Codification Process Research Articles

VARIABILITY OF THE GERMAN PHONEME / r / FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF LINGUOSYNERGETICS

The given article discusses the variability of the German phoneme / r /, the formation of the pronunciation norm, the codification process and the influence of speech reality on it from the point of view of linguosynergetics - the science of self-organization and self-regulation of the language system, which, according to the synergetic approach, is open, dynamic, non-linear, having stable and unstable states. As an example, reflecting these mechanisms, the implementation of the German phoneme / r / is presented, which is represented by a large set of allophones characterized by a reduction in the number of oscillatory movements, the transition of the vibrant into a narrow slot until subsequent vocalization and complete assimilation. The variety of phoneme variants / r / is explained by the specific phonetic nature of these sounds and indicates their greater susceptibility to articulation deformations compared to other consonants of the German language. Vibrants themselves are influenced and unstable due to their complexity, so the implementation of the reduced forms / r / seems more likely and frequent. One of the factors that plays a significant role in the reduction process / r / is the law of convenient articulation, based on the principle of economy - achieving the optimal recognition effect due to the least power (in this case, articulatory) efforts. From the point of view of linguosynergetics, the system, having settled on the optimal form of self-organization, “dumps” the excess energy that is not needed for the formation and functioning of the new structure. In the law of economy of speech efforts, it manifests itself in the emergence of new pronunciation options. Linguosynergetics provides a powerful impetus for studying the dynamic development of linguistic units and offers tools for studying the laws of its behavior and the laws of self-organization.

The fallacy of “trickle-down” product sustainability

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how big-picture sustainability strategies are translated into tangible product development efforts. The authors assert that most sustainable products currently remain confined to niche markets and do not permeate the mainstream. The authors propose that there is a missing link between strategic sustainability goals and operational product development initiatives. The authors establish a path to bridging this gap.Design/methodology/approachThe manuscript is based on a qualitative research design with a sample of 32 companies. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with product developers as well as secondary data analysis.FindingsThe authors delineate three empirically derived approaches firms from the sample pursue to develop sustainable products. The authors identify a phenomenon that the authors’ call the fallacy of trickle-down product sustainability. The authors find that only one of the three approaches – codification – is equipped to successfully turn strategic sustainability targets into authentic sustainable products.Practical implicationsThis study provides an actionable guide to executives and product developers with respect to bridging the gap between often elusive sustainability aspirations and tangible product improvements via the process of rigorous codification.Originality/valueThis study provides a novel and unique perspective into strategy, sustainability and product development. The authors synthesize the extant literature on sustainable product development, juxtapose the emergent structure with primary interview data, and elaborate the resource-based view (RBV) to provide theoretical and practical implications. The authors establish scalability as the missing RBV capability of many attempts toward mass–market compatibility of more sustainable products.

WHY DID KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM SUCCEED WHILE ITS COUNTER LEGAL DRAFT FAILED? A Political Context and Legal Arguments of the Codification of Islamic Law for Religious Courts in Indonesia

Codification is a relatively new phenomenon in Islamic legal history. It intensified in the second half of the 20 th Century with the adoption of modern nation state by Muslims which eventually replaced the judicial function of madhhab . Thus, fiqh must transform into state-sanctioned law to remain relevant, as it is also an avenue to apply Islamic law in Indonesian Religious courts. This article aims at unveiling the process of codification of three statutes of Islamic family law, but with different result. While KHI was successfully enacted, CLD KHI failed after facing fierce opposition from Muslim community. The different fate of these two statutes is at least due to two aspects; time and content. KHI was enacted in 1991 when president Soeharto was courting Muslim groups for political supports in his New Order authoritarian regime. Its content is somewhat mirroring the 1974 Marriage Law. Drafts of CLD-KHI was circulated in 2004 after the fall of Soeharto in which free speech is a norm. Content wise, CLD KHI featured liberal interpretation of Islamic family law or even departure from it which is prone to opposition from various Muslim groups.

