Research Process Research Articles

Research Result Differences Between Manual Research and Using AI LLMs for Analyzing Popular 3D File Formats

A literature review has been conducted, helping outline some of the main peculiarities that exists within the 3D object file format domain. The difficulties that are present when working with different file formats in various fields have been noted – incompatibility issues, data loss, conversion difficulties, software wrappers, manufacturing industry standards and more. The problem of file format comparison has been defined – workflows are bogged down by the different output software tools use, expertise in different fields is a requirement, difficulties with conversion, complexity of file formats themselves and proprietary solutions, all lead to tremendous amount of manual work and technical knowledge required to keep track of differences between 3D file formats. As web sources for file format information can often become unreliable with time, new sources become available and analysis are constantly made, an argument has been made to try and use LLMs to alleviate some or most of the workload in file comparison. Such research necessitates a researcher to manually check all the output data of a model, in order to verify the correctness and accuracy of the used model. A methodology for the research process has been developed and implemented. Its main points include the definition of criteria for comparison, using manufacturing industry expert opinion to further verify the validity of the researcher and LLMs statements and the criteria itself, creation of comparison tables based on the criteria for all the chosen formats, short descriptions of the file formats themselves by the researcher and by the LLM and their comparison, as well as an analysis of file formats searchability on google trends. A comparison of binary data for some file formats is shown and described for further understanding of the issues with metadata and understanding proprietary 3D file formats. ISO standards for STEP ISO 10303-242:2022 and IGES, as well as their effects on the industry are briefly discussed. File formats that are discussed and compared: OBJ (Waveform obj, .obj); FBX (Filmbox, .fbx); glTF (GL Transmission Format, .glTF, .glb); USD/USDZ (Universal Scene Descriptor, .usd, .usdz); BLEND (Blender file format, .blend); AMF (Additive Manufacturing, .amf); STL (Stereolithography, .stl); 3DS (3D Studio Scene, .3ds); IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification, .igs, .iges); STEP (Standard for the Exchange for Product Data, .stp, .step); DAE, Collada (Digital Asset Exchange File, .dae).

Exploring Formative Assessment Strategies for Pupils with Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Schools in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania

Formative assessment is a key tool for monitoring the progress of pupils with disabilities in inclusive educational settings. This study investigates the strategies used for formative assessment of pupils with learning disabilities in inclusive schools, with a specific focus on teachers' perceptions in Temeke Municipality. The study is grounded in an interpretive paradigm and adopts a qualitative research methodology, using a multiple case study design. A purposive and snowball sample of 22 teachers was selected, with data collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using content analysis facilitated by Atlas Ti software. Ethical considerations were adhered to by obtaining approval from the Directorate of Research, Publications, and Innovation at the Open University of Tanzania, and ensuring participant confidentiality and anonymity throughout the research process. The findings indicate that teachers primarily use quizzes, tests, exams, and task-based performance as common formative assessment methods for pupils with learning disabilities. Such methods helped to assess the academic progress of pupils, including those with learning disabilities, by providing valuable insights into their understanding of the material. Teachers also noted the importance of ongoing feedback in supporting student progress. The study concludes that the use of a variety of assessment techniques is essential for improving the academic performance of pupils with learning disabilities in inclusive settings. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government should implement regular professional development programs for teachers, focusing on enhancing their formative assessment skills in special needs. Such initiatives are expected to foster a more inclusive and effective learning environment for all pupils.

Dissolution Thermodynamics of the Solubility of Sulfamethazine in (Acetonitrile + 1-Propanol) Mixtures.

Background: Solubility is one of the most important parameters in the research and development processes of the pharmaceutical industry. In this context, cosolubility is one of the most used strategies to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, besides allowing to identify some factors involved in the dissolution process. The aim of this research is to evaluate the solubility of sulfamethazine in acetotinitrile + 1-propanol cosolvent mixtures at 9 temperatures (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K); a drug used in human and veterinary therapy and two solvents of great chemical-pharmaceutical interest. Methods: The determination was carried out by the shaking flask method and the drug was quantified by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The solubility of sulfamethazine increases from pure 1-propanol (solvent in which it reaches its lowest solubility at 278.15 K) to pure acetonitrile (solvent in which it reaches its maximum solubility at 318.15 K), behaving in a logarithmic-linear fashion. Conclusions: The increase in solubility is related to the acid/base character of the cosolvent mixtures and not to the solubility parameter of the mixtures. The dissolution process is endothermic and favored by the solution entropy, and also shows a strong entropic compensation.

