Design Research Process Research Articles

Describing Qualitative Research in ASIS&T Publications, 2018–2022

ABSTRACTThe Information Science/LIS research community welcomes research across the methodological spectrum, including qualitative methods featuring human subject research. This poster presents the research design and data collection process for an exploratory study examining qualitative research published as both long and short papers in ASIS&T Annual Meeting proceedings from 2018–2022.

인간과 로봇의 상호작용을 위한 로봇 UX디자인에 대한 고찰

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of robot user experience (UX) design to optimize the interaction between humans and robots. As a research method, the existing literature on robot UX design was reviewed, related theories and concepts were summarized, and various types of human-robot interaction were analyzed. By analyzing various robot UX design cases in various fields such as service, healthcare, and education, and suggesting the direction of future robot UX design with User Experience Design, the importance and possibility of robot UX design in the future society are presented. This study provides useful guidelines for scholars and developers interested in robot UX design and will provide important implications for future research and actual design process.

Introducing KPK and FPB Material Using Pahima Media (Mathematics Counting Board) for Grade V Students in Elementary School

The aims of this research are: 1) to describe learning constraints; 2) to describe the initial didactic design; 3) to describe learning activities when using the initial didactic design; 4) to describe the final design of the didactic material for learning mathematics from KPK and FPB. For the purpose of this investigation, a method known as Didactic Design Research (DDR) was used to conduct qualitative research. Data collection used interview methods, tests, documentation, and video recordings. The didactic design research process has several stages, which are 1) Pedagogical Didactic Anticipation (ADP) Analysis, 2) Metapedagogical analysis, which is the second choice, and 3) Past examination. Students showed various responses during their education, as shown by the investigation findings. Even though learning can take a short time, through the use of Pahima media, students can understand and enjoy learning about FPB and KPK. Therefore, in the final didactic design, there are improvements that emphasize the practice questions that have been provided more, and as a consequence, the researcher made modifications to these questions. At the beginning of the lesson, there were two questions that students had not completed correctly. This collection of questions was based on the idea of ​​​​LCM and FPB as a fairy tale, with the first and second questions discussing different story questions from the examples explained earlier. Children could not understand these components as a whole.

ROLE OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES TOWARDS INVESTOR ANALYSIS IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA

The post-pandemic era has prompted significant changes in the global workforce, with a notable impact on women employees. This paper examined the role of women employees in shaping investor analysis, focusing on how gender diversity influences corporate performance, investment decisions, and long-term value creation. Women employees, particularly in leadership roles, contribute to organizational resilience, innovation, and sustainability. By assessing the role of women in the workforce and their influence on investor sentiment, this study highlights the interconnectedness between corporate diversity and financial growth in the post-pandemic context. The main objectives are to understand the role of gender diversity in corporate performance, governance, and long-term value creation. The selection of a research strategy is a crucial step in the research design process, as it dictates how relevant data for the study will be collected. The study utilized both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained through a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, completed by a group of respondents. In addition, to build the theoretical and analytical framework, secondary data was sourced from various books, published materials, newspapers, journals, and websites. A sample size of 100 women was selected from an unlimited population. The researcher employed a random sampling method to choose the participants.

Navigating Ruling Relations in Institutional Ethnographic Fieldwork

Based on year-long fieldwork on activist-educators’ work in South Korea, I reflect on how my research complicates the ontological shift in institutional ethnography: that is, the shift that emphasizes how ruling relations are coordinated through the very actions of people. I discuss two facets of reflective pauses. First, I discuss how the ruling relations of research practice in South Korea render the ontological shift “slippery.” I argue for a need to understand the ontological shift in relation to external contexts of research instead of an individualized approach. Second, I detail the process of a comparative research design looking at activist-educators with differing levels of engagement with the Korean state. I highlight how a transitional void that emerged after democratization prompted different activist strategies. I call for a need to reconsider the connection between activists’ work and institutional ethnography, where investigating activists’ work provides a lens into the ruling relations.

