Process For Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Optimisation of a Microwave Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Quality by Design Approach to Improve SERS Analytical Performances.

A major limitation preventing the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in routine analyses is the signal variability due to the heterogeneity of metallic nanoparticles used as SERS substrates. This study aimed to robustly optimise a synthesis process of silver nanoparticles to improve the measured SERS signal repeatability and the protocol synthesis repeatability. The process is inspired by a chemical reduction method associated with microwave irradiation to guarantee better controlled and uniform heating. The innovative Quality by Design strategy was implemented to optimise the different parameters of the process. A preliminary investigation design was firstly carried out to evaluate the influence of four parameters selected by means of an Ishikawa diagram. The critical quality attributes were to maximise the intensity of the SERS response and minimise its variance. The reaction time, temperature and stirring speed are critical process parameters. These were optimised using an I-optimal design. A robust operating zone covering the optimal reaction conditions (3.36 min-130 °C-600 rpm) associated with a probability of success was modelled. Validation of this point confirmed the prediction with intra- and inter-batch variabilities of less than 15%. In conclusion, this study successfully optimised silver nanoparticles by a rapid, low cost and simple technique enhancing the quantitative perspectives of SERS.

Comparative analysis: particle size and bactericidal efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles with aloe vera gel versus aloe vera gel-honey

In the realm of nanoscience, the inherent antibacterial potential of nanoparticles (NPs) stands as an alluring prospect for the development of pharmaceutical interventions. Yet, conventional chemical and physical NPs fabrication methods pose environmental and safety concerns. The aim of this study is to greenly-synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aloe vera gel (AVG) and aloe vera gel-honey (AVG-honey) under different reactant-to-chemical reductant (or precursor-to-reducing agent) ratio conditions, facilitated by sonication. Structural and optical characteristics of synthesized ZnO NPs were explicated through Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis). Concurrently, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) delineated the crystalline disposition and morphological behaviors. The antibacterial susceptibility of ZnO NPs against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Klebsiella Pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The structures of biosynthesized ZnO NPs were confirmed through distinctive peaks in FTIR and UV–vis spectra. XRD unveils hexagonal wurtzite crystallinity, while FESEM captured distinct morphologies, which are spherical and rice-shaped, in ZnO NPs/AVG, while ZnO NPs/AVG-honey revealed micro-size spherical structures surrounded by numerous tiny lumps. Notably, ZnO NPs/AVG at a 1:6 ratio exhibits a 26.5 nm size, showcasing superior antibacterial efficacy against MRSA (ZOI = 12 mm) and K. pneumoniae (ZOI = 13 mm) compared to other reactant-to-chemical reductant ratios and ZnO NPs/AVG-honey. In conclusion, the study revealed that ZnO NPs synthesized solely using AVG exhibited finer particle sizes and slightly enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to ZnO NPs formulated with a combination of AVG and honey. This outcome shows that utilization of two reducing agents will contribute to large size of nanoparticles, thus reduce the efficiency of the antibacterial susceptibility. Moreover, the concentration ratios of reactants-to-chemical reductants emerged as crucial determinants in the nanoparticle synthesis process.

Hydrothermally Synthesized Bi-Doped CdTe Nanoparticles with Tunable Optical and Photoresponse Properties for Visible Photodetectors.

The remarkable applicability and unique properties of CdTe nanoparticles make them vital in various applications such as optoelectronics and photovoltaics. It has been demonstrated that adding a metal dopant to a nanomaterial matrix significantly improves its characteristics, increasing its potential for a variety of applications. In this work, a simple hydrothermal synthesis process for bidoped CdTe nanoparticles is reported, wherein four distinct samples are generated by adjusting the concentration of Bi doping. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of the CdTe cubic phase in the material with observable phase shifts due to Bi incorporation. Rietveld refinement of the XRD results further enabled a detailed structural analysis. Raman spectroscopy provided insights into the different vibrational modes of CdTe, while transmission electron microscopy analysis further elucidated the CdTe phase and determined interplanar spacing values. Morphological examination via field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a consistent nanoparticle-like morphology, unaffected even by increased Bi concentration. Elemental analysis conducted through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry offered valuable insights into the composition of the material. Furthermore, UV-vis analysis revealed a decrease in the bandgap, indicating potential shifts in the material's optical properties. Notably, the photoresponse study demonstrated an increase in current value, as well as alterations in the rise and decay times of the material. These properties highlight its potential for various optical and electrical applications. Overall, these findings underscore the promising prospects of bidoped CdTe nanoparticles in various advancements.