Illustrating qualitative research findings: the reflexive and epistemic potential of experimental visualization

Abstract. Many social processes are characterized by multi-layered spatiotemporal dynamics. These dynamics cannot be visualized in the traditional cartographic way of locating social realities within the Cartesian coordinate system. Drawing on the insights from critical cartography and the debates on diagrammatic reasoning in the arts, this article discusses different ways of visualizing qualitative research. In qualitative research, there has been reluctance to engage in visualization practices. While visualizations provide evidence for research and serve as visual proof, they also reify social relations, naturalize certain perspectives on research objects, and thereby establish and legitimize specific ways of interpreting field data. Despite this important critique, visualizations can also serve as epistemic instruments that help us to think about, illustrate, represent, and assert research findings in different ways. Understanding visualizations as epistemic instruments allows us to shift our focus from visualizing as a technique of representation to visualizing as a research technique and a medium to reflect on and articulate ambiguous and nuanced field experience. Drawing on our auto-ethnographically documented experimental visualization practices, we suggest that visualization should be considered more systematically as a method that bears self-reflexive and epistemic potential within qualitative research processes. Visualizations can inspire and complement qualitative research processes in three ways. First, depicting research results in graphic formats, such as diagrams, forces us to think about qualitative research in more-abstract terms and requires us to formulate arguments in more-straightforward ways. Second, visualization practices challenge us to reflexively question and re-engage with our findings and to revisit pre-formulated interpretations and representations from a visual perspective. Third, by offering a different perspective, visual representations inspire further insights and allow for a multidimensional creative and self-reflexive (re-)engagement with qualitative data.

Sistem Jakarta Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Siswa-Siswi Terbaik dengan Metode SAW (Simple Additive Weigthing) pada Sekolah SMP Negeri 16

The selection of the best students in schools is essential to recognize both academic and non-academic achievements and to motivate other students to improve their skills. SMP Negeri 16 Jakarta requires an objective decision support system to select the best students based on predefined criteria. This study aims to design and implement a decision support system using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to facilitate the selection of the best students at SMPN 16 Jakarta. The SAW method is chosen due to its capability to accommodate multiple criteria through weighting and ranking for each alternative. The research process involves observation, interviews, and documentation, which are then used to determine primary criteria such as academic achievement, social skills, and participation in school activities. The findings show that the application of the SAW method enables a more accurate and objective selection of the best students by ranking based on the final score of each criterion. This system is expected to assist SMPN 16 Jakarta in making more structured decisions and supporting educational quality improvement.

An Innovative Use of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Pokea Clam Shells (Batissa violacea var. celebensis) for Toothpaste Manufacturing

Innovation research on the use of hydroxyapatite from pokea clam shells (Batissa violacea var. celebensis) for toothpaste manufacturing has been successfully conducted. This study aims to determine how to synthesize and characterize hydroxyapatite (HAp) from pokea shells and the efficiency of its use in making toothpaste. The research process was conducted through hydroxyapatite synthesis and hydroxyapatite toothpaste formulation. The success of this synthesis was proven by the characterization of XRF spectrophotometer, FTIR spectrophotometer and digital optical microscope. The results of XRF analysis showed that the CaO content in the material was 88.21%. The results of FTIR analysis showed that in hydroxyapatite material there was absorption at wave numbers 926 cm-1 and 1024 cm-1 which showed asymmetric strain vibrations and bending vibrations of PO43- groups. The results of XRD characterization of HAp show that the diffraction peak is at an angle of 2θ = 20-57 ° with a crystal size of 46.15 nm and a degree of crystallinity of 85.43%. Digital optical microscope test results at 500x and 1000x magnification, showed hydroxyapatite has a uniform and non-porous shape. The hydroxyapatite toothpaste produced is bone white in color with menthol aroma and slightly rough texture. The resulting toothpaste is homogeneous, the diameter of the distribution that meets the quality requirements of toothpaste is 6.833 cm. The pH measurement result on toothpaste is 5.82 which meets the toothpaste quality requirements. The result of viscosity measurement on toothpaste is 20,000 cpa.s which meets the requirements of toothpaste viscosity. The foam formed is 10 mm where the height of the foam formed has met the requirements. Hydroxyapatite toothpaste has good stability and strong antibacterial activity, where the clear zone formed is 18.7 mm