‘But why is a Ghanaian studying Liberia?’ Leveraging positionality for online data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic

This paper explores the significance of my positionality as a Ghanaian interested in a Liberian identity question and examines how it influenced the dialogical process of research design and online data collection. Emphasising the fluidity of the insider/outsider binary, the study unveils its potential to cultivate positive online interview experiences, augmenting the overall depth and quality of interview data. Notably, my dual status as an outsider, owing to Ghanaian nationality and pandemic-induced physical distance, and as an insider, being a racialised Black African like some participants, significantly influenced unique relationships with study participants, facilitating access and contributing to an enriched data collection experience.

Deep nutrients and soil fungal communities support tomato fruit yield and quality in dry farm management systems

Changing climates are causing agricultural water shortages at unprecedented scales and magnitudes, especially in regions historically reliant on irrigation. Identifying and understanding systems of farming that allow continuity in agricultural operations in times of water scarcity are increasingly urgent needs. Vegetable dry farming relies on winter rains stored in soils to reduce irrigation to 0–2 events per season and has become prevalent on California’s Central Coast in recent decades. Until now, this system has been unexplored in scientific literature beyond extension publications, despite its promise as a model for low-water agriculture in arid regions. Dry farm management presents a unique challenge given that low water content restricts nutrient access in surface soils, which farmers typically target for fertility management. Managing soil nutrients at depth, as well as microorganisms that help plants access nutrients and alleviate water stress (e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, or AMF) could be crucial to dry farm success. We engaged in a collaborative research design process with farmers managing seven commercial dry farm tomato fields to identify and answer three key management questions: 1. What are the depths at which nutrients influence harvest outcomes given low water content in surface soils?, 2. Are commercially available AMF inoculants effective at improving harvest outcomes?, and 3. How does the broader fungal community change in dry farm soils, and are those changes associated with harvest outcomes? Only soil nutrients below 60 cm depth were correlated with tomato yield and fruit quality. We identified a fungal class, Sordariomycetes, as a ‘signature’ fungal group in dry farm soils that distinguished them from irrigated management and correlated with positive fruit quality, while commercial AMF inoculation showed little benefit. These findings can inform management practices that optimize fruit yield and quality, and can guide farmers and policymakers alike in efforts to minimize agricultural water use.

From Crowdsourcing to Extreme Citizen Science: Participatory Research for Environmental Health.

Environmental health issues are becoming more challenging, and addressing them requires new approaches to research design and decision-making processes. Participatory research approaches, in which researchers and communities are involved in all aspects of a research study, can improve study outcomes and foster greater data accessibility and utility as well as increase public transparency. Here we review varied concepts of participatory research, describe how it complements and overlaps with community engagement and environmental justice, examine its intersection with emerging environmental sensor technologies, and discuss the strengths and limitations of participatory research. Although participatory research includes methodological challenges, such as biases in data collection and data quality, it has been found to increase the relevance of research questions, result in better knowledge production, and impact health policies. Improved research partnerships among government agencies, academia, and communities can increase scientific rigor, build community capacity, and produce sustainable outcomes.

Transformative organizational and programmatic change? Civil society responses to the Canadian Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP)