De codificatie van het Limburgs

Abstract The codification of Limburgish: motives and their patternsLimburgish, the regional language spoken in the Dutch and Belgian provinces of Limburg, shows characteristics of standardization: from the nineteenth century onwards, an increasing number of dictionaries, grammars, and spelling guides of various Limburgish dialects have been published. This shows that Limburgish undergoes codification, one of the major aspects in standardization processes. This article explores the codification process of Limburgish. First, an overview is given of the various codification materials to be found for the dialects spoken in the Dutch province of Limburg. An investigation of the introductory parts of these materials is conducted to answer the question what motives the authors of the various publications have to codify a particular Limburgish dialect. It appears that the amount of codification materials increases drastically from approximately 1980 onwards, and that the motives concerned with dialect protection or preservation prevail in the publications after the Second World War, suggesting that the decline of active dialect use in the last decades is an important motive for the codification of the dialects of Limburg.

Сучасний стан та необхідність реформування космічного законодавства України

У статті проаналізовано сучасний стан правового регулювання космічних відносин. Показано, що норми національного космічного законодавства не відповідають сучасним викликам і загрозам у сфері космічної діяльності. Доводиться важливість проведення кодифікації у галузі національного космічного законодавства. Обґрунтовуються необхідність розробки і прийняття Космічного кодексу України для підвищення рівня правового забезпечення проведення наукових космічних досліджень, створення та експлуатації космічної техніки, використання космічного простору.

Fortalezas, debilidades y retos en la gestión de la convivencia escolar: significados para los equipos directivos de escuelas de educación primaria y secundaria

La convivencia escolar se ha convertido en un asunto central en las políticas y prácticas educativas. Sin embargo, su sentido en los centros y los medios para promoverla se establecen y gestionan desde lógicas distintas. Este trabajo tiene por objeto comprender cómo los equipos directivos de los centros escolares significan la convivencia, qué fortalezas identifican en su gestión, así como las dificultades y retos ante los que se enfrentan. A través de un diseño exploratorio y metodología cualitativa, se realizaron 13 entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes de equipos directivos de diferentes centros educativos de Cantabria (España). La entrevista giró en torno a los significados asociados a la convivencia y las acciones que la implican en el centro educativo, así como las posibilidades,dificultades y retos pendientes. Mediante un proceso de codificación temática se realizóun análisis comparativo de las narraciones agrupadas bajo un mismo código, incorporando los tópicos conceptual y metodológicamente consistentes. Se empleó NVivo 12 Plus. Los resultados reflejan cómo la convivencia es significada como un medio para facilitar la formación académica, pero también como un fin en sí misma, orientada al desarrollo y formación integral del alumnado, favoreciendo la construcción de una ciudadanía activa y participativa. A pesar del valor otorgado, dificultades como la poca estabilidad de las plantillas o la escasa implicación familiar destacan como barreras claves en el trabajo para su mejora. Como retos futuros, los equipos directivos resaltan la necesidad de formación, reflexión y análisis sobre las propuestas ya en marcha y la implicación global del centro.

Re-examining codification

The present paper looks in detail at the process of codification, i.e. how a single variety is altered in such a way as to become the publicly accepted, stigma-free variety of a country or major region. There is both implicit and explicit codification. For Haugen it would seem that he was referring to the latter process in which there is formal agreement on what features and structures belong to the codified variety, e.g. by setting these down in a grammar, style usage guide, dictionary, etc. But the process of implicit codification is largely unconscious. The result is a variety of a language which bears no stigma in the society in which it is spoken. An implicitly codified variety contrasts with other co-existing varieties which show features not contained in the codified variety.

Maps under the global condition: a new tool to study the evolution of cartographic language

Maps under the global condition: a new tool to study the evolution of cartographic language

A Comprehensive Look at the Codification Process of the International Law of the Sea.

This article illustrates with brevity the entire codification process of the International law of the and it's gradual development. I have exerted to articulate different phases of the development of the sea law starting from the ancient 16th Century Hugo Grotius rules which introduced Mare Liberum or Freedom of the Sea & how this principle of open sea transcended to the adoption of UNCLOS (1,II, & III) and ultimately the LOSC 1982 (Law of the Convention) which is conventionally known as the constitution of sea.

The Ambivalence of Freedom: Slaves in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

This article discusses slavery and the lives of enslaved people in Jaffna, northern Sri Lanka, under Dutch and British rule. It argues that by sanctioning and tapping into a perceived local practice of slavery and legally constituting slaves, Dutch colonial rulers further strengthened the power of the dominant caste Vellalar over their subordinates. This was done through processes of registration, legal codification, and litigation. For some enslaved people, however, bureaucratization provided grounds for negotiation and resistance, as well as the potential to take control over their individual lives. British rule that took over areas controlled by the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie—first in the guise of the East India Company (1796–1802), then under the Crown (1802–1948)—introduced a number of measures, acts, and incentives to dismantle slavery as it was practiced on the island. This article draws from Dutch and early British period petitions, court records, commission reports, and slave registers to interrogate the discourse of freedom that permeated the British abolition of slavery from 1806 to 1844 and suggests that in Jaffna after abolition there remained bondage in freedom.

