Negotiation Process Research Articles

Zooming In on Agreement Making: Tracing the BBNJ Negotiations with the MARIPOLDATAbase

Abstract Starting in 2018, the MARIPOLDATAbase has systematically cataloged observations covering the entire Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) negotiations until their conclusion in June 2023. By providing primary data on the whole negotiation process, the MARIPOLDATAbase supports empirical, scholarly work on diverse aspects of international marine biodiversity politics. This research note presents the database, its key features, and how it can be used to trace and map the BBNJ process. Drawing on examples drawn from our own research, we show how we used these data—on actors and alliances, statement length, agreement text, positions, networks, statements, concepts, and meeting formats—to analyze various aspects of agreement making. We note that our database has specific value for researchers who, in the past, struggled to access the BBNJ negotiations as well as for scholars who wish to follow marine biodiversity negotiations in the future. By facilitating the use of primary negotiation data, the MARIPOLDATAbase structure and content support both broad research areas and specific research questions. We conclude by proposing a methodological shift in the study of global environmental negotiations echoing recent attempts to elevate the ethical standards, data quality, political stakes, and critical reflection on the future of global environmental meetings and their role in global environmental politics (GEP) research.

Applying the right lessons from the negotiation and implementation of the UNTOC and the UNCAC to the implementation of the newly agreed UN ‘cybercrime’ treaty

ABSTRACT After two years of intense negotiations in a highly political process mandated to elaborate a comprehensive ‘International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communication Technologies', member states of the United Nations, in August 2024, agreed on a new United Nations Convention against Cybercrime [UNODC AHC website. 2024a. https://www.unodc.org/documents/Cybercrime/AdHocCommittee/Comments/RF_28_July_2021_-_E.pdf; UNODC AHC website. 2024b. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/v24/055/06/pdf/v2405506.pdf]. The Ad Hoc Committee (AHC) mandated to carry out the negotiation process drew extensively from United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), specifically in its approaches to criminalisation, international cooperation and law enforcement/procedural measures. Therefore, questions are raised as to what lessons from UNTOC and UNCAC implementation should be learned as member states begin the process of ratification and subsequently implementation, and as the AHC finalises its work in preparing the convention's conference of parties and implementation mechanisms – on review, accountability, transparency and multistakeholder approaches. The paper will explore the different perspectives from the history of UNTOC's negotiation and implementation that need to be considered as the convention is sent for formal adoption. First, it undertakes a focused literature review on the UNTOC and UNCAC and its travaux preparatoires of such provisions. The paper explains the background of the relevant negotiation decisions and the effects that it had on the convention’s scope and implementation. It explores the benefits and shortcomings of the related approaches taken in the cybercrime treaty. The paper concludes with lessons learned from the implementation of UNTOC and UNCAC.

Reflecting on IPEF’s impact and charting the future: a perspective of US domestic politics

AbstractThe Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), a key economic component of the Biden administration’s strategy for the Indo-Pacific, was launched to serve both economic and geopolitical purposes. At the heart of these objectives is the aim to undermine China’s growing influence in the Asia–Pacific region. If well implemented, it is expected to pose a series of challenges to China. The Biden administration’s strategic project, however, is very likely to fall short of its ambitious goals due to the constraints imposed by the US domestic politics, which significantly influences the content of the IPEF and the overall negotiation process. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have been embracing protectionism more than ever, which has greatly undercut the concessional space for any free trade move. In areas such as supply chain resilience, clean economy and fair economy, where the IPEF member states have come to consensus, the Biden administration has chosen to take a pro-workers approach notwithstanding the divergent interest pursuits by different interest groups within the US. This politically correct approach, however, is likely to face challenges in its implementation, as it largely conflicts with the interests of major corporations. Additionally, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives holds the purse strings, adding another layer of complexity to the situation. Meanwhile, the tussles and uncertainties surrounding the domestic politics of the US is very likely to discourage other member states.

