Tourism Development Process Research Articles

How Residentes Perceive the Impacts of Tourism. The Case of the Historic Centre of Porto

Considering the increase in the number of tourists and tourist flows in the city of Porto, especially in the parishes that make up the UNESCO World Heritage area and its surrounding protected areas, it is extremely important to analyse the perception that residents and professionals have about the dynamics that tourists bring to the city and the impacts of tourism in economic, socio-cultural and environmental terms. Thus, this study aims to assess the perception that residents of the city of Porto have on the impacts of tourist activity in the Historic Centre of Porto (CHP) and whether there is a relationship between the place of residence, the place of professional activity or study and the perception of the impacts of tourism in the Economic, Socio-cultural and Environmental aspects. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was applied to a sample of 322 professionals and residents in the city of Porto. The results suggest that the respondents consider that tourism in Porto is growing harmoniously with the city and tourism activity has a direct influence on the overall improvement of the Centre of Porto. The aspects that is most relevant to the positive perception of tourism in the city is the socio-cultural component that shows that tourism development process in Porto is in an expansion phase.

Space Design of Rural Bed and Breakfast in the Context of Ecological Aesthetics

In China, with the continuous development of rural economy and the promotion of beautiful rural strategy, rural modern tourism has become the main trend in promoting the development of rural areas. As an important technology and main carrier to lead and develop rural modern tourism in the development process of rural modern tourism, the space design of rural bed and breakfast plays a vital role in rural modern tourism in China. In this paper, considering that the leading role of Chinese traditional aesthetics is very important for the development of the space design of rural bed and breakfast in China, the design idea is clarified according to the principle of beautiful space design and traditional aesthetic logic, and the development path of the construction of modern space design of rural bed and breakfast in the context of ecological aesthetics is put forward by fully combining the actual needs of the development of modern rural tourism in China, that is, the architectural connotation and practice with the characteristics of Chinese rural human history are combined on the basis of scientific and reasonable development of the space design of rural bed and breakfast, so that the villagers can establish a correct ecological outlook on nature and a leisure lifestyle in line with ecological aesthetics, aiming to provide reference for the development of modern space design of rural bed and breakfast in China.

ЗАРОДЖЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК СПОРТИВНОГО ТУРИСТИЧНОГО РУХУ В ЗАХІДНІЙ УКРАЇНІ (СЕРЕДИНА ХІХ – СЕРЕДИНА ХХ СТ.)

The purpose of the article is to clarify the process of emergence of sports tourism in Western Ukraine and to study the factors that positively influenced on this process. Methods. The investigation based on the use of general scientific and special research methods. General scientific methods include descriptive method, method of analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction, comparison and analogy. Results. It was found that the development of tourism was associated with the natural interest of society, which intensified ethnographic and cultural research. In the process of their implementation, new routes were laid, knowledge about the geography of the region was deepened, and the tourist infrastructure was formed. Physical preparation for the hikes took the form of scouting, which included the formation of skills of survival in natural conditions, the ability to navigate the terrain, set up a tent, light a fire, cook, and so on. The form of such training proposed by the British officer quickly gained popularity throughout the world and in particular in Western Ukraine. Gradually, sport tourism is becoming widespread. Overcoming financial, material and political difficulties, sports, local history and tourist societies during their existence have worked out numerous forms and methods of popularization and propaganda of Ukrainian history, sports, nature and culture using means of tourist and local history activities. Their work experience convincingly indicates the need for coordination of the activities of individual fans of tourism and travel, the concentration of efforts aimed at studying the recreational and cognitive potential of the native land. The activity of tourist and local lore societies and clubs has practically proved that one of the main factors of youth education is knowledge of one's own history and preservation of the nature of the native land, combination of physical development with patriotic and ecological education. The scientific novelty is that the factors of sports tourism development in the western region of Ukraine were clarified. The relationship between local history movement and sports tourism was determined. The some facts from the history of the local lore movement were indicated. The events testifying to the development of scouting in the western Ukrainian lands were revealed. The pan-European context of the process of sports tourism development and local lore movement was determined. The practical significance lies in the promotion of sports tourism as a form of relaxation and recreation, exposing the potential of scouting for sports training and patriotic education of youth, updating old and developing new tourist routes based on the experience of past tourist clubs.

