Policy Implementation Process Research Articles

The Implementation of Policy on Granting Funds Based on Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia No. 123 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Granting Funds and Management Procedures Sourced from the Regional Budget at the Bureau of People's Welfare, Regional Secretariat of North Sumatra Province

The aims of this study is to find out Implementation of Policy for Granting Funds Based on Permendagri No. 123 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Granting Funds and Management Procedures Sourced from the Regional Budget at the Bureau of People's Welfare, Regional Secretariat of North Sumatra Province. This study used a qualitative approach. Based on the description of the research results that have been described in the previous chapter, the author draws conclusions in accordance with the problems studied regarding the Implementation of Giving Policy Grants Based on Permendagri No. 123 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Granting Funds and Management Procedures Sourced from the Regional Budget at the People's Welfare Bureau of the Regional Secretariat of the Province of North Sumatra. The policy implementation process has been running in accordance with permendagri No. 123 of 2018 is still at the stage of making and submitting proposals. However, in its implementation towards perfection there are still obstacles, especially in the process of implementing policy implementation. These obstacles arise from internal and external factors in terms of several aspects, namely communication, resources, disposition, and the Bureaucratic Structure that still greatly influences the course of the policy implementation process. Among other things, there is still a lack of socialization and coordination in the sector in charge of the affairs of the grant aid fund. Whereas the coordination aims to determine the process of implementing grant assistance policies in the fields of Religion, Education and Institutions. Socialization and Coordination activities have not been carried out optimally so that the results are not optimal.

NPO/NGO Education in Public Administration in South Korea

This study examines how NPO/NGO-related themes and theories are incorporated into public administration education in South Korea. By analyzing NPO/NGO-related courses in selected public administration programs, this research breaks down their curricula into major categories from the public administration and policy standpoints. This study found that civil society constitutes the public administration environment on the macro-level, while NPO/NGOs are key actors in the participatory governance and contracting-out on the micro-level. From the public policy standpoint, the advocacy function of NPO/NGOs took the central role in the public policy formation stage, while their service delivery function was highlighted in the public policy implementation stage. South Korean PA education is evaluated to take a top-down-style approach in embracing the roles of NPO/NGOs in the public policy implementation process. This study contributes to strengthening ties between PA education and NPO/NGO education and practices.

Tobacco Control Policy Based on Environmental Protection Law

Objectives: Based on the environmental protection law, this paper analyzes our current tobacco control policy and studies the effectiveness of the follow-up policy. Methods: This paper studies the impact of environmental law on tobacco industry and tobacco control from the legislative principles and regulatory subjects of environmental protection law. Grasping the basic connotation of tobacco control policy is the premise of understanding and implementing tobacco control. This paper analyzes tobacco control policy from the perspective of policy network and policy tools. Through the description of Smith policy model, find out the deficiencies in the implementation of tobacco control policy. Results: The smoking population in China tends to be younger, and the control of teenagers' smoking behavior should be more strict. Conduct investigation and management around the school, put forward certain requirements for students' parents, and carry out health education for students. Based on the legislative intention of environmental protection law, we should use policy tools, policy network and policy implementation process theory to supervise and manage the whole process of tobacco control implementation in China from the aspects of tobacco system, policy formulation, policy implementation and policy evaluation.. Conclusion: The government should strengthen the scientificity of tobacco control policy-making and improve its operability and unity. It should improve the implementation system of tobacco control policies and improve the construction of law enforcement subjects. An effective administrative punishment mechanism should be established and the information disclosure system of tobacco control policy should be strengthened. The social members should be guided to participate in and supervise. We should evaluate tobacco control policies and strive to improve the formulation, implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies.

Innovation or implementation? Local response to low‐carbon policy experimentation in China

AbstractThe low‐carbon pilot city project is a critical policy experimentation in China, which is designed to implement policy instruments and local initiatives for low‐carbon development targets. However, some scholars have argued that local pilots have not met the central government's expectation of policy innovation. The current literature mainly focuses on pathways at the national level and few studies have discussed how subnational authorities respond to the national goals. Through a case study, we present the actions and the political will of the local authorities and discuss the logic involved in the local government's response to the low‐carbon pilot city project. We conclude that the bottom‐up initiative has become a top‐down policy implementation process, which contributes little to the design of new and appropriate policy instruments and initiatives. The local government only “package up” the low‐carbon related policies responding to the country's requirement, showing less enthusiasm and political will toward low‐carbon development initiatives. This study contributes to subnational pathways of low‐carbon development and explores the responses and the political will of local government to policy experimentation.