Advance care planning for patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An evolutionary concept analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the concept of advance care planning (ACP) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by systematically clarifying the attributes, antecedents, consequences, surrogate terms, related concepts, and historical transition of the concept. Following Rodgers' method of concept analysis, the academic development of concepts related to ACP for patients with COPD, as well as changes in the concept over time, is comprehensively organized and described. A search formula for relevant literature was created using the two keywords "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and "advance care planning". The databases of CENTRAL, PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Embase, and PsycInfo were searched without limitation by the year of publication and restricted to English and Japanese languages. Of the 3433 retrieved articles, 30 peer-reviewed articles were included in the analysis. Data extraction was conducted to identify concepts relevant to ACP for patients with COPD, resulting in the identification of four antecedents (COPD progression, decline in QOL, attitude toward facing death and dying, and interdisciplinary team approach); four attributes (discussion process, documentation, support for facing death, and dying, holistic approach); and four consequences (dialogical process, improved support of decision-making, physical impacts, and psychological impacts). This conceptual framework, identified through this analysis, shows an evolution from a medical perspective to encompassing humanistic perspectives in addressing patient needs and emphasizes the importance of nursing practices. The elucidated concept characteristics may enhance its application, practice promotion, and interdisciplinary understanding across healthcare professions in the end-of-life field.

Addressing the Separatist Movement in Eastern Nigeria: Intelligence-Driven Approaches to Mitigating Civil Unrest and Promoting National Unity

The separatist movement in Eastern Nigeria advocating for the creation of the state of Biafra, remains one of the serious challenges to national stability, unity, and security within the region and Nigeria. The movements have sparked off civil unrest, violent clashes, and socio-political tensions, thus intensifying the set of accrued and unattended grievances in the region and aspersions on the sovereignty of Nigeria. The research explores intelligence-driven strategies as a veritable way of stemming the increasing civil unrest and fostering national unity. This study makes use of a doctrinal research approach in looking at intelligence gathering, analysis, and operational tactics as it pertains to the combatted separatist activity in seeking methods through which these tools might better control a conflict and prevent violence while setting up a dialogue process between the government and the separatist factions. The research also examines how local perspectives can be factored into socio-economic factors within the intelligence framework for lasting peace. It draws on case studies of successful intelligence-based interventions both within and outside Africa, drawing important lessons for Nigeria’s current efforts to confront secessionist challenges. This research proposes a strategic and non-military approach where security imperatives will be balanced with inclusive national policies for consolidating unity in Nigeria and promoting long-term peace in Eastern Nigeria. Keywords: Separatist movement, Biafra, Sovereignty, Eastern Nigeria

A Three-Party Dynamic Pricing Mechanism for Customized Data Products Based on the Stackelberg Game and Bargaining Model

In the era of big data, breaking down data silos to enable efficient data transactions has become essential, with the fairness and transparency of pricing mechanisms being paramount. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a novel tripartite pricing model for customized data products that integrates the Stackelberg and bargaining game frameworks. By designing distinct utility functions for buyers, sellers, and the platform, the model effectively aligns the varying objectives of each participant. A dynamic adjustment mechanism further enhances this model by adaptively recalibrating the guidance price and pricing range based on real-time updates to buyer budgets and seller offers, thus ensuring fairness and responsiveness throughout the negotiation process. Experimental simulations comprising 100 transaction rounds across diverse buyer–seller profiles validate the model’s effectiveness, achieving a transaction success rate of 92.70% with an average of 6.86 bargaining rounds. These findings underscore the model’s capacity to optimize transaction outcomes, promote pricing equity, and enhance bargaining efficiency. The proposed model has broad applications in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and e-commerce, where precise data pricing mechanisms are essential to maximize transactional value.

Multiple criteria qualitative value-based pricing framework “MARIE” for new drugs

ObjectivesValue-based pricing (VBP) could improve allocation of healthcare resources. We created and evaluated a simple VBP method that qualitatively considers broad values for drugs. MethodFirst, we established the value elements that determine the value of drugs. Then, we decided on the criteria for scoring the value elements, constructed a method for estimating daily drug prices from the value elements and the maximum number of patients, and used this framework to estimate daily drug prices. ResultsFour base value elements and 8 additional elements were identified. We applied our scoring criteria to calculate scores for 39 drugs already listed in Japan and estimated the daily drug price of each drug by creating a conversion table of base drug prices according to base points and maximum number of patients and adding points for additional elements. For all hepatitis C drugs, the estimated daily drug prices were lower than the actual prices, whereas for the other drugs, they were higher or, in some cases, lower. ConclusionOur VBP framework comprises 4 steps: 1. gathering information on value elements; 2. scoring value elements; 3. calculating the base drug price from the base points and the maximum number of patients by using the conversion table; and 4. calculating the daily drug price by adding points for additional value elements. Our framework, which we refer to as MARIE (multiple criteria qualitative value-based pricing framework), is a versatile, practical, and simple option for pricing new drugs that can be easily adapted to different healthcare environments. Public Interest SummaryDrug prices do not necessarily reflect the values provided by drugs in Japanese current drug pricing system. It is not fully discussed how to quantify the value of drugs for prices by considering a broad range of value elements. We created and evaluated VBP method for drug pricing that would be applicable in Japan considering the current pharmaceutical regulations, medical environment, and availability of data at the timing of pricing negotiation process for new drugs. The study summarizes the value elements to be considered in determining drug prices and proposed VBP framework. It also revealed that qualitative factors can be used for drug pricing. Our proposed approach for drug pricing system enables to capture and reflect broader values of new drug.