Empoderamiento digital y desarrollo de competencias Matemáticas en la formación del docente de Matemáticas

The present work was oriented to reveal the level of digital empowerment and the development of mathematical competences in the initial formation of the mathematics teacher at the Hermilio Valdizan University. The objective of the study was to evaluate the implications of the use of digital resources: mathematical software and interactive pages in the teaching-learning process of the topics of mathematics and the development of reasoning, problem solving and argumentation skills, communication and argumentation. The research was framed in the qualitative methodology based on the techniques of participant observation, in-depth interview and evaluation rubric. The data collected through the interview was subjected to a process of codification, categorization and construction of semantic networks with the help of the Atlas.ti, while the data from the observation process and the rubric are presented and interpreted statistically in (frequencies and percentages). From the most significant findings it can be seen that most of the teachers in initial training have a considerable digital empowerment, expressed in the use of free software, collaboration resources, social networks and interactive pages for the solution of mathematical problems in algebraic form and graph. On the other hand, more than 85% state that their mathematical competences were developed optimally with the use of technology. It is concluded that digital empowerment is fundamental for the learning of mathematics and the development of reasoning skills, problem solving, modeling and mathematical communication during the initial training of the mathematics teacher.

How Firms Develop Capabilities for Crowdsourcing to Increase Open Innovation Performance: The Interplay between Organizational Roles and Knowledge Processes

In recent years, crowdsourcing has emerged as a promising open innovation strategy for firms searching for solutions to technical problems. Previous research has shown that crowdsourcing can provide quick access to distant knowledge at relatively low costs, when compared to other forms of innovation governance such as internal sourcing or contract research. Recent studies, however, indicate that firms differ considerably in their ability to reap the benefits from crowdsourcing. Drawing upon recent work on the microfoundations of capabilities, we hypothesize how three types of lower level organizational elements may affect gains from crowdsourcing: informal organizational roles, formal organizational roles, and knowledge processes. Following a mixed‐method research design and drawing on rich quantitative and qualitative data, we find that informal and formal organizational roles work through processes of knowledge articulation and codification in developing a firm’s crowdsourcing capability. By going beyond the direct effects of the three antecedents, our research sheds light on the process of capability development for open innovation.

РОЛЬ ХАРКІВСЬКИХ МОВОЗНАВЦІВ У СТАНОВЛЕННІ ПРАВОПИСНИХ НОРМ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ (20-ті рр. ХІХ ст. – 20-ті рр. ХХ ст.)

The article analyzes the process of orthographic norms formation in Eastern Ukraine during the XIX – early XX. The fact of unsolved orthographic problems existence in modern period determines the relevance of this study. Purpose of the article lies both in determination of Kharkiv linguists and writers influence on the Ukrainian literary language orthographic norms development and finding out the ways of orthographic norms formation in a certain period. The phonetic approach to orthographic norms creation, relevant for the initial stage – 1820s, which is used in the first Ukrainian grammar «Grammar of Little Russian dialect» by O. Pavlovskyi (1818) is considered. The opinions of such Kharkiv writers and publishers as H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, E. Hrebinka, S. Pysarevskyi, P. Hulak-Artemovskyi, O. Korsun and I. Betskyi as for the phonetic principle application and creation of the Slobozhan orthography variant are highlighted. This article shows B. Hrinchenko’s exceptional role in organizing of the Ukrainian orthography in the twentieth century and gives a description of the spelling system used by B. Hrinchenko in «Ukrainian Dictionary» (1907–1909), which became universally recognized in the first decades of the twentieth century. The process of normalization and codification of Ukrainian orthographic system during the period of Ukrainian statehood revival with the participation of famous Kharkiv and Kyiv linguists: L. Bulakhovskyi, P. Buzuk, V. Hantsov, V. Demianchuk, O. Kurylo, A. Krymskyi, E. Tymchenko, as well as Galician: K. Studynskyi, I. Sventsytskyi, V. Simovych is described. It is emphasized on the organizational and creative activity of O. Syniavskyi in conducting the All-Ukrainian Spelling Conference in 1927 and his approval and completing of the final version of the Ukrainian literary language orthographic norms. In today’s orthographic norms creation we recommend to take into account the main tendency of past periods linguistic development such as the restoration of national-linguistic identity.