AbstractMotivationThe article aims to examine how Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP) shaped efforts of civil society organizations to address gender equality through organizational and programmatic change. FIAP and other feminist policies have direct implications as to how organizations design and administer their work to address gender inequality and on how funding agencies and foundations administer and support this work.Research QuestionWhat are the opportunities and limitations to FIAP's implementation based on the experiences of civil society organizations' efforts to address gender inequality?Approach and methodsData collection for this article took place between 2019 and 2021, beginning two years after the launch of FIAP. This research adopted a mixed‐methods grounded theory approach, where the collected data shaped the conceptual framework. An online survey, interviews, participatory workshops, and media analysis were included in the data collection. Staff from civil society organizations and the University of Ottawa supported the research design process. A response rate of 50% was achieved with a total of 42 respondents out of 83 organizations responding to the survey. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with gender equality specialists based in Canadian international organizations.FindingsAnalysis from data collected in 2019 with gender specialists and civil society organization (CSO) staff, as well as analysis of media coverage of challenges faced by feminist organizations in 2020 and 2021 revealed that the potential for CSO investment through staff support (financial, training and government guidance) could only be partially realized within the “unfeminist” structural landscape in which development programmes oversee the administration of under‐represented groups.Policy implicationsThis study demonstrates the limitations around building stronger linkages between policy formation and implementation processes, and also the opportunities. The authors argue that strengthening engagement with feminist networks globally could align policy priorities with those identified by grassroots movements, while influencing how funding agencies value feminist practice in CSOs.

User-Centered Design and Usability of a Culturally Adapted Virtual Survivorship Care App for Chinese Canadian Prostate Cancer Survivors: Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Cultural adaptations of digital health innovations are a growing field. However, digital health innovations can increase health inequities. While completing exploratory work for the cultural adaptation of the Ned Clinic virtual survivorship app, we identified structural considerations that provided a space to design digitally connected and collective care. This study used a community-based participatory research and user-centered design process to develop a cultural adaptation of the Ned Clinic app while designing to intervene in structural inequities. The design process included primary data collection and qualitative analysis to explore and distill design principles, an iterative design phase with a multidisciplinary team, and a final evaluation phase with participants throughout the design process as a form of member checking and validation. Participants indicated that they found the final adapted prototype to be acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for their use. The changes made to adapt the prototype were not specifically culturally Chinese. Instead, we identified ways to strengthen connections between the survivor and their providers; improve accessibility to resources; and honor participants' desires for relationality, accountability, and care. We grounded the use of user-centered design to develop a prototype design that supports the acts of caring through digital technology by identifying and designing to resist structures that create health inequities in the lives of this community of survivors. By designing for collective justice, we can provide accessible, feasible, and relational care with digital health through the application of Indigenous and Black feminist ways of being and knowing.

Assessing the Contribution of Mobile Phone Agricultural Information on Maize Productivity: A Case Study of Kilolo District, Tanzania

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of mobile phone agricultural information on maize productivity among smallholder farmers in Kilolo District while taking into consideration contextual factors that may affect the efficacy of such interventions. By analyzing the potential benefits associated with the dissemination of agricultural information via mobile phones, this study aims to significantly contribute to the academic conversation and practical interventions focused on sustainable agricultural growth in the region. In this study, a cross-sectional strategy was employed as a general framework for the research design process. This study employed a quantitative research strategy. To gather quantitative information about smallholder farmers' ownership of mobile phones, usage habits, access to agricultural information, and productivity in growing maize,the target population comprises 106,342 farmers and selected sample of 173 farmers in Kilolo District was surveyed. From the findingsIt is also established in the study that 89% of the respondents agreed that accessed information helped in improving their market management while 11% disagreed, Also 60%) of the respondents agreed that there are increased yields in maize farming due to information accessed through mobile phones, (54%) of the respondents agreed that the advantages of agricultural information accessed through mobile phones on maize productivity outweigh the drawbacks, it was established that (78%) of the respondents agreed that they had changed their maize farming practices based on the agricultural information accessed through mobile (69%) of the respondents agreed that the impact of the agricultural information accessed through mobile phones positively affects maize productivity. The study's findings highlight the important positive contribution that mobile phone agriculture information has had on smallholder farmers in Kilolo District's maize productivity. It is established that both smart and non-smart mobile phones act as a link between farmers and consumers. By fostering informed decision-making, enhancing pest management, and enabling market contact, mobile phone interventions have the potential to greatly improve farmers' livelihoods and increase food security in the region. To maximize the benefits of these interventions and promote sustainable agricultural growth, it will be critical to address the barriers and provide fair and equal access.