РОЛЬ СУЧАСНИХ НАРАТИВНИХ МУЗЕЇВ У МІСЬКОМУ ПРОСТОРІ

The article has examined the revision of the social functions of museums associated with changes in social structures, which began in the second half of the last century. This process caused a wide-ranging discussion about changes in the place and role of museums in society, which led to the emergence of museum institutions whose scope went beyond the gathering, study, conservation, and exhibition of collections. The authors pay attention to the role of museum institutions within the physical spaces and local communities in which the museum exists, considering it in the context of the impact on urban space. The article analyzes the process of tourism development in the second half of the twentieth century and its impact on the beginning of the "museum boom". In this context considered the process of museums transformation into tourist attractions, their formation of cultural space, and the infrastructure of settlements. Particular attention paid to the role of the modern museum in the formation of an attractive image of cities and regions. The authors presented the role of the modern museum in the revitalization of urban physical space. Also, they analyzed the experience of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and its role in transforming the post-industrial depressed city into one of the centers of European and world tourism and culture. Based on the experience of Polish narrative museums, the authors examined the process of revitalization and changes in the urban space, after the emergence of a modern museum. Particular attention paid to the analysis of sociological studies that exploring the impact of modern narrative museum on tourist attractiveness, security, investment attractiveness and infrastructure development processes of modern urban space. Also, the authors paid attention to the role of the modern museum in the development of social capital, which leads to the process of transforming museums into places of leisure, building around themselves a space of values, local and global communication.

O potencial de desenvolvimeno turístico em Corguinho, MS

Tourism is a rapidly expanding activity, so places with potential for tourism development, previously outside the tourism market, have been inserted in contemporary tourist routes. Brazil, being a country of continental dimension, has different tourist attractions in different regions. As for the states with great tourist potential, we highlight Mato Grosso do Sul, although many places in it are almost unknown and little-publicized. Thus, we present here an analysis of Corguinho which has outstanding ecotourism potential, but also could attract tourists in other modalities as scientific and mystical tourism. In this text, we seek to present alternatives that can trigger an eventual tourism development process in the municipality following a model of sustainable economic and social development in line with the local environmental preservation.

Gastronomic Festivals as a Form of Event Tourism and the Restaurant Business Development

Actuality. In the article the process of tourism development influence on raising the economic level of the Ukrainian regions and the state as a whole is explored, tourism is one of such budgetary factors. We have characterized the potential of event tourism. Gastronomic festivals are considered as the main form event tourism of Mykolaiv region. Income from tourism is significant, so the region benefits from a particular event. We argue that event tourism often involves a certain cognitive component, bringing tourists to the local culture. It can be categorized by event type and scale. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of the development of event tourism in the region, to analyze the current state of gastronomic tourism inUkraine and the Mykolaiv region, to identify the prospects and ways of development of regional event gastronomic tourism. The methodological and informational basis of the work is scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the event tourism development, statistics of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The systematic approach to the investigated problems is based on the realization of the set goal and various general scientific and special methods of research are used. Results. It has been determined that the features of event tourism are: lack of seasonality; possibility of forecasting; mass; interactivity; innovation; regularity of events; encouraging repeat visits to destinations; entertainment. According to the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the last year of researches the number of tourists who traveled with the purpose of organizing leisure inUkraine and Mykolaiv region respectively. Therefore, considering the large number of tourist trips for the purpose of recreation and entertainment, it is proposed to pay attention to the event tourism development in planning the tourism development strategy of the region. Conclusions and discussion. The main directions of event tourism in Ukraine, namely gastronomic festivals and competitions, have been analyzed. The short description of gastronomic festivals of the Nikolaev area is given. The importance of gastronomic festivals development and competitions of the region is emphasized. Particular attention was paid to the influence of Public Organizations, namely the Association of Culinary Artists of Ukraine, whose active work of members, in the territory of Ukraine and Mykolaiv region, to increase the potential of event tourism by organizing numerous competitions, championships in culinary arts and service in the framework of gastronomic festivals.