Optimization of Fe/Ni, Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis process utilizing concentrated Camellia sinensis extract solution and activity evaluation through methylene blue removal reaction

In this study, we introduce a synthesis process of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) Fe/Ni and Fe/Cu utilizing concentrated Camellia sinenis extract that was optimized with a solvent ratio of ethanol/H2O 4/1 (v/v), a metal ratio of 5/1 (w/w), a total polyphenol content (TPC) in the solution of 12.5 g.l−1, pH = 3–4, 25 °C, and the reaction time ranging from 30 min to 50 min. The structural and morphological characteristics of the resulting materials were determined using several techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The maximum removal efficiency of methylene blue (MB) by BNPs Fe/Ni and Fe/Cu materials was found to be 88.60% and 91.06%, respectively, at a concentration of MB = 25 mg.l−1 and 25 °C. According to the results of the kinetic modeling study, the adsorption process of MB on the two BNPs materials followed second-order kinetics, with the maximum adsorption capacities of MB on Fe/Ni and Fe/Cu BNPs being 26.94 mg.g−1and 28.00 mg.g−1, respectively.

New RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of process yield and percentage of encapsulation of Gallein in albumin nanoparticles

A study was performed for the development and validation of a method of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the identification and simultaneous quantification of Gallein and Human Serum Albumin (HSA). In addition, this work presents the development and physicochemical characterization of this new pharmaceutical formulation of HSA nanoparticles loaded with Gallein for potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.The method was developed with the purpose of determining the performance of the synthesis process of nanoparticles and the efficiency of encapsulation of the drug in the nanosystem. The HPLC mobile phase consisted of ACN:H2O:TEA:H3PO4 (50:49.8:0.1:0.1 v/v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, isocratic mode, and the measurement were carried out at 220 nm. Chromatographic runs were performed on a C18 column (150 × 4.60 mm; 5 μm size particles). The HPLC-method was validated following the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines and was used to simultaneously quantify the two components of the nanoformulation. Thus, the values obtained through the validated method were 43 % for drug encapsulation efficiency (% EE) and the synthesis performance (% yield) was 96 %.Moreover, the nanoformulation was characterized by DLS, the results showed that the average particle size was 217 nm, with a PDI of (0.085 ± 0.005) and a potential Z of −29.7 mV.Therefore, the developed method has proven useful in providing accurate simultaneous measurements of HSA and Gallein from albumin nanoparticles. It is advantageous since it is able to reduce the time and facilitate the determination of Gallein encapsulation efficiency and yield of albumin nanoparticles.

Structural and dielectric analysis of Cu-doped NiCo2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by green synthesis approach

The synthesis process of nanoparticles profoundly influences the chemical and physical properties of materials. Green synthesis, utilizing plant extracts as precursor materials, presents an environmentally friendly approach for producing metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, we synthesized copper-doped nickel cobaltite (Ni1-xCuxCo2O4, x = 0.5) nanoparticles via a green synthesis method employing aloe vera leaf extract. Analysis of the XRD pattern revealed the formation of cubic spinel Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 nanoparticles well-crystalline in nature (space group: Fd-3 m), free from secondary impurity phases. Crystalline size, determined using Debye Scherrer, modified Scherrer, and Williamson-Hall models, yielded values of ∼ 27 nm, ∼ 35 nm, and ∼ 62 nm, respectively. Dielectric studies conducted at room temperature revealed a frequency-dependent increase in dielectric constant. At lower frequencies, tangent loss (tan δ) showed higher values, which gradually decreased as frequency increased. Additionally, the AC conductivity demonstrated a significant increase with higher external field frequencies.