A just transition? Navigating the process of policy implementation in small-scale fisheries in South Africa

The development and implementation of a new small-scale fisheries policy in South Africa has been a protracted and convoluted process. Following a participatory policy formulation process, founded on human-rights principles and a commitment to a community-based approach to governance, implementation planning and policy-roll-out have deviated from these foundational principles leading to thousands of fishers being left out of the process and the persistence of state-centric management. Drawing on the fisheries governance and policy implementation literature, the paper systematically analyses the transition from the small-scale policy formulation process to implementation and highlights the governance processes and other factors that have resulted in a mismatch between policy rhetoric and implementation practices. Key factors that have contributed to this policy disjuncture include a lack of ongoing engagement and collaboration with stakeholders, adopting a one-size fits all approach, inappropriate legal mechanisms to operationalise the policy, issuing of individual permits in the interim period, shifting political agendas, changing socio-economic factors at national and local level, lack of resources and capacity to implement policy objectives, implementation delays and lack of clarity regarding implementation agencies. Insights from this analysis in relation to policy implementation theory and empirical studies are discussed. The paper concludes with proposals for addressing the mismatches.

Simulation Research on Participation Willingness of Industrial Company on Green Finance Policies based on Tripartite Game

The green finance policy is an important embodiment of the basic national policy of environmental protection in the financial system, and also an important guarantee for company to achieve green development. Based on the heterogeneous interest pursuit of the central state, local provinces and industrial companies, the article builds an evolutionary model of three game partners, analyzes the strategic choice of the stakeholders in the implementation process of the green finance policies, and simulates the dynamical track of evolution stability strategies of three partners. The results show that the management from the central state is very important to the implementation of the policy, and the supervision cost and punishment will also affect the final stability strategy; the policy incentive from the central state can effectively promote the enthusiasm of the local provinces to implement the green finance policies, but the implementation cost will seriously affect the willingness of the local government to help industrial companies; under the joint supervision effect of the central state, the local government’s policy incentives and the complete market mechanism, industrial companies will enhance their willingness to participate in green finance policies.

Analysis of Social Effects on Employment Promotion Policies for College Graduates Based on Data Mining for Online Use Review in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

As an important part of human resources, college graduates are the most vigorous, energetic, and creative group in society. The employment of college graduates is not only related to the vital interests of graduates themselves and the general public, but also related to the sustainable and healthy development of higher education and the country’s prosperity through science and education. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019 has left China’s domestic labor and employment market in severe condition, which has a significant impact on the employment of college graduates. Based on the situation, the Chinese government has formulated a series of employment promotion policies for college graduates in accordance with local conditions to solve the current difficulties in employment of college graduates during the COVID-19Pandemic. Do these policies meet the expectations of the people? Is the policy implementation process reasonable? All these issues need to be tested and clarified urgently. This paper takes the employment promotion policy of college graduates under the COVID-19 as the research object, uses the PMC index model to screen the policy texts, obtains two perfect policy texts, and uses the Weibo comments to construct the evaluation model of policy measures support degree to analyze the social effects of employment promotion policies for college graduates. The results show that the public’s support degree with the employment promotion policies for college graduates under COVID-19 needs to be improved. Among them, the public has a neutral attitude towards position measures and transference measures but is obviously dissatisfied with subsidy measures and channel measures. Finally, suggestions for improving policy are given to make the employment policy in line with public opinion and effectively relieve the job hunting pressure of college graduates.

Implications of Social Inequality for Soldiers in Health Services of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Managed by the Social Security Agency

This scientific journal research analyzes Law No. 24 of 2011 on health services for the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) sector along with their families included in the national health insurance managed by the Healthcare and Social Security Agency (BPJS) and its implementation regulated in the Presidential Regulation and Health Minister Regulation. However, the implementation of the BPJS health insurance at the TNI institutions does not show effective results, and it tends to decline. Therefore, it is necessary to interpret various factual factors affecting the success of the implementation process of health service delivery policies, which will be useful for finding synergies in the implementation of health services in the TNI. This research on the implementation of policies in the TNI health services was a scientific activity prepared using certain types and strategies and at the same time viewed from certain aspects which had several types and strategies. Therefore, this research used the descriptive qualitative method. Six factors should be interpreted to know the implementation of the TNI health service policy under Law No. 24 of 2011, namely; 1) policy standards and objectives, 2) resources, 3) characteristics of the implementing organization, 4) attitudes of the implementers, 5) communication among organizations related to implementation activities, 6) social, economic and political environments. All these factors synergize with each other and affect health services to TNI, which are administered by BPJS.