Discussion on the Formulation of Government Public Management Mechanism in Rural Tourism Development

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, more and more people choose rural leisure tourism to relax, which temporarily helps them escape from the stress of busy work. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized while attending the discussion of the 19th National People's Congress of Guizhou Province that it is not only necessary to encourage the development of country farmhouses, but also shall analyze and forecast rural tourism, and develop measures in advance to ensure the sustainable development of rural tourism. As a new emerging tourism project, rural tourism has been being accepted by all kinds of people. The prosperous development of rural tourism can not only effectively promote the development of rural economy and win the battle against poverty, but also is beneficial to the overall development between urban and rural areas. However, due to a lack of policy support and adequate public management during the development of rural tourism, the development of rural tourism in many areas has shown a disorganized state. In this paper, it analyzes the formulation of the government's public management mechanism in the current rural tourism development process, which will effectively improve the quality of rural tourism development, give a full play to the government's public management functions, and ensure stable development of the rural tourism industry.

Community participation in tourism development as a tool to foster sustainable land and resource use practices in a national park milieu

Community participation has been on the spotlight in tourism academia as a tool to induce sustainable tourism development. However, despite profound commendations of literature, destinations often fail to adequately operationalize effective community participation. Under the lenses of stakeholder theory and Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation, the current study examines community participation in Dinsho area of Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia. Arnstein’s citizen participation model is employed to better understand the extent of community participation in the tourism development process, while stakeholder theory is adopted to gain a deeper insight regarding the interests of stakeholders along with the corresponding management strategies. Research findings unfold that in Dinsho, the extant community participation corresponds to non-participation continuum where citizens are simply deceived by pseudo and tokenistic participation which led to inequitable benefit-sharing. Based on study findings, the researchers challenge that communities’ engagement in tourism development highly relies on gatekeepers’ nature and communities’ economic background and argue that in a venue where economically weak community and manipulative gatekeepers exist, ensuring community participation is more challenging. That, in turn, negatively affects the sustainable land and resource use practices leading to irreversible devastation on ecologically sensitive habitats such as the Bale Mountains National Park.

Conservation equity for local communities in the process of tourism development in protected areas: A study of Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve, China

Abstract China has built a large Protected Areas (PA) system with more than 2700 PAs. This has occurred in a modern, industrialized economy in a highly populated country, and the designation of PAs has had significant impacts on local people. Equitable sharing of responsibilities and benefits arising from biodiversity conservation with local/indigenous people is important, especially for countries such as China, which has millions of people living in and around PAs. This paper seeks to understand the notion of conservation equity and demonstrate how it works in practice. Perceptions of conservation equity changed over time and across development stages, where variance in the economic activity of locals (agriculture to tourism), state control, degree of input from locals, and local government implementation was observed. In order to achieve conservation equity, policymakers often recognize three aspects of equity: distribution equity, participation equity, and recognition equity. This study examines these notions of equity among the different stakeholders (central government, local government, and local people) during the process of PA establishment and tourism development. It focuses on four villages in Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve (JBR) in China during three different periods of development. Interviews with local residents, village leaders, and government officers were conducted. Distribution equity was identified by participants as the most important of the three equities. Policies created by the central government usually address equity issues, but when these policies are implemented by the local government, equity is sometimes ignored. When local people engage in specific direct actions to improve their livelihood, they are able to better pursue participation equity and recognition equity.

Megaprojects - Socioeconomic and Environmental Dynamics in D. Pedro I-Tamoios Road Axis, São Paulo, Brazil

Aims: Megaprojects development has generated changes in the socioeconomic and environmental structure of several regions. This paper aims to analyse socioenvironmental changes in 10 municipalities located along the D. Pedro I - Tamoios road axis, São Paulo state, Brazil, chosen for their regional relevance, and transformations caused by the roads duplication.
 Study Design: Analysis on how megaprojects influence the urban structure, the environment and different social groups, focusing in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in different productive sectors (agricultural, services and industrial), in population growth and rural and urban scenarios.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was realized in São Paulo State, Brazil, during 36 months, starting in July 2015 until July 2018, and the data used and analyzed to diverse indicators were from 1950 to 2014.
 Methodology: Sociodemographic data, the expansion of industry, services, tourism development and agricultural production of these municipalities were collected in government databases and through field surveys. They were analysed through integrated methodologies with qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on temporal variations for the studied municipalities and for the average of São Paulo State, Brazil, with focus on social and environmental changes that took place in this study area.
 Results: The results indicate that an intense process of industrialisation, tourism development, urban growth and population dynamics has accompanied the recent decade’s expansion of major roads in São Paulo State, Brazil, and that these processes contribute to changes that affect natural systems and may accelerate climate changes.
 Conclusion: It verified that this megaproject development had not considered the sustainability of regional natural resources, in a manner that promotes environmental and living quality to the population.