Efektivitas Peran Pemerintah Desa dan Tokoh Masyarakat dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Non-Litigasi di Desa Jarin

Indonesia is an archipelago with diverse languages, ethnicities, religions and cultural tribes. Although there are many differences, Indonesian citizens always uphold kinship, tolerance and harmony in their environment. This is in accordance with the motto of the Indonesian nation, namely “Bhineka Tunggal Ika” which describes the diversity of the Indonesian nation, but still one. In dispute resolution, in addition to legal channels, another form of dispute resolution in the form of alternative out-of-court settlements, which is often used by the Indonesian people, is the concept of mediation. One example of its application is in Jarin Village, Pamekasan, which resolves disputes through a negotiation process to obtain a peaceful agreement. The parties to the dispute are assisted by mediators, who are played by the village government and community leaders who are respected by the community. The form of research method used is Empirical. The research data comes from field samples that will be analyzed in a qualitative description. The results of the research are used to determine how effective mediation is in resolving disputes non-litigatively or without legal and/or judicial channels.

Approaches, enablers and barriers to govern the private sector in health in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

IntroductionThe private sector plays a substantial role in delivering and financing healthcare in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Supporting governments to govern the private sector effectively, and so improve outcomes...

Ethical practice in participant-centred linguistic research

Abstract This article outlines ethical principles for ‘participant-centred linguistic research’ (PCLR), a term we coin to incorporate a range of linguistic research approaches that place importance on the involvement of participants. Linguistics, as a field, has strengthened its focus on participant-centred and socially situated research, recognising the value of better understanding our participants’ practices and linguistic knowledge. However, this also brings ethical challenges for our research practice. Drawing on three differing UK-based case studies from the authors’ own work, the article explores complex issues that can arise during PCLR and establishes four key principles that cut across our varied experiences. Firstly, we address participant consent and confidentiality, establishing the principles: 1. Informed consent and ethics protocols are dialogic processes and 2. Expectations around confidentiality and anonymity can shift during a project. Secondly, we address our research relationships with participants, our key principles being: 3. The researcher-participant relationship is complex and variable and 4. Close attention must be paid to power dynamics within the research setting. Ultimately, we argue that the human interactions and relationships involved in PCLR mean research may inevitably be somewhat unpredictable; researchers therefore need an understanding of the ethical parameters of their practice to navigate these complexities.

Transnational identities and agency: navigating everyday life as a young adult migrant in Glasgow, UK

ABSTRACT This article explores the identity narratives of a group of young adult migrants living in Glasgow, UK. The study builds on narrative interviews, to understand processes of identity negotiation, and the dynamics of macro-level political narratives on the everyday lives of micro-level actors. The analysis considers how identities are negotiated by the participant group with reference to everyday social interactions. Theoretically, theories of identity and transnational agency are used to analyse the capacity of young adult migrants to resist feelings of perceived difference and establish a sense of security in their identities. It is argued that the participants can enact a degree of agency, through the adoption of transnational identities, which permits them the opportunity to secure a sense of self and navigate their everyday lives in Scotland.