A systematic review of school health policy measurement tools: implementation determinants and outcomes

BackgroundGovernments in some countries or states/provinces mandate school-based policies intended to improve the health and well-being of primary and secondary students and in some cases the health of school staff. Examples include mandating a minimum time spent per week in programmed physical activity, mandating provision of healthy foods and limiting fat content of school meals, and banning tobacco products or use on school campuses. Although school health researchers have studied whether schools, districts, or states/provinces are meeting requirements, it is unclear to what extent implementation processes and determinants are assessed. The purposes of the present systematic review of quantitative measures of school policy implementation were to (1) identify quantitative school health policy measurement tools developed to measure implementation at the school, district, or state/provincial levels; (2) describe the policy implementation outcomes and determinants assessed and identify the trends in measurement; and (3) assess pragmatic and psychometric properties of identified implementation measures to understand their quality and suitability for broader application.MethodsPeer-reviewed journal articles published 1995–2020 were included if they (1) had multiple-item quantitative measures of school policy implementation and (2) addressed overall wellness, tobacco, physical activity, nutrition, obesity prevention, or mental health/bullying/social-emotional learning. The final sample comprised 86 measurement tools from 67 peer-review articles. We extracted study characteristics, such as psychometric and pragmatic measure properties, from included articles based on three frameworks: (1) Implementation Outcomes Framework, (2) Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and (3) Policy Implementation Determinants Framework.ResultsMost implementation tools were developed to measure overall wellness policies which combined multiple policy topics (n = 35, 40%) and were in survey form (n = 75, 87%). Fidelity was the most frequently prevalent implementation outcome (n = 70, 81%), followed by adoption (n = 32, 81%). The implementation determinants most assessed were readiness for implementation, including resources (n = 43, 50%), leadership (n = 42, 49%), and policy communication (n = 41, 48%). Overall, measures were low-cost and had easy readability. However, lengthy tools and lack of reported validity/reliability data indicate low transferability.ConclusionsImplementation science can contribute to more complete and rigorous assessment of school health policy implementation processes, which can improve implementation strategies and ultimately the intended health benefits. Several high-quality measures of implementation determinants and implementation outcomes can be applied to school health policy implementation assessment. Dissemination and implementation science researchers can also benefit from measurement experiences of school health researchers.

MODEL IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN VAN METER DAN VAN HORN DALAM TINJAUAN PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LINGKAR SELATAN (RING ROAD) DI KABUPATEN TUBAN

This study aims to determine how the policy implementation of South Ring Road development in Tuban District that analyzed using the policy implementation model from Van Meter and Van Horn (1775). The type of research used is the type of qualitative research with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that all indicators of the policy implementation model from Van Meter and Van Horn (1975) as a measure of the success of the policy implementation of South Ring Road development in Tuban District are due to minimal financial resources, causing poor road construction. failure to achieve standards, inaccuracies and inconsistencies in communication during the policy implementation process which caused problems, and the presence of people who did not support the development policy of the Ring Road. So it can be concluded that the policy implementation of South Ring Road development in Tuban District has not run optimally

Applying the Realist Evaluation Approach to the Complex Process of Policy Implementation-The Case of the User Fee Exemption Policy for Cesarean Section in Benin.