Рецепція українських традицій у білоруській термінології

The development of the terminology of each language depends on the socio-cultural conditions in which the carriers of this idiom live. This is a major factor affecting the configuration of the entire terminology system, and the features of its individual parts, and the general tradition of terminology, serving as one of the parties to standardize the literary language. An example of such a establishedness can be the difficult and controversial formation of terminology in the language of the colonized people, which by any cultural acts, even at first glance, the capitulatory, hides the general idea of its resistance to the dominant language and culture. In the social typology of languages, national terminology plays a prominent role, since it affects the characterization of several relevant attributes of the idiom. Terminology directly depends and at the same time to a certain extent determines the power of foreign-language influences, the communicative sphere of language, and also indirectly determines the degree of tradition of the idiom. In other words, it affects half of the parameters required to create a language characteristic by the methods of social typology. Certainly, throughout all history these parameters do not remain constant, vary depending on cultural-historical conditions. Belarusian linguistics has a long tradition of studying the principles and methods of creating terminology. However, terminology in Belarus as an independent scientific discipline was formed only in the second half of the twentieth century. Based on various sources, researchers analyzed botanical, grammatical, entomological, agricultural, philosophical, legal, automotive, water transport, and others varieties of terminology in the Belarusian language. However, the problem of the perception of Ukrainian traditions in the Belarusian terminology has still little studied. In the scientific level, the issues of foreign-language influences on the lexical subsystem of the new Belarusian literary language (respectively, and on the Belarusian terminology) were first raised in the 1920’s when there were active processes of codification of the idiom. Purposeful and scientifically substantiated Belarusian terminology was initiated in 1921-1922, since it was at this time that the first (mathematical) dictionary from the series “Belarusian Scientific Terminology”, as well as 8 terminological collections containing materials on grammar, logic, arithmetic, algebra, botany, geometry, trigonometry. However, the general codification, and hence the beginning of the terms of the Belarusian language, was initiated in 1918, during the First World War, when under the auspices of the occupation headquarters of the German Army in the East, was printed “Sieben-Sprachen Wörterbuch: Deutsch, Polnisch, Russisch, Weißruthenisch, Litauisch, Lettisch, Jiddisch”, is also known in the history of lexicography as “The Lexicon of the Belarusian Language in German Processing”, or the Seven-language Glossary. Vilnius (in the Belarusian tradition for the name of this city was used exonym Vilna) played the role of the leading cultural centre in the Belarusian national revival until the 1930s. In the first half of the 20’s of the twentieth century the study literature originally came out in Vilnius, but only later – in Minsk, which was separated from the western Belarusian lands by the state Polish-Soviet border (in fact since 1919, legally since 1921 – after the signing of the Riga Peace Treaty). Terminology created in the western Belarusian lands during the 1920’s was freely used in Soviet Belarus. Ukrainian influences on Belarusian terminology were not limited to only one era, alternating throughout the period of the formation and development of a new Belarusian literary language. Let’s say they are quite expressive in the nineteenth century, in the 20’s and 30’s of the twentieth century. As a result, a number of elements of Ukrainian origin have been consolidated in the Belarusian linguistic terminology. After the language reform of 1933 and up to our time, the researchers of Belarus mostly focused on studying the role of the Russian language as the main source of borrowing in the field of Belarusian terminology. The influence of Ukrainian tradition on the terminological system of the Belarusian language from the second half of the twentieth century gradually weakens, but it does not fade well in our time. The study of this problem in a wide range of Belarusian texts will allow us to show in which groups of lexicon the perception of Ukrainian traditions are most entrenched.

A közigazgatási perjog néhány alapelvi aspektusa

The article deals with some questions relating to the two main principles of the law on administrative court procedure. It starts with the presentation of the process of codification and the role of the principle of effective judicial protection played in it, as well as some implications of the right to a fair trial. These tasks of the court are highly interdependent. The second part of the article demonstrates these connections through the lenses of the seamlessness of judicial protection, the equality of arms and timeliness. Finally, the article sets these principles into a wider setting of interdependencies. Through the analysis of some new rules of administrative procedural law functioning as an ex-ante protection, it presents the new relationship of these two sets of  rules and the important task of the judiciary flowing from it, i.e. the creation of a new equilibrium.