Process of Developing a Community Based Tourism and Identifying its Economic and Social Impacts: An Empirical Study on Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The study was carried on how to develop Community Based Tourism in Cox’s Bazar in order to find the prospects of Community based tourism in Cox’s bazar. The paper defines about the concept of Community Based Tourism (CBT), more specifically it triggered towards case study in Cox’s Bazar which is most visited place in Bangladesh by tourists. Then, the researchers developed well-designed framework which will be beneficial for practitioners and academicians. This is a quantitative study, a total of 406 data were collected by using self-administered. Based on the findings, it is revealed that there is a strong relationship between social, economic, cultural and environmental impact of tourism. The major findings of the study are that economic impact of Community Based Tourism is very much significant followed by social impact. So, the planners and other tourism stakeholders can take initiative as early as possible to develop CBT in Cox’s bazar for the betterment of host community. The development of research framework in this study will enrich the literature regarding the construct of tourism development, more specifically for community-based tourism. This research will be useful in providing an insight of tourism development process for the stakeholders and authorities of tourism ministry.

Thirty Years of Research on Tourism Safety and Security: A Comparative Automated Content Analysis Approach

ABSTRACTSafety and security are important elements in tourism and have been studied over the past few decades. China plays an important role in the global tourism industry as the leading source market in the world. However, no studies thus far have comprehensively reviewed and compared tourism safety and security research published both within and outside China. To fill the void, this study reviewed 160 publications on tourism safety and security from English- and Chinese-language academic journals selected between 1990 and 2018. A comparative automated content analysis (ACA) approach was adopted in this study to analyze and compare the major themes and concepts that emerged in the sample. The findings revealed that the Chinese and Western literature assume distinctive foci regarding tourism safety and security. Specifically, the English-language literature is more comprehensive and considers both the supply and demand sides of the tourism industry. On the other hand, the Chinese literature thoroughly examines the importance of tourism safety and security within the tourism development process. This study provides a broad overview of the research activities on tourism safety and security from both an insider’s and outsider’s perspectives. Future research directions are suggested.

Research on the Development Model of Urban Culture and Tourism Integration Based on Cultural Ecology

The urban tourism industry belongs to the tourism industry and also belongs to the cultural industry. The urban tourism development and design must take into account the city's cultural resources and tourism resources. Under the background of rapid development of urban tourism economy and further convergence of tourism content, this paper analyzes urban cultural ecology and believes that cultural ecology and its system affect the way and process of urban tourism development. Improving the cultural resources, cultural influences, and cultural creation of the city will help promote the integration of culture and tourism development. This paper further analyzes the types of integration development of urban culture and tourism, and proposes a fusion development model design based on Memory Recovery and Brand-led under the different cultural and tourism development levels among different cities.

Desenvolvimento do Turismo e a Interface com a Instância De Governança estadual: Um estudo no Rio Grande do Norte/Brasil

In the new international economic order that made the asymmetric economies impact on the local dynamics, causing also an interference in the process of planning and management of the tourist activity. In this sense, this work analyzes how the process of tourism development, characterized by the way tourism is used the territory through its management, influences the dynamics and functioning of a governance in tourism. The research carried out data collection of the documentary, bibliographic and interview with the members of the state tourism council of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), whose were treated with the technique of content analysis, based on the dialectical method. The main results show that the characteristics of the process of development of the tourist activity in the RN have a direct impact on the state governance body evidenced through its functioning structure, the dynamics, as well as the actions that are generated within the board.

Green tourism development in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities

Nowadays tourism industry is only fifth in Ukraine by the component of budget revenues and its importance should grow significantly due to such objective preconditions as beneficial location of Ukraine in the center of Europe, availability of significant tourism and recreation capacity, favourable climate, rich flora and fauna and numerous landmarks of global level. For Ukraine rural green tourism in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities is a new phenomenon and requires the range of activities for its intensified development. Indeed, the priority of rural green tourism development in Ukraine is stipulated by the urgent need to solve socio-economic problems of contemporary villages. The paper aims to define the conditions and research the processes of green tourism development in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities. The paper characterizes the perspectives of green tourism development in rural settlements. In particular, it outlines the problems and perspectives of green tourism development in consolidated territorial communities. Endogenous capacity and opportunities of its use in the development of green tourism are defined. Green tourism is determined to be an additional factor of budget revenues in consolidated territorial communities. Global experience is analyzed and the perspectives of the use of global practices in the development of green tourism are outlined. SWOT-analysis of rural green tourism development is carried out. The paper defines top-priority regions for the development of rural green tourism. The authors emphasize that green tourism can play the role of a catalyst of economy structural changes, provide demographic stability and solve socio-economic problems emerging in the course of forming of consolidated territorial communities.