Realist evaluation is making inroads in the field of health policy and systems research to a large extent because of its good fit with complex issues. Until now, most realist studies focused on evaluating interventions or projects related to health care delivery, organization of health services, education, management, and leadership of health workers in high income countries. With this paper, we apply the realist approach to the study of national health policy implementation in a low resource country. We use the case of the user fee exemption policy for cesarean section in Benin, which we followed up from 2009 to 2018. We report on how realist evaluation can be applied for policy implementation research. We illustrate how we developed the initial programme theory—the starting point of any realist evaluation -, how we designed the study and data collection tools, and how we analyzed the data. For each step, we present current good practices, how we adapted them when needed, the challenges and the lessons learned. We report also on how the dynamic interactions between the central level (the national implementing agency) and the peripheral level (an implementing hospital) shaped the policy implementation. We found that at central level, availability of resources for a given policy is constantly challenged in the competitive national resource allocation arena. Key factors include the political power and the legitimacy of the group supporting the policy. These are influenced by the policy implementation structure, how the actual outputs of the implementation align with promises of the group supporting the policy and consequently how these outputs, the policy and its promoters are perceived by the community. We found that the service providers are key to the implementation, and that they are constrained or influenced by the dependability of the funding, their autonomy, their personal background, and the accountability arrangements. This study can inform the design and implementation of national health policies that involve interactions between central and operational level in other low-income countries.

EU ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLAND

Along with the observed in the second half of the 20th century progressing climate change and accelerating greenhouse gas emissions levels (GHGgreenhouse gases), the European Commission (EC) actively started to act, both internally and globally, against these adverse changes. This paper presents the current energy and climate policy of the European Union resulting from the long-term strategy based on developing low-carbon economy, and analyses its influence on energy transformation of the Polish economy. It contains results of analyses and assessments of the implementation process of energy and climate policy in the economy of Poland as an EU member, economic restructuring and it indicates challenges connected with the practical aspects of EU energy policy objectives implementation in the near future. The analysis is based on literature of the subject, EU strategic programming documents relating to the strategy of developing low-carbon economy in the EU, those relating to energy and climate policies, legal acts, reports and industry publications as well as Polish background documents and regulations. The analysis concerns the period between 2004 and 2017 and contains actual data obtained from EUROSTAT and GUS (Statistics Poland).

Anti-doping in China: an analysis of the policy implementation processes through stakeholders’ perspectives

ABSTRACT Despite the vast research on anti-doping policy, little is known about anti-doping in China and how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Yet this is an important area for understanding anti-doping at the international level. This article explains anti-doping policy implementation processes in China. It uses the Van Meter and Van Horn top-down policy implementation approach to interpret 42 interviews that come from nine different locations in China and from staff at WADA and other National Anti-Doping Organizations (NADOs), to provide a comprehensive understanding of anti-doping implementation. The results demonstrate that while China has the organizational and financial resources to support anti-doping, some potential risks cannot be ignored, such as funding shortages in poorer provinces, the insufficient manpower of the Doping Control Officers (DCOs), and having a clearer strategy for student and non-elite sports contexts.

The construction of ‘socially marginalised Greenlanders’ as a target group in Danish welfare policy and practice

This paper examines the emergence of ‘socially marginalized Greenlanders’ as a distinct target category in Danish welfare policy and practice. It builds on analysis of policies targeting Greenlandic minorities in Denmark and interviews with welfare professionals in charge of implementing these. The paper shows how Greenlandic minorities are represented as characterized by markers of difference viewed to set them apart from other socially marginalized citizens. These relate to 1) structural differences that impact on the ability to receive and benefit from welfare services, 2) to the perceived cultural origins of the problems that socially marginalised Greenlanders face, and, finally, 3) to the excessive social problems associated in policies and by professionals with an upbringing in Greenland. The paper shows how policies and welfare professionals both reject and continuously resort to the notion of the target group as distinct from other socially marginalized citizens. In continuation of this, the analysis further shows how ambivalences and contradictions are not so much found between the levels of policy and practice, as other studies of policy implementation processes have demonstrated, as they are inherent within all policy and considerations about how to understand the target group they articulate.

When Scientific Knowledge and Ignorance Make It Difficult to Improve Occupational Health: A French and European Perspective.

This article analyzes the consequences of the increasing reference to scientific expertise in the decision and implementation process of occupational health policy. Based on examples (exposure limits and attributable fractions) taken from an interdisciplinary seminar conducted in 2014 to 2015 in France, it shows how the measurement or regulation of a problem through biomedicine-based tools produces blind spots. It also uses a case study to show the contradictions between scientific and academic aims and public health intervention. Other indirect implications are also examined, such as the limitation of trade unions' scope for action. Finally, the article suggests launching a broad political debate accessible to nonspecialists about collective occupational health issues-a dialogue made difficult by the rise of the afore-mentioned techno-scientific perspective.