QLTI-21. STREAMLINING THE STUDY INTAKE PROCESS AT THE CANCER CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH OFFICE (CCTRO)

Abstract Challenges in the Protocol Intake/Activation process at the Henry Ford Cancer Center, particularly during the budget negotiation and coverage analysis (CA) phases, hamper operational efficiency and financial prospects. This study aimed to improve budget time and process efficiency. Process flow mapping, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and cause-effect analysis using a fishbone diagram were used to identify and analyze key bottlenecks, focusing on the budget negotiation and CA phases. Budget negotiation took an average of 121.5 days in 2023 due to multiple procedures and a lack of standardized practices. Delays ranged from 127.75 days in August to a low of 69.84 days in November of 2023. The budget build process averaged 13.31 days, with an additional 7.57 days for approval, totaling 20.89 days. The CA phase had an average cycle time of 10.82 days (range 2-10 days). To improve approval times, it was recommended to implement an Electronic Document Management System to automate routing, signing, and tracking of budget and CA-related documents, standardized budget templates to streamline negotiations, a detailed electronic checklist to streamline task lists for document collection and budget negotiation, automated reminders for internal and external stakeholders to ensure timely submission of necessary documents, and timely submission policies enforced by a dedicated finance member on committees. Newly developed Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as ‘time to collect documents,’ ‘time between committees,’ and ‘time for budget negotiation process,’ along with a dual tracking system in Excel, were proposed to monitor and improve these metrics. The recommendations are expected to significantly enhance the efficiency of the Protocol Intake/Activation process. By reducing the budget negotiation phase to less than 60 days and optimizing the CA process, faster study initiation, better resource utilization, and improved responsiveness to research opportunities will be achieved. This study underscores the critical need to address operational challenges in clinical trial management to enhance CCTRO’s capability to conduct timely and effective research.

A crisis of authenticity: Becoming entrepreneurial and the quest for “cultural appropriateness” among the Mapuche

AbstractBased on multisite ethnographic work between 2018 and 2020, this article examines entrepreneurship promotion policies developed by the Chilean state directed at Mapuche people. We direct attention to how the notion of authenticity works as a hinge between Mapuche people, historical heritage, nongovernmental organizations, and public policymakers in their promotion of microentrepreneurship as a form of overcoming poverty and achieving full inclusion of Indigenous people in Chilean society. The negotiation processes concerning authenticity bring together people's aspiration to become entrepreneurs as authentic Mapuche and those seeking to initiate a “proper Mapuche business.” Authenticity, its recognition and contestation, appears as a central tenet in the formation of a particular entrepreneurial self that combines entrepreneurs' aspirations for a better life with a simultaneous seeking of an appropriate sense of being Mapuche, with acknowledgment from others. In the process, the meaning of authenticity goes beyond a primordialist understanding of the term, acquiring polysemy and affecting the arena of Indigenous entrepreneurship, as other aspects of contemporary Mapuche lives.

Precarious Distributed Creativity of Online Content Creators in Uganda

Online content creation is steadily gaining ground as an entry point into the inquiry on the endless possibilities of Web 2.0. However, few studies have assessed the precarity of content creation and its implications among university students and staff in Uganda. This paper presents findings on online content creation, focusing on distributed creativity and precarity, from a Ugandan university, based on a survey (n = 522) and key informant interviews (n = 20). Furthermore, neo-Marxist thought helps to foreground online content creation as a dialogic process that suffers from immaterial labour and domination from traditional hegemons. Ultimately, the paper calls for more studies into the notion of precarious distributed creativity, for country-wide generalisations and follow-up studies from the Global South.

Konservative Transkulturalität oder Paradoxien der Moderne?

Abstract The genre of the novel of the future is usually reduced to a few canonised texts in diachronic longitudinal sections. This article, instead, attempts to explore the synchronic dynamics of the genre in the interwar period using the example of the future novels by the Austrian author Walther Eidlitz, who, after his expressionist beginnings, wrote religious-mythical texts in which a counterweight is sought against the irregularly differentiating modernity. On the eve of the Third Reich, the novels Zodiak (1930) and Das Licht der Welt (1932) outline a tableau of possibilities in which the ambivalences of modernity are named and productively integrated into a future concept of leadership based on the protagonist's search for identity, a Greek-Turkish migrant, and his negotiation processes between religion and technology as well as archaic and modern living environments.1

The Role of Lobying and Negotiation Process are Public Relation Consultant in Property Businesses

One form of communication to work together with other parties is lobbying and negotiation. This study aims to examine the negotiation and lobbying strategies carried out by negotiators. This study uses a qualitative approach using primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data such as journals, the internet and books. Data analysis uses Miles and Hubermen. The results of the study explain that the negotiation strategy carried out by approaching both parties by knowing the character of both parties conducting the negotiation. Lobbying and negotiation will provide benefits to both parties or a win-win solution. The technique used in negotiation is compromising by providing time and an agenda so that negotiation and lobbying are carried out mutually beneficially.