Real-world data analysis on effectiveness of integrative therapies: A practical guide to study design and data analysis using healthcare databases

Real world data (RWD) is increasingly used to investigate health outcomes and treatment efficacy in the field of integrative medicine. Due to the fact that the majority of RWDs are not intended for research, their secondary use in research necessitates complex study designs to account for bias and confounding. To conduct a robust analysis of RWD in integrative medicine, a comprehensive study design process that reflects the characteristics of integrative therapies is necessary. In this paper, we present a guide for designing comparative effectiveness RWE research in integrative medicine. We discuss key factors to consider when selecting RWDs for research on integrative medicine. We provide practical steps for developing a research question, formulating the PICOT objectives (population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and time horizon), and selecting and defining covariates with a summary table. Specific study designs are depicted with corresponding diagrams. Finally, data analysis procedures are introduced. We hope this article clarifies the importance of RWE research design and related processes in order to improve the rigor of RWD studies in the field of integrative medicine research.

Human Factors Design and Evaluation of China’s Space Manipulator Teleoperation System

Space manipulators are important for the assembly, construction, operation, and maintenance of space stations. To ensure that the manipulator system on the China Space Station (CSS) is user-friendly, the human factors engineering team has carried out extensive studies on the human factors design and evaluation of the space manipulator teleoperation system from three aspects: the technical process, research on ergonomic requirements, and ergonomic evaluation. This article systematically combs the technical process and index system of the human factors design and requirements research on CSS manipulator teleoperation system, which has guided the optimization of space manipulator engineering. This article expounds the research work on ergonomic requirements and suggestions related to manipulator teleoperation through experimental research on cognitive characteristics and human factors in display and control interfaces. We focus on human factors experimental research for camera type and handle polarity, and a recommended scheme for camera display and handle polarity has been screened out accordingly. Finally, the human-in-the-loop ergonomic evaluation method is demonstrated with a cooperative manual control task. The research results have facilitated the human factors design and optimization improvement of the space manipulator manipulator system, and have contributed significantly to the safe and smooth completion of astronaut extravehicular activities on the CSS.

Valuation of GoTo Post-Merger: Analysis of the Key Drivers

The pandemic has led to significant growth in Indonesia’s digital economy, with e-commerce and on-demand services driving growth. However, many startups go public before achieving profitability, raising concerns about their long-term financial sustainability. PT GoTo Gojek Tokopedia Tbk., an Indonesian startup, went public in April 2022 but experienced a 75% decline in share price by December. This research aims to identify potential strategies to improve GoTo’s profitability, determine implementation methods, assess intrinsic value, and analyze associated risks. The research design process includes a literature review, data collection, and financial projections using the Discounted Cash Flow method. Horizontal integration through mergers and acquisitions holds the greatest potential to enhance GoTo’s profitability. Implementing this strategy requires sustainable revenue growth, strategic investments, and rigorous cost management practices. GoTo must prioritize sustainable revenue growth, strategic investments, and cost reduction strategies to achieve its strategic objectives.

Selection of Study Sites and Participants for Research into Nepal’s Federal Health System

Abstract Introduction: This article offers insights into the process of selecting representative study sites and participants in a longitudinal study in Nepal. As part of the research design process, the selection of representative areas in a large-scale study requires both intellectual and practical considerations. Methods: We briefly introduce our study into the impact of federalization on Nepal’s health system before outlining the criteria considered for the identification of fieldwork sites and the most appropriate study participants for the qualitative interviews and participatory components of this research. Findings: The selected areas are presented with an overview of the areas selected and their justification. The study sites and participants should consider a broader coverage with diverse participants’ backgrounds. Several factors can influence the identification and recruitment of the right participants, including the use of appropriate gatekeepers, gaining access to recruit participants, logistical challenges, and participant follow-up. Conclusion: We conclude that longitudinal qualitative research requires a carefully selected diverse set of study sites and participants to assess the complexities and dynamics of the health system and service provision to ensure that longitudinal research is representative and effective in addressing the research question(s) being investigated.