Propuestas de reformas al derecho canónico presentadas por el arzobispo de Tarragona, Tomás Costa y Fornaguera, al iniciarse la codificación del derecho canónico de 1917

Based on documents in the Vatican Secret Archives, this paper presents the proposals for canon law reform made in 1904 by Tomás Costa y Fornaguera, Archbishop of Tarragona, in response to the Pergratum mihi circular issued by the Vatican Secretariat of State, 25 March 1904, at the start of the 1917 Canon Law codification process, and offers a first assessment of both texts.

Problematika Seputar Kodifikasi Al-Qur'an

Historically, the bookkeeping of the Koran is not as complicated as the books of Hadith. But that does not mean that the codification process of the Qur'an is not interesting to learn. In this case, there are a number of questions that remain relevant to convey; Is the Qur'an still true today? What is the true structure of the Qur'an? Are there standard standards for Koran arrangements agreed upon by Muslims throughout the world? These questions about the codification of the Qur'an often arise, because in the course of the Qur'an, in its capacity as a book (a piece of paper) is bound where there are dictums in Arabic that Muslims consider to be revelations from God - the codification process is no longer normative, but very historical, because related to various types of discourses (social, political, etc.) that surround it. In this context, historical and analytic studies of the historical codification of the Qur'an need to be presented, and this paper was written to meet those needs. Through the study of history based on Muslim scholarship about the history of the Quranic codification from the time of the Prophet Saw. to standardization in the form of reading and writing, which was then supplemented with critical analysis based on Western scholarship, it found that standardization "writing" the Qur'an in rasm Uṡmānī cultural products, and therefore open and allow for tashih, criticism, or even revision with more valid data findings. This does not mean the desecration of the Qur'an, but as a logical consequence of the existence of rasm Uṡmānī as something which is a human form.

The “War on Drugs” in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011

The objective of this text is to describe the three categories that the Drug Policy Program at the Center for Teaching and Research in Economics (CIDE-PPD) database comprises, their limitations, and their main features. Additionally, we explain what we believe to be the source of the database we originally received and analyze its accuracy by comparing it with public records. We describe the validation and codification processes the database was subjected to, as well as the main biases and limitations the database may have. Additionally, we offer a preliminary analysis of the type of research that the CIDE-PPD Database can support. This analysis is not only relevant to those interested in studying the “war on drugs” in Mexico but also to those studying conflict in other countries involved in illegal drug production and trafficking, as well as countries experiencing conflicts related to organized crime.

The grammatical codification of self-movement in cyberspace: A phenomenological-cognitivist study

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to explain why we utilize a grammar typical of movement when referring to activities conducted in cyberspace. We argue that to a large degree, perception of our activities in cyberspace has recourse to the same image schemas inherent to the concept of self-movement in physical space. This sharing of image schemas unleashes a complex process of conceptual integration, which results in the construction of a concept of self-movement proper to cyberspace. We argue on behalf of perceptual (rather than an ontological) underpinnings of grammar, in the sense that it codifies image schemas inherent to our perceptions. We concretely demonstrate that thematic roles correspond to salient aspects of the image schematic structure underlying our perception of self-movement in cyberspace. Finally, we postulate that the process of grammatical codification is regulated by the principle of perceptual prominence.

Codification of Arabic Verb Inflection: Easy Method to Understand the Basic of Words’ Formation for Indonesian Learners

The abundance of words’ change in Arabic language has become a challenge for Indonesians to learn Arabic language. Almost every lingual unit in Arabic may change depending on the number, subject, or its position. These changes require Arabic language learners to memorize all examples of words’ form in order to use the language properly. One of the most common forms of word’s change in Arabic is in verbs. The verbs in Arabic are three kinds: madhi (past form), mudhori (present form), and amr (order form). The formation of verb form changes commonly called tashrif lughowy (inflection) is a common way of learning Arabic language. If an encoding process applied to Arabic verb inflection, it would create an easy method to understand the basic of word’s formation. This research used morpholinguistic theory in Arabic inflection codification process and used questionnaire to measure the effectiveness of easy method to understand the basic formation of Arabic word. The results of this study are: (1) Arabic verb inflection codification process; (2) Codification of Arabic verb inflection and its use; (3) Indonesian learner's response to an easy method to understand the basic formation of Arabic words.