased hydrogen bond interactions in the binding pocket, suggesting clfA as a target for MMV1804559. MMV1804559 could serve as a potential therapy for S. aureus by targeting biofilm development and cell adhesion processes.

Integration and Evaluation of a Digital Support Function for Space Claims in Factory Layout Planning

Planning and designing factory layouts are frequently performed within virtual environments, relying on inputs from various cross-disciplinary activities e.g., product development, manufacturing process planning, resource descriptions, ergonomics, and safety. The success of this process heavily relies on the expertise of the practitioners performing the task. Studies have shown that layout planning often hinges on the practitioners’ knowledge and interpretation of current rules and requirements. As there is significant variability in this knowledge and interpretation, there is a risk that decisions are made on incorrect grounds. Consequently, the layout planning process depends on individual proficiency. In alignment with Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 principles, there is a growing emphasis on providing practitioners involved in industrial development processes with efficient decision support tools. This paper presents a digital support function integrated into a virtual layout planning tool, developed to support practitioners in considering current rules and requirements for space claims in the layout planning process. This digital support function was evaluated by industry practitioners and stakeholders involved in the factory layout planning process. This initiative forms part of a broader strategy to provide advanced digital support to layout planners, enhancing objectivity and efficiency in the layout planning process while bridging cross-disciplinary gaps.

Development Problems and Suggestions for the Giant Salamander Industry

The Chinese giant salamander (<i>Andrias davidianus</i>), the American giant salamander (<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>), and the Japanese giant salamander (<i>A. japonicum</i>) are precious aquatic protected animals that currently exist in the world. The latter two cannot be traded locally, whether wild or cultivated, and can only be protected, so they have not formed an industry. However, China allows the second generation of artificially bred offspring giant salamander to be traded and has already formed a factory scale breeding. The Chinese giant salamander has high economic value in food, health, medicine, beauty and other fields. In recent years, its artificial breeding industry has been widely developed in China and has a certain industrial scale. However, there are also many problems in the development of the giant salamander industry. In order to promote the high-quality development of the giant salamander industry and improve its quality, this article conducts research on the giant salamander industry, identifies existing problems, and provides suggestions. Firstly, this article analyzes the problems in the development process of giant salamanders from multiple perspectives, including management, service, market, research and development, and brand awareness. Secondly, corresponding industrial development strategies are proposed, including increasing regulatory efforts, enhancing service awareness, building market order, expanding sales channels, increasing research and development investment, reducing disease occurrence, extending the industrial chain, and strengthening brand awareness. Finally, the prospects for the development of the giant salamander industry are discussed.

Stability Studies of a Tetraethyl Orthosilicate-Based Thixotropic Drug Delivery System

Background/Objectives: This study assessed the effects of formulation components on the long-term stability of a previously described tetraethyl orthosilicate-based drug delivery system. Early stability studies of a product concept are crucial not only to provide information on the overall system stability and individual components’ contributions to it, but also to identify opportunities for dosage form optimization and to define its use case. Methods: We assessed the time-dependent thixogel properties—specifically, mechanical strength, thixotropy, release of model drug, and dry substance—in both real-time and accelerated shelf-life determination set-ups. Results: Our findings indicate that the concentration and molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, one of the main constituents of the investigated thixotropic systems, are key determinants of formulation stability. We further showed that changes in both of these parameters reflect on the drug release properties and stiffness of the formulation and could inform subsequent product development based on several use cases. Conclusions: Overall, this study provides an understanding of some key factors that would need to be considered prior to and in the final product development process of thixogels in preparation for commercialization.

Aviation-BERT-NER: Named Entity Recognition for Aviation Safety Reports

This work introduces Aviation-BERT-NER, a Named Entity Recognition (NER) system tailored for aviation safety reports, building on the Aviation-BERT base model developed at the Georgia Institute of Technology’s Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory. This system integrates aviation domain-specific data, including aircraft types, manufacturers, quantities, and aviation terminology, to identify named entities critical for aviation safety analysis. A key innovation of Aviation-BERT-NER is its template-based approach to fine-tuning, which utilizes structured datasets to generate synthetic training data that mirror the complexity of real-world aviation safety reports. This method significantly improves the model’s generalizability and adaptability, enabling rapid updates and customization to meet evolving domain-specific requirements. The development process involved careful data preparation, including the synthesis of entity types and the generation of labeled datasets through template filling. Testing on real-world narratives from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database highlighted Aviation-BERT-NER’s robustness, with a precision of 95.34%, recall of 94.62%, and F1 score of 94.78% when evaluated over 50 manually annotated (BIO tagged) paragraphs. This work addresses a critical gap in English language NER models for aviation safety, promising substantial improvements in the analysis and understanding of aviation safety reports.