Silver Nanoparticles Encapped by Dihydromyricetin: Optimization of Green Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity, and Anti-MRSA Infection Activities for Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

To achieve the environmentally friendly and rapid green synthesis of efficient and stable AgNPs for drug-resistant bacterial infection, this study optimized the green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Dihydromyricetin (DMY). Then, we assessed the impact of AgNPs on zebrafish embryo development, as well as their therapeutic efficacy on zebrafish infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that AgNPs possessed an average size of 23.6 nm, a polymer dispersity index (PDI) of 0.197 ± 0.0196, and a zeta potential of -18.1 ± 1.18 mV. Compared to other published green synthesis products, the optimized DMY-AgNPs exhibited smaller sizes, narrower size distributions, and enhanced stability. Furthermore, the minimum concentration of DMY-AgNPs required to affect zebrafish hatching and survival was determined to be 25.0 μg/mL, indicating the low toxicity of DMY-AgNPs. Following a 5-day feeding regimen with DMY-AgNP-containing food, significant improvements were observed in the recovery of the gills, intestines, and livers in MRSA-infected zebrafish. These results suggested that optimized DMY-AgNPs hold promise for application in aquacultures and offer potential for further clinical use against drug-resistant bacteria.

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Seaweed: Characterisation and Antibacterial Evaluation

This study investigates the Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) seaweed-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was monitored over time with the help of an Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and further characterisation studies were also performed. Differential Light Scattering (DLS) measurements revealed a mean particle size of approximately 103.5nm and a mean zeta potential value of -57.5mV for AgNPs. The spherical shape and size of the AgNPs were confirmed through High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition. The concentration of AgNPs was estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial potential of AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) using the agar well diffusion method. From the results, AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. typhi among all the tested concentration levels (25, 50, 75 and 100μl).

Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Carrier-synthesis, Functionalization and Application.

In recent years, advancements in chemistry have allowed the tailoring of materials at the nanoscopic level as needed. There are mainly four main types of nanomaterials used as drug carriers:metal-based nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and polymer nanomaterials. The nanomaterials as a drug carrier showed advantages for decreased side effects with a higher therapeutic index. The stability of the drug compounds is increased by encapsulation of the drug within the nano-drug carriers, leading to decreased systemic toxicity. Nano-drug carriers are also used for controlled drug release by tailoring system-made solubility characteristics of nanoparticles by surface coating with surfactants. The review focuses on the different types of nanoparticles used as drug carriers, the nanoparticle synthesis process, techniques of nanoparticle surface coating for drug carrier purposes, applications of nano-drug carriers, and prospects of nanomaterials as drug carriers for biomedical applications.

Layer-by-layer structured nanocomposite deposits from plasma-synthesized organosilicon nanoparticles and organosilicon nanoparticles decorated with Ag nanoparticles by taking advantage of cyclic nanoparticle formation in Ar/HMDSO reactive plasmas