Gender differences in research topic and method selection in library and information science: Perspectives from three top journals

Research in the social sciences has shown that there are gender differences in the selection of research methods, with women often opting for qualitative methods while men prefer quantitative methods. However, it is important to consider that research methods are generally chosen based on the research topic. To figure out the influence of gender on research method selection, a study was conducted in the field of library and information science, using a more fine-grained method classification system and an automatic classification model called CogFT, which is based on full-text cognition. The findings showed that women tend to use interviews while men prefer theoretical approaches, across a range of topics. Insights into the specific research design processes that contribute to gender differences in method selection are offered and ways to promote gender inclusivity and equality in academia by considering research method use and guidance are suggested.

Contribution Of Teacher Performance Commitment And Motivation On Teacher Work Productivity In SMPN Tana Toraja District

This study aims to determine how much dedication and motivation contribute to the job productivity of teachers at SMPN in the Tana Toraja District. This research employed regression analysis and a quantitative methodology. The quantitative technique was chosen for this study since the specifications of this design are methodical, organized, and adequately structured from the beginning to the end of the research design process. This research had 75 participants from 3 UPT SMPNs in Tana Toraja. This study also employed a descriptive method to explain the issue or research findings better. The results of this study indicated that: (1) There Was a significant positive effect between teacher commitment on teacher work productivity in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that other factors significantly influenced the work productivity of teachers in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. (2) There was a significant favorable influence between teachers' work motivation on teacher work productivity in State Junior High Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that the higher the teacher's work motivation, the higher the teacher's productivity. (3) There was a significant positive effect between teacher commitment and teacher work motivation on teacher work productivity in Public Middle Schools in Tana Toraja Regency. This showed that the higher the teacher's commitment and work motivation, the higher the teacher's productivity.

Design Aesthetics Methods: Chinese Graduate Students Using Laundry Bags in the UK as an Example

Proficiency in the application of design research methods is a basic competency that student researchers need to master. During the learning phase, experienced researchers demonstrate various design research methods for student designers to understand and practice. At present, there are a large number of literatures and books that introduce the definition of different design research methods and give relevant practical examples. Moreover, student researchers still have confusion about the process of the research method in the early design, and lack a complete understanding of design research thinking and processes. This article will take the topic of sustainable laundry as an example, based on the core research theme of the impact of the use of laundry bags on environmental sustainability by Chinese graduate students studying in the UK in their daily lives, and demonstrate the complete design research ideas and process from 6 modules. This design form emphasizes authenticity, interactivity, and humanization. In terms of authenticity, experiential design strives to create a scenario as realistic as possible, constructed with as real questions and materials as possible, to maximize the satisfaction of users' real needs. In terms of interactivity, experiential design adheres to the standard of users' spiritual enjoyment and physical pleasure, strengthening interaction with users. In terms of humanization, experiential design focuses more on the fun of furniture products, emphasizes meeting the deep spiritual and cultural needs of users, and endows furniture products with more functional value in a form that is more in line with the human body structure, thus integrating with users.