P103 Developing Visual Tools for Participant Information and Consent in Sleep Health Research

Abstract Introduction Informed consent in research is crucial for meeting ethical standards, transparency, and voluntary participation. However, current institutional research consent processes often rely on text-heavy documents filled with complex academic jargon. This approach can lead to misunderstandings and disengagement, posing a significant challenge to obtaining genuinely informed consent. This study outlines the process of developing visual tools to improve the informed consent process in sleep health research with First Nations peoples. Methods Through a collaborative process engaging First Nations visual communication experts and First Nations community researchers, visual consent tools were redesigned to prioritise participant engagement. Iterative feedback was provided regarding accessibility, cultural responsiveness, and suitability for First Nations communities, whilst balancing consumer-centric information and the rigour of the informed consent process. Subsequently, the Lets Yarn About Sleep First Nations Data Governance team assessed the work for cultural responsiveness and suitability for First Nations sleep health research. The final stage involved obtaining institutional ethics committee approval for consumers to test and evaluate the visual tools. Results Initial feedback from community researchers and the Data Governance team highlights the potential of the visual consent tools to enhance the informed consent process. Further testing and evaluation will confirm the impact of these tools on participant comprehension and engagement. Discussion This study documented initial steps in First Nations-led development of culturally responsive visual tools for seeking informed consent in sleep health research. Future work must evaluate broader acceptability of culturally grounded visual consent approaches, with a view to reforming institutional research ethics processes.

Death anxiety scale (DAS): internal structure and factorial invariance in Peruvian adults.

Studies have this reported the presence of death anxiety, ranging from near-death experiences to physically ill people, to a simple thought about death, as well as when it is associated with states of loneliness. The Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), based on Eysenk's incubation theory, has been adapted and validated in different contexts and is still insufficient in countries such as Peru. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the DAS, its internal structure, and factorial invariance. An online scale was used in 1248 Peruvians aged between 18 and 70 years (M= 27.37, SD= 11.29) from all regions. DAS was validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity, measurement invariance, and internal consistency (reliability). Psychometric properties were found with adequate values in its structure and validity based on the internal structure through exploratory factor analysis, where it was found that the components of the scale are interrelated and the data matrix is factorizable. model of three specific factors and a general factor is presented, which is consistent with the theory and has practical utility, revealing adequate statistical values that reflect acceptable levels of reliability. Finally, there was fairness according to sex and age group of the scale by means of factorial invariance analysis. Our results indicate adequate psychometric properties and facilitate a better data collection process for future research.

Development of Electronic Modules Integrated with PhET Simulation in Physics Subject XII Science Class

This research is motivated by the lack of visualization of abstract concepts, activation of students' senses and the number of damaged electrical kits in Physics causing low understanding of the material. This study aims to produce an E-Module that is valid, practical and effective. The type of research is research and development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. The research process includes analyze, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The sample of this research is XII science class students of SMAN 1 Kejuruan Muda. The data collection technique used was indirect communication technique. The data collection tool used a feasibility questionnaire on media, material and language aspects validated by three validators. Data analysis technique was done with qualitative description. Based on the results of data analysis, the average overall feasibility reached 88.00% (very feasible criteria), and the average practicality of teachers and students reached 96.00% (very practical criteria). The results of the data effectiveness test using one group pre test post test with a cognitive Ngain percentage of 81.39% and a psychomotor Ngain percentage of 76.39% with an effective interpretation. It can be concluded that the E-Module integrated with PhET Simulation can improve the results of concept understanding and students' science skills.

Application of Zhao Shi Lei-huo-jiu Based on ERAS Concept in Managing Postoperative Gastrointestinal Symptom Cluster in Rectal Cancer

This study explores the application value of Zhao Shi Lei-huo-jiu in managing common postoperative gastrointestinal symptom clusters following rectal cancer surgery, under the framework of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) concept. By detailing the development, core elements, and application of ERAS in colorectal surgery, combined with the historical origins, unique techniques, and mechanisms of Zhao Shi Lei-huo-jiu, this paper highlights the innovation of integrating traditional Chinese medicine treatments with modern surgical recovery principles. Through a rigorously designed research process, rectal cancer postoperative patients were selected as research subjects, and the data collection and implementation steps were explicitly outlined. The study results provide scientific evidence for the practical efficacy and advantages of Zhao Shi Lei-huo-jiu in postoperative rehabilitation for rectal cancer, offering significant practical implications for guiding clinical practice and promoting early patient recovery.