Rational engineering of thin nanocomposite layers, deposited in reactive plasmas, requires knowledge on the plasma behavior in order to produce multifunctional deposits with tailored properties (structural, optical, electrical, etc.) This work presents an experimental study of nanoparticles synthesized in the plasma gas-phase and their subsequent use as building-blocks to form layer-by-layer nanostructures. The experiment is performed in a plasma process that successfully combines plasma polymerization of an organosilicon molecular precursor (hexamethyldisiloxane, HMDSO) and sputtering of a metallic (silver) target. Pulsed injection of the precursor is found to promote cyclic nanoparticle formation in Ar/HMDSO reactive plasmas. The plasma electron temperature is found to vary in the range 1.6—2.2 eV as derived from time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy of the plasma energetic conditions. This diagnostic method is also shown to provide a reliable tool for online monitoring of the nanoparticle synthesis process. Two types of layer-by-layer structured nanocomposites can be obtained depending on the type of nanoparticles synthesized: (i) organosilicon nanoparticles of size less than 100 nm in all studied plasma conditions for a large quantity of injected HMDSO and (ii) raspberry-like nanoparticles of size less than 150 nm when the quantity of injected HMDSO is reduced. The organosilicon nanoparticle growth follows a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-like oligomerization scheme in which the R2-Si(-O)2 silicon bond tends towards the formation of polymeric structure in a R3-Si(-O)1 silicon chemical environment, containing Si-(CH2)-Si type bridges that are involved in cross-linking. The elemental composition of the raspberry-like nanoparticles is similar to that of the organosilicon nanoparticles, supplemented by the Ag component. The decorating silver nanoparticles are ∼15 nm of size, round in shape and polycrystalline. There is no evidence for silver oxides in the nanostructures. The Si-O-Ag bridges, revealed by infrared spectroscopy, suggest the presence of junction sites between the metallic and the organosilicon parts of the raspberry-like nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles are found to decorate the organosilicon nanoparticles to form the raspberry-like nanoparticles in the plasma gas-phase, before being deposited. This reveals a very interesting phenomenon of simultaneous growth of the silver- and organosilicon-parts in the plasma without mixing during the nucleation phase.

Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of naartjie (Citrus unshiu) fruit peels

The application of plant extracts in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has attracted significant attention owing to their eco-friendliness and cost-effective features. However, nanoparticles synthesized from plant materials may also display unique physicochemical properties. This study described an improved synthesis process for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the peel of the Citrus unshiu fruit, an agricultural waste product. In addition to evaluating the produced AgNPs' physico-chemical characteristics, the research also examines their antibacterial and cytotoxic/anticancer capabilities. The color change from yellow to dark brown was observed immediately when 20 ml of Citrus unshiu fruit peel extract was added to 0.5 g of silver nitrate. A surface plasmon resonance band at 424 nm revealed by ultra-violet spectroscopy was used as additional confirmation that AgNP had formed. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the transmission electron microscope (TEM), revealed spherical-shaped NPs with a mean size of 23 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the high crystallinity of the obtained NPs while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the bioreducing capacity of the Citrus unshiu fruit peel extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (31.25 μg/mL) of AgNPs significantly revealed a strong dose-dependent antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. In contrast, their impact on gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, displayed an MIC of 250 μg/mL. The assessment of cytotoxicity on human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and lung cancer cells (A549) through a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay revealed no detectable cytotoxic effects. The IC50 values were determined as 37.73 ± 0.34 μg/mL for HEK293 and 56.37 ± 0.73 μg/mL for A549, indicating the absence of significant adverse impacts on these cell lines. The anticancer drug doxorubicin was used as a reference standard, and had an IC50 value of 1.22 ± 0.09 and 0.76 ± 0.12 μg/mL against HEK293 and A549 cells, respectively. The results show that AgNPs synthesized from Citrus unshiu fruit peel could serve as antibacterial agents that may in the future be optimized for us in for example nanofiltration systems.

Structures and growth pathways of AunCln+3- (n ≤ 7) cluster anions.