Next Steps Toward Improving the Quality, Relevance, and Implementation of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Research Through Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder-engaged research (SER), in which patients and other stakeholders (including academics) engage as research, has been shown to improve the quality, feasibility, relevance, and implementation of research. There is scant SER in vascular surgery. Attitudes toward SER have not been assessed among academic vascular surgery stakeholders (clinicians and clinical researchers). Therefore, it is unclear how to increase SER to improve the care and outcomes of patients with vascular disease. As part of a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute grant to increase stakeholder-centricity and sustainable engagement in chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) research, we developed an anonymous online survey based off qualitative interviews with 10 academic stakeholders. Survey responses are presented descriptively, grouped by prior SER experience. There were 42 responses to the survey for analysis. Of these, 19 had prior SER experience and 23 did not. A total of 89% of experienced respondents (ER) were moderately or extremely familiar with the term SER vs 35% of inexperienced respondents (IR). In general, ER and IR agreed about the benefits of SER, including improved relevance of research questions (80% ER, 79% IR) and selection of more relevant outcome measures (67% and 63%, respectively; Table I). However, ER more commonly reported that SER was the ethically/morally correct thing to do (60% vs 32%). There were noticeable differences in experienced/perceived drawbacks to SER, particularly in relation to the research design process (reported to be slower by 77% of ER vs 36% of IR) and the scientific interest of SER (reported to be less interesting by 8% of ER vs 29% of IR; Table I). Respondents agreed that lack of awareness was the largest barrier to increasing CLTI-related SER. However, IR identified some additional significant barriers (Table II). ER thought stakeholder training materials would be the most helpful resource to increase CLTI-related SER (73% vs 50%), whereas IR preferred assistance identifying and coordinating stakeholders (55% vs 71%; Table II). ER were more likely to feel that it was very or extremely important to partner with stakeholders in future research design/conduct (72% vs 22%). Researchers experienced with engaging stakeholders balanced a belief in its benefits with a realistic understanding of its associated difficulties. Some inexperienced researchers were strongly interested in future SER but highlighted several barriers to entry. Future efforts to increase SER in CLTI should focus on raising awareness of its benefits and the process, while lowering barriers to entry and assisting experienced researchers with well-defined pain points.Table IExperienced and perceived benefits and drawbacks to stakeholder-engaged research (SER)SER-experienced respondentsSER-inexperienced respondentsBenefits associated with SERN = 15N = 19 More relevant questions8079 More relevant outcomes6763 More ethical6032 Researcher-patient relationships5347 More relevant intervention5358 Follow-up feasibility4737 Recruitment and retention4047 Researcher satisfaction3316 Easier implementation2026 Easier funding1321 Easier publication75Drawbacks associated with SERN = 13N = 14 Slower design7736 Slower conduct4636 More expensive2336 Harder to get funding1521 Less interesting829 Harder to publish814 Less meaningful80 Less satisfying00Data are presented as percentage. Open table in a new tab Table IIBarriers and facilitators to stakeholder-engaged research (SER)SER-experienced respondentsSER-inexperienced respondentsBarriers to SER Awareness6967 Methodologic expertise3840 Interest3833 Access to stakeholders3153 Stakeholder knowledge3153 Stakeholder selection criteria2340 Stakeholder health status2327 Lack of dissemination opportunities150 Lack of regulatory mandate1520 Lack of funding820 Logistical difficulties820Potential facilitators for SER Stakeholder training materials7350 Stakeholder identification and coordination5571 Methodology collaborations4536 Funding aggregation2764 Methodologic training materials2736 Aggregation of regulatory guidance2714 Aggregation of dissemination opportunities914Data are presented as percentage. Open table in a new tab

Hacking Directional Dependency in Research Design for EU Studies

AbstractEU studies extend into political science, political theory, public and foreign policy analysis, and international relations. The field's diversity speaks to different ontological, epistemological and methodological traditions and research practices. How the EU is conceived as a political reality and entity (ontology) tends to shape how researchers substantiate knowledge production about EU affairs (epistemology) and the way they uncover this knowledge (methodology), alongside choosing research methods and data. We argue that a ‘directional dependency’ exists between research ontology, epistemology, methodology and design. Using a meta‐analysis, we review EU politics research, mapping out directional dependencies in research design; how the paths operate; and deviations from those paths. We explore damaging effects of the research design process, evaluating how much this trap informs research in principle or in practice. We find that while in‐principle directional traps exist, research can be trapped to in‐practice dependencies, limiting the scope of innovation in the field.