What’s in a name? Participants’ pseudonym choices as a practice of empowerment and epistemic justice

ABSTRACT In qualitative research, using pseudonyms for participants is a common practice. This paper examines how inviting participants to choose their pseudonyms contributes to epistemic justice in the research process. We highlight the transformative potential of participant agency in the research journey by exploring data derived from a large qualitative study of 40 participants from diverse cultural identities who shared their experiences of their doctoral journeys at Western universities (predominantly in Australia). Participants were invited to choose pseudonyms for themselves and their institutions. Employing a narrative inquiry research methodology, data were analyzed via a three-stage iterative process, focusing on participants’ pseudonym selection and the contextual explanations provided for their choices. Our findings reveal that when participants choose their pseudonyms, they are able to present their narratives with greater authenticity, capturing the richness of their lived experiences and cultural contexts, thereby advancing epistemic justice. This practice not only created a space of empowerment for participants but also fostered trust and collaboration between researchers and participants. Thus, we argue that recognizing and inviting the agency of participants in terms of naming can be considered a critical method, shifting traditional power dynamics in research by recognizing participants as experts on their own experiences.

A Growing Willow: The Six Rs Indigenous Research Framework—Stories of the Native American Faculty Journey in STEM*

AbstractNative American faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (NAF‐STEM) disciplines are historically underrepresented. Creating inclusive academia for Indigenous people that typically live and thrive in rural communities requires insights into their personal, relational, and collective experiences. This study was guided by the Six Rs: relationship, respect, responsibility, relevance, representation, and reciprocity, and was informed by Indigenous Research Methodologies. Twelve NAF‐STEM from tribal colleges and non‐tribal institutions were asked to share their perspectives and experiences in seven Research Circles. NAF‐STEM joined sequential hybrid workshops over seven weeks on how to conduct qualitative data analysis. Authors conducted analysis on the transcripts of Research Circles for themes associated with the professional satisfaction and success of NAF‐STEM. Results of the study identified the importance of holistic support systems that remain mindful of both the opportunities and challenges facing NAF‐STEM and emphasize the significance of balancing the need for respectful relationships, adequate representation, shared responsibility, relevance of diversity, and reciprocity in STEM. Through implementation of the Six Rs throughout the research process, the study identified successes, support systems, and challenges of NAF‐STEM at both tribal and non‐tribal colleges and universities. These outcomes can inform institutions to create an equitable and inclusive environment for NAF‐STEM.

Factors and mechanisms shaping vacant urban underground space in Shanghai

Existing research predominantly highlights the positive factors facilitating the development and utilization of urban underground space (UUS). However, the constraints and challenges should not be overlooked. Recognizing these limiting factors during the strategic planning and management phases of UUS is essential for enhancing utilization efficiency. To comprehensively understand the constraints on UUS utilization and tackle inefficiencies and vacancies stemming from rapid UUS development, this study adopts a research process of “hypothesis construction − model validation − mechanism exploration” to systematically analyze the key factors contributing to the vacancy of UUS in Shanghai. Through the application of a multiple linear regression model, seven significant factors affecting the distribution intensity of vacant UUS in Shanghai were identified and categorized into 3 major categories: location characteristics, management characteristics, and attribute characteristics. The study reveals that, under certain conditions, the positive driving force of UUS development may transform into a reverse impact inhibiting its effective utilization. By combining field investigations and interviews, the study delves into the underlying mechanisms of the influential factors, revealing that the limitations of demand forecasting and the inadequacy of management systems are the core issues causing vacant UUS. This study emphasizes the importance of innovating UUS demand forecasting methods and clarifying the rights and responsibilities of UUS stakeholders, thereby providing a scientific basis for the rational planning and effective management of UUS. The research findings not only contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities influencing UUS development and utilization but also provide crucial guidance for fostering the sustainable development of UUS.