Gold chloride clusters play an important role in catalysis and materials chemistry. Due to the diversity of their species and isomers, there is still a dearth of structural studies at the molecular level. In this work, anions of AunCln+3 - and AunCln+5 - (n = 2-4) clusters were obtained by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS), and the most stable isomers of AunCln+3 - were determined after a thorough search and optimization at the TPSSh/aug-cc-pVTZ/ECP60MDF level. The results indicate that all isomers with the lowest energy have a planar zigzag skeleton. In each species, there is one Au(III) atom at the edge connected with four Cl atoms, which sets it from the other Au(I) atoms. Four growth pathways for AunCln+3 - (n = 2-7) clusters are proposed (labelled R1, R2, R3 and R4). They are all associated with an aurophilic contact and are exothermic. The binding energies tend to stabilize at ∼ -41kcal/mol when the size of the cluster increases in all pathways. The pathway R1, which connects all the most stable isomers of the respective clusters, is characterized by cluster growth due to aurophilic interactions at the terminal atom of Au(I) in the zigzag chains. In the pathway of R4 involving Au-Au bonding in its initial structures (n ≤ 3), the distance between intermediate gold atoms grows with cluster size, ultimately resulting in the transfer of the intermediate Au-Au bonding into aurophilic interaction. The size effect on the structure and aurophilic interactions of these clusters will be better understood based on these discoveries, potentially providing new insights into the active but elusive chemical species involved in the corresponding catalytic reactions or nanoparticle synthesis processes.

Ag-Assisted Dry Exfoliation of Large-Scale and Continuous 2D Monolayers.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have generated considerable attention for high-performance electronics and optoelectronics. However, to date, it is still challenging to mechanically exfoliate large-area and continuous monolayers while retaining their intrinsic properties. Here, we report a simple dry exfoliation approach to produce large-scale and continuous 2D monolayers by using a Ag film as the peeling tape. Importantly, the conducting Ag layer could be converted into AgOx nanoparticles at low annealing temperature, directly decoupling the conducting Ag with the underlayer 2D monolayers without involving any solution or etching process. Electrical characterization of the monolayer MoS2 transistor shows a decent carrier mobility of 42 cm2 V-1 s-1 and on-state current of 142 μA/μm. Finally, a plasmonic enhancement photodetector could be simultaneously realized due to the direct formation of Ag nanoparticles arrays on MoS2 monolayers, without complex approaches for nanoparticle synthesis and integration processes, demonstrating photoresponsivity and detectivity of 6.3 × 105 A/W and 2.3 × 1013 Jones, respectively.

Computational investigation for silica-molybdenum disulfide/water-based hybrid nanofluid over an exponential stretching sheet with spectral quasi-linearization method

The current research is focused on analyzing gyrotactic microorganisms within a hybridized nanofluid (NF) model by considering magnetohydrodynamics, electroosmosis, and radiation effects. Demarcated flow is mathematically modeled to yield coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, which are consequently transmuted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting similarity transformations. The spectral quasilinearization method is used to generate the solutions of the transformed ODEs via MATLAB. The influence of various flow parameters on both mono NF and hybrid NF phases for velocity, thermal, concentration, and density of motile microorganism is depicted using graphs. The convergence and residual errors are demonstrated in tables for various influenced parameters on hybrid NF. Additionally, interested physical quantities like shear stress and rate of thermal diffusion at the wall have been tabulated by varying the controlling parameters. It is concluded from the current analysis that the higher velocities and temperatures are observed in hybrid NF model as compared with the mono NF model. Biot number and Hartmann number enhance the temperature profile. The velocity is an enhancing function of mixed convection parameter and bioconvection Rayleigh constant. NF flow over a stretching sheet finds applications in enhancing heat transfer for efficient cooling systems, such as electronics and solar collectors, as well as improving drug delivery in biomedicine, nanoparticle synthesis, and chemical processes.

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GREEN SYNTHESIS USING CROTON SPARSIFLORUS MORONG LEAF WITH CYNODON DACTYLON LEAF

There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles (NPs) due to their wide applicability in various areas. The development of reliable and eco-friendly processes for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Plant extracts are eco-friendly and thus can be an economic and efficient alternative for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. This process of plant extracts based synthesis is called as Green Synthesis. We evaluated the silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis of two different plants leafs. This paper presents Comparative Performance Analysis of Green Synthesis using Croton Sparsiflorus Morong leaf with Cynodon Dactylon leaf. Green synthesis of Exopolysaccharides coated silver nanoparticles uses Croton sparsiflorus morong leaf and silver nanoparticles uses Cynodon Dactylon leaf. Comparative performance analysis uses EDX analysis, UV- Vis Spectral Analysis, FTIR analysis and Antimicrobial Activity. Compare to green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cynodon Dactylon leaf, Green synthesis of Exopolysaccharides coated silver nanoparticles uses Croton sparsiflorus morong leaf is high efficient in terms of different performance analysis.