Collaborating for change: The importance of multi-sector partnerships in addressing poverty and inequality through decent work

Work has stopped being a means to eradicating poverty; More than half of those living in poverty come from a household with at least one working adult. In-work poverty is multifaceted and has experiences across both work and non-work lives, and leads to profound consequences for individuals, their families, and society as a whole. It also has important spillover implications for organisations and managers, diverting their attention and creating rising costs. In this paper we outline the important role for organisations to address poverty, through building a case for decent work. We outline a collaborative multi-sector approach based on partnerships with six key stakeholders whose engagement and collaboration increase awareness and understanding about work and how it can be improved for workers, their families and society as a whole. This work with City of Edinburgh Council, in Scotland, combines processes of open dialogue, knowledge-generation, and dissemination between the stakeholders focusing on creating a fairer world, where people’s experiences are prioritised over economic imperatives, and where human flourishing can occur in tandem with ecological flourishing.

Contesting Caste: Institutionalized Oppression and Circumventive Legal Resistance

Abstract Across the globe, people who mobilize to protect their rights in highly oppressive contexts may have to navigate government institutions that not only fail to implement protections but also engage in discriminatory practices. This article introduces the term “circumventive legal resistance” to describe practices of making legally grounded claims but facilitating relief through processes of expression and negotiation that are distinct from explicit mechanisms of legal enforcement. Based upon a study of twenty-seven rural, semi-rural, and urban areas across the north and north-west regions of India, this article documents how Dalit women—from the most marginalized groups at the base of the caste pyramid—mobilize to protect their rights in contexts where local institutions do not enforce laws prohibiting caste discrimination and instead perpetrate caste-based forced labor practices. In particular, I focus on a campaign to end manual scavenging—a form of caste-based forced labor that is one of the worst surviving symbols of untouchability. With local channels to legal relief largely foreclosed, Dalit women who leave manual scavenging engage in circumventive legal resistance: they draw on law to make claims but win relief through avenues distinct from those envisioned within the parameters of the law.

Die „fünfte Suburbanisierung“ – Perspektiven suburbaner Raumentwicklung in den 2020er-Jahren

Germany is currently experiencing a renewed rise of suburbanisation and an associated increase in urban expansion in the peripheries of large cities. How this development—referred to below as the “fifth suburbanisation” in the history of this country—can be characterized in the light of earlier phases of intraregional deconcentration is the topic of this paper. The four historical reference phases are not to be understood as clearly distinguishable and successive developments. Their conceptualization is less temporal than structural-material, socio-spatial, institutional, cultural, economic and political-discursive. The focus is on characteristics of built environments typical of each phase, specific social and economic drivers, dominant housing and planning policies, socio-cultural meanings and values as well as social embedding and negotiation processes. Suburban development of the 2020s will take place in a socio-economically and institutionally changed process field, even though there is still little empirical evidence in this regard. Accordingly, this paper also aims to call for a discussion on new research desiderata and realistic policy designs for suburban spatial development in the 2020s. A historical contextualization of the current development and planning processes is considered essential.

Leveraging Uncertainty as a Means of Facilitating Sensemaking Within a Digital Wildfire Curriculum

AbstractThe changing landscape of geoscience learning has initiated growing interest in engaging science learners with climate data. One approach to teaching climate is the application of broadly accessible digital science curricula, which often include data tools such as visualizations, data representations, and simulations embedded within digital science curricula. We are specifically interested in how students and teachers grapple with scientific uncertainty in digital curricula. Our paper therefore examines how a 7th grade science class and their teacher leverage moments of uncertainty in their work within a digital geohazard curriculum to learn about wildfire risk and impact. We analyzed episodes of learners’ interactions, and those included scientific uncertainty related to key ideas about wildfires. We also attend to how the teacher orchestrates across class members’ ideas and the representations they were using. Our findings suggest that the digital curriculum elicited important sensemaking about wildfires and climate, including the interpretation of trends (Episode 1), working with simulations as a means of scientific investigation (Episode 2), and making meaning across disparate climate maps (Episode 3). Importantly, our analysis highlights the imperative work of the teacher in creating and leveraging productive sensemaking around the climate representations and simulations, yet outside of the predetermined curriculum. Our findings illustrate that maximizing students’ learning about climate in digital science curricula demands attention beyond teachers’ ad hoc adaptation, and rather, the intentional design of tools that support sensemaking about uncertainty as a dialogic process that is negotiated in response to students’ ideas.