Management accounting information is the basis for a balanced system of indicators in trade enterprises

Introduction. Management accounting information is of key importance for the successful functioning of the management system of trade enterprises. The use of a balanced system of indicators contributes to a significant increase in the efficiency of the economic activity of trading enterprises, therefore the topic of this study is relevant. The purpose of the study is to study management accounting information as a basis for a balanced system of indicators in trading enterprises and to formulate proposals for improving its interpretation, structure and content. Research methods. In the research process, the following research methods were used: monographic - to clarify the views of scientists regarding management accounting and a balanced system of indicators; tabular – for building a strategic map of the main business processes for a trade enterprise in the segment of goals and indicators; comparison method - to justify the feasibility of using and finding alternative methods to the BSC system. Research results. A strategic map of the main business processes for a trade enterprise in the segment of goals and indicators has been developed and presented in four tables; advantages, problematic issues, shortcomings and limitations of the BSC concept are specified; a number of key indicators for the main business processes of trade - procurement, transportation, storage and sale - are highlighted, which are used for operational analysis, and can also be used for the BSC method. Prospects for further research. In the future, it is necessary to focus on researching the problems of optimizing the structure, content and personalization of information received from management accounting, as well as on the prospects of using the blockchain system in management accounting in commercial enterprises.

Shining a spotlight on youth involvement in mental health research: Challenges and innovations.

Despite progress in youth involvement in mental health research, considerable gaps remain in our understanding, conceptualisation, and implementation of involving children and young people in this field. This Editorial Perspective reflects on how these gaps present challenges to our research practices and often serve as barriers to meaningfully involving youth voices and experiences into the research process. We take a critical perspective to recent advances in the field of youth involvement in mental health research, reflected by the studies included in this special issue, and highlight examples of good practice paving the way for more equitable and inclusive approaches. Meaningful progress in mental health research relies on the active involvement of young people. Researchers, practitioners and policymakers have an ethical and moral responsibility to create a safe and inclusive environment that empowers young people to participate in research that impacts their lives, care, and overall quality of life.

Концепт «патриотизм» в социально-политическом дискурсе

The authors consider conceptual approaches to the definition of the concept of “patriotism”, analyze this concept within Russian sociopolitical discourse in a historical retrospective, investigate mechanisms of constructing patriotic narratives within the framework of state policy. Methodological toolkit of the study of the phenomenon of patriotism is characterized by complexity and multidimensionality, integrating a wide range of general scientific and special methods. The key components of this toolkit are: system analysis, which allows us to consider patriotism as a holistic phenomenon; structural-functional analysis, aimed at identifying internal links and functional features of its elements; comparativist approach, which provides an opportunity for comparative study of patriotism manifestations in different socio-cultural contexts. Discourse analysis and content analysis played a significant role in the research process, which made it possible to study patriotic narratives. The authors of the article note that in modern Russian political discourse, there is a significant dichotomy in the conceptualisation of the phenomenon of patriotism, which gives rise to significant theoretical and methodological divergence. This situation is caused by the presence of two dominant but opposite approaches to the interpretation of this phenomenon. On the one hand, the tendency to reductionist interpretation of patriotism as an abstract affective attitude to territorial-political formation prevails. On the other hand, the instrumentalist approach that considers patriotism exclusively through the prism of symbolic politics and ideological construction is gaining strength. This theoretical dichotomy creates certain epistemological challenges for researchers, making it difficult to form a coherent and consistent concept of patriotism. Overcoming this conceptual gap is one of the urgent tasks of modern political science and requires the development of integrative approaches that can synthesize various aspects of this multifaceted phenomenon.

CONTENT OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OBJECTS (PART 1)

The article analyzes the approaches of both domestic and foreign researchers of different periods of world history to the definition of the content of the exclusive right to intellectual property objects and the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. Modern concepts on the issue of the content of the exclusive right are defined. Special attention is paid to the inadmissibility of determining the content of the exclusive right by analogy with the content of the property right, as well as to the fact that the right to dispose of the intellectual property object cannot be included in the content of the exclusive right. It is concluded that in the Republic of Belarus there is no unified approach to the content of the exclusive right to intellectual property objects. The results of the study have important scientific and practical significance, can be used in law-making activity, law enforcement practice, as well as in research and educational process.

(Invited) Exploration of Pb-Free Metal Halide Crystal for Scintillator and Sensor Applications

Lead-free perovskite quantum dots (QD) and luminescent materials have garnered significant attention in the fields of optoelectronic and luminescent devices. These materials possess excellent optoelectronic properties and luminescent characteristics, making them highly promising for various applications. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) technologies have opened up new possibilities for predicting and exploring material properties. The application of AI/ML in the discovery and development of lead-free perovskite QD and luminescent materials has accelerated the research process and significantly contributed to the discovery of novel materials and improvement of existing ones. In this presentation, we introduce the latest research cases on the exploration and property prediction of lead-free perovskite QD and luminescent materials using AI/ML. We discuss the methods of material design and optimization through AI/ML and explore how these approaches contribute to the efficiency and performance enhancement of material development. Furthermore, we present the application results of lead-free perovskite QD and luminescent materials in the development of scintillator and sensors.