International aid to tourism planning and stakeholder participation in the Petra region

This study calls into question whether international aid agencies have involved relevant stakeholders in the tourism development planning process of the Petra region. The paper determines the advantages of the stakeholders’ participation in the tourism planning and development process by reviewing related literature; then, an intensive desk research has been performed to the localization of the study, to establish a platform to answer the study’s question. The study relies on a qualitative data analysis, by conducting a deductive direct content analysis of the planning documents of the Petra region throughout the period of 1968–2014. Inviting the international organization to address development plans did not help the region’s stakeholders to reap the rewards, because the stakeholders did not participate effectively in the planning process. Moreover, the study revealed several barriers to stakeholders’ participation in the region. This study contributes to the advantages of the stakeholders’ integration in the tourism development planning process also it sheds the light on different barriers to tourism planning.

A dimensional approach to community-based tourism: Recognising and differentiating form and context

In recent years there have been calls for greater recognition of context in response to the emergence of alternative forms of community-based tourism (CBT). In contrast, normative, even idealised, positions on CBT have also been articulated. We address this contractionist push by showing how a combination of formism and contextualism can be applied in CBT analysis. We contribute a transferable, three-dimensional framework to differentiate CBT forms and then apply and contextualise this framework through four case studies on the process of community-based tourism enterprise creation and development in Kenya. On the basis of this research, we encourage further exploration into innovative ways and mechanisms through which communities can partner and collaborate with other actors to meet locally-defined community development needs.

TripAdvisor as a source of data in the planning process of tourism development on a local scale

The aim of this article is to answer the question of whether social networking sites can be an effective source of data, useful in the context of local tourism planning. The first part of the article contains a presentation of the role of social media in the tourism industry, a synthetic discussion of the most common topics of research related to the use of social media in tourism, and also characteristic of the TripAdvisor social network, which is the subject of the study. The second part presents the results of a study conducted using the website, covering the 30 most popular hotels, restaurants and tourist attractions in Poznan. The results contain a comment about the risks associated with the analysis of this type of data, as well as possible future directions of research.

Tourism development and the empowerment of local communities: The case of Mitzpe Ramon, a peripheral town in the Israeli Negev Desert

This study examines the processes of tourism development in the Israeli desert town of Mitzpe Ramon from the perspective of community-based tourism (CBT), a position that emphasizes the empowerment of local communities as a criterion of sustainability. The methodological approach of the study adopts the elements of ethnohistory, in which historical documents are cross-referenced with ethnographic data to provide a portrayal across time that includes the perspectives of both locals (emic) and researchers (ethic). A review of the past six decades of the town’s existence reveals that while some of the local communities in Mitzpe Ramon tend to engage in and benefit from tourism development, other local communities are disinterested and/or excluded from this process. This observation complies with the perspective of CBT that local communities are generally derived from a mixture of subgroups with distinct attitudes, interests and social standing. Furthermore, the presented data suggest that while some aspects of empowerment were reinforced due to tourism development, other aspects deteriorated in result of this dynamic. Thus, the study supports the notion of empowerment as a varied and relative construct.

Historical Trajectories of Tourism Development Policies and Planning in Ghana, 1957–2017

ABSTRACTHistorical research on tourism development policies and planning is generally limited, with scant attention on destinations in the Global South. This paper traces the historical trajectories of the development of tourism policy and planning in Ghana using the “Development First” and “Tourism First” framework. A qualitative approach allows for a detailed contextual analysis of key national economic development plans and national tourism development policies and plans. Four broad political eras are identified: (i) 1957–1966: post-independence era of Development First; (ii) 1966–1981: political instability era of Tourism First; (iii) 1981–2000: structural adjustment era of mixed Tourism First-Development First and; (iv) 2000–2017: democratic consolidation era of Development First. The analysis highlights how the distinct historical contexts of state involvement shape the present and future characteristics of tourism development. The findings suggest the need for more detailed exploration of the historical processes of tourism development in Global South destinations.