Examining the Undocumented College Student Policy Implementation Environment Through a Contextual Interaction Theory Lens

The higher education policy implementation landscape has substantially shaped postsecondary education opportunities for undocumented youth, who are already negatively affected by discriminatory public policies, and institutional agents, who are often unprepared to address their needs. Guided by Bressers’s contextual interaction theory that identifies the role of contexts, actor characteristics, and social interactions among implementers in the policy implementation process, the researchers examined the experiences of 45 community college administrators in four states to understand how these elements shaped the participants’ role as implementers of policies for undocumented students. Implications are significant given current social and political landscapes and challenges higher education institutional agents encounter in implementing policies that affect undocumented students’ educational opportunities.

Synergies and fragmentation in country level policy and program agenda setting, formulation and implementation for Global Health agendas: a case study of health security, universal health coverage, and health promotion in Ghana and Sierra Leone

BackgroundGlobal health agendas have in common the goal of contributing to population health outcome improvement. In theory therefore, whenever possible, country level policy and program agenda setting, formulation and implementation towards their attainment should be synergistic such that efforts towards one agenda promote efforts towards the other agendas. Observation suggests that this is not what happens in practice. Potential synergies are often unrealized and fragmentation is not uncommon. In this paper we present findings from an exploration of how and why synergies and fragmentation occur in country level policy and program agenda setting, formulation and implementation for the global health agendas of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Health Security (HS) and Health Promotion (HP) in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Our study design was a two country case study. Data collection involved document reviews and Key Informant interviews with national and sub-national level decision makers in both countries between July and December 2019. Additionally, in Ghana a stakeholder workshop in December 2019 was used to validate the draft analysis and conclusions.ResultsNational and global context, country health systems leadership and structure including resources were drivers of synergies and fragmentation. How global as well as country level actors mobilized power and exercised agency in policy and program agenda setting and implementation processes within country were also important drivers.ConclusionsThere is potential in both countries to pull towards synergies and push against fragmentation in agenda setting, formulation and implementation of global health agendas despite the resource and other structural constraints. It however requires political and bureaucratic prioritization of synergies, as well as skilled leadership. It also requires considerable mobilization of country level actor exercise of agency to counter sometimes daunting contextual, systems and structural constraints.

Quality failures in Energy-saving renovation projects in Northern China

The energy-saving renovation of an existing building is a critical strategy in achieving a longterm energy goal in the Chinese context. However, in China, building energy renovation projects are subjected to quality failures resulting in energy wastage, a decrease in the energy efficiency of the project, an increase in project cost, and thus negatively affecting the overall performance of the renovation projects. In order to avoid them happening in the future, it is essential to find and analyse the causes of quality failures in energy-saving renovation projects. Therefore, using a four-step process, this research aims to deepen the understanding of the causes of quality failures in energy-saving renovation projects of the existing residential buildings. The first and second steps are to identify and analyse the quality failures and their causes. The deeper insights from a quality management perspective are explored in the third step. The fourth step is to investigate how the actors and their interactions affect and cause quality failures during the renovation policy implementation process. This research mainly concludes the causes of quality failures in the building energy renovation projects. It is important to state that most of the quality failures can be avoided at the management level. Some external causes originated at a policy level and outside the project. The findings of this research would be valuable for policy-makers and project coordinators both for predicting and avoiding quality failures and for developing proper action and policy interventions to ensure successful building energy renovations in the future.

National Informatization Policy in Korea: A Historical Reflection and Policy Implications

This study examines, from a historical and macro perspective, the national informatization strategy that Korea has pursued over the past 40 years which laid the foundation for the rise of Korea as one of the leading countries in the digital revolution today. In particular, the informatization process is divided into five phases from the 1980s to the present, and analyzed in three aspects ? main policies and plans, policy implementation system and structure, and major laws. And based on the previous research results, the success factors of informatization in Korea are discussed in terms of policy actors and institutions, policy implementation process, and policy environment. After examining the limitations of Korea’s informatization policy, policy implications for developing countries are drawn in terms of policy process, policy design, and policy instruments.

A critical study on the policy implementation process of the Open Recruiting Principal Employment System: Focusing on the influencing factors

A critical study on the policy implementation process of the Open Recruiting Principal Employment System: Focusing on the influencing factors