(Invited) Selective and Economical CO2 Reduction in Acid

The increasing urgency to address climate change has propelled the exploration of innovative technologies capable of mitigating its effects. Among these, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 stands out as a promising solution, leveraging the conversion of CO2—a principal greenhouse gas—into valuable chemicals and fuels using electricity. This process is not only pivotal for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels but also plays a crucial role in steering the global economy towards sustainability and circularity.Unfortunately, there are some critical problems due to the intrinsically produced hydroxide during electrochemical CO2 reduction. This hydroxide reacts with the reactant CO2, leading to various issues. Foremost among these issues is the phenomenon known as carbonate crossover, wherein carbonate ions permeate through the anodic side. The permeated carbonates contaminate and drop the pH of the anolyte, which cause the additional electrolyte regeneration process in alkaline condition. In the neutral condition, carbonates are regenerated to CO2 at the anodic side and then emitted with O2 from oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which incurs an additional gas separation process. Furthermore, carbonates remaining at the cathode precipitate as salts, resulting in overall performance degradation. To overcome these issues, CO2 reduction in acidic conditions can serve as a viable alternative. In acidic conditions, hydroxide and (bi)carbonates can revert to CO2, especially at cathodic side. Therefore, carbonate crossover is significantly reduced, which in turn eliminates the theoretical limitation of single-pass conversion (SPC) previously capped at 50% in alkaline and neutral conditions. While acidic conditions offer this advantage, they necessitate effective suppression of the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).In this research, we propose a set of design principles aimed at enhancing the selective production of carbon monoxide at high current densities within acidic electrolytic environments, drawing on insights into both the mass transfer dynamics of CO2 and H+, and the electro-kinetic interactions at the interface. Through a combination of theoretical and empirical studies, it has been determined that the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in a gas-fed flow cell inherently favors the production of CO over H2, primarily due to the reduction of protons in acidic conditions. However, it has also been observed that the reduction of water (H2O) adversely affects the selectivity for CO, a challenge that can be substantially mitigated by employing a catalyst that possesses inherently strong activity for CO production.For this purpose, nickel single-atom catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (Ni-SAC-CNTs) were employed as an exemplary system, demonstrating exceptional performance in CO production. These catalysts achieved a CO Faraday efficiency exceeding 90% under conditions of –100 mA cm-2 and at a pH of 2.0. Furthermore, the introduction of weakly hydrated cations into the electrolyte has been shown to enhance CO selectivity in acidic settings significantly, by facilitating CO2RR while concurrently inhibiting the kinetics of the HER.A detailed analysis of the carbon balance during the electrolysis process revealed that the use of Ni-SAC-CNTs not only promotes highly selective CO formation but also substantially diminishes the formation of carbonate ions. This dual effect leads to achieving the highest single-pass conversion of CO2 to CO, which was recorded at approximately 77%. It is notable that it was achieved without the need for adjusting local reaction conditions within the electrochemical system.This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of Ni-SAC-CNTs in improving the selectivity and efficiency of electrochemical CO2 reduction in acidic environments but also provides a blueprint for further development of catalyst systems that could be adapted for industrial applications. The insights gained into the interaction between catalyst properties, electrolyte composition, and operational conditions open up new avenues for the deployment of CO2 reduction technologies in sectors where acidic waste streams are prevalent.Moving forward, transitioning CO2 reduction from merely lab-scale experiments to practical applications necessitates its implementation in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) systems. In MEA operations, challenges such as carbonate crossover and salt formation emerge as significant obstacles. However, by applying acidic conditions within MEA systems and employing strategic system engineering, these issues can be effectively addressed. We will also present our current research process, which has demonstrated efficiency levels that surpass those of studies published to date, showcasing the potential of our approach in real-world applications.Through this, we hope our study contributes valuable insights within MEA systems, offering a viable pathway to overcome the limitations of current technologies. By enhancing the scalability, efficiency, and stability of electrochemical CO2 reduction, our work not only advances the field but also aligns with global efforts to combat climate change and foster a sustainable future Figure 1

Equity of financial protection for health in high-income countries: scoping review protocol

IntroductionFinancial protection (FP) is a central function of health systems to enhance access to essential care and improve health equity. We aim to characterise evidence on the distribution of FP...