Nanostructured semiconducting properties of Sn-doped graphene synthesised by the hydrothermal method

This work developed a hydrothermal process for the effective synthesis of Sn-doped graphene nanoparticles. To prepare the samples at 180°C in carbon tetrachloride organic solvent and different levels of Sn concentrations (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9) were used. A variety of analyses were carried out on the prepared materials, including XRD, SEM with EDX, TEM, AFM, UV, PL and I-V. The XRD analysis revealed good crystallinity and hexagonal structure in Sn-doped graphene nanoparticles. An SEM micrograph reveals that the morphology is flower, nano-chalk pieces and agglomerated at some places. The TEM images clearly specify the spherical and are agglomerated at some places. Topography images (AFM) show that hydrothermal treatment at different concentrations influences the growth of Sn-doped graphene NPs. The bandgap of Sn-doped graphene nanoparticles is estimated as 2.23, 3.7 and 4.7 eV. All the p-Si/n-graphene diodes exhibited excellent rectification with less reverse current. The impact of metal (Sn) doping concentration favourably decreases the n value of the p-Si/n-Sn-doped graphene diode. In the current work, it is shown that the p-Si/n graphene diode is highly sensitive to various concentrations of graphene.

Green synthesis of nano particles from biodegradable waste extracts and their applications

Nanoparticles have become a significant component of advancing industries from technology to medicine and the environment. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles can impact their ability to function effectively within real-world applications, and this can cause negative consequences. This novel approach that utilizes processes such as regulation, control, clean-up, and remediation aims to increase the eco-friendly level of these essential particles. By reducing harmful by-products produced through the process of conventional nanoparticle synthesis, there will be less toxic unsustainable products created. The use of natural resources such as organic systems will aid in achieving the goal of creating a greener and more sustainable economy; however, it will require industrial assistance with the adoption of these alternative approaches. Metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized in a more sustainable and ‘green’ process through utilizing plant alternatives or biological materials such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant extracts. This greener approach can be a single step or ‘one pot’ process which requires a lower energy level than conventional processes. Another benefit is that this reduction method is more cost-efficient. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have clinical applications. When silver nanoparticles were treated against S. aureus, their antibacterial activity was at its peak. Nanoparticles used as drug carriers are highly stable, can incorporate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, and can be delivered via a variety of routes also including oral application and inhalation.

NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS BY THE PECVD METHOD BASED ON RF DISCHARGE

This scientific paper presents the results of the study of the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles in radio-frequency ( RF ) discharge plasma at low pressures in a vacuum apparatus. The growth of carbon nanoparticles was studied under different plasma parameters, such as variation of self-displacement voltage, temperature, and discharge power. The experiment was performed in the pressure range of 0.5-1.1 mbarr and powers of 6-20 W. The results showed that the synthesis time of carbon nanoparticles, including their formation and growth, depends on the plasma parameters. Small changes in temperature, pressure, and plasma power can significantly change the growth and formation of nanoparticles. An important conclusion of this work is that increasing the temperature of the plasma-forming gas leads to an increase in the formation time of carbon nanoparticles. The dependences of nanoparticle growth on the discharge power, selfdisplacement voltage on the discharge pressure, and temperature on the discharge power were also obtained. The results obtained provide valuable information for understanding and controlling the synthesis process of carbon nanoparticles in the plasma environment. This is important for various technological applications, including nanoelectronics and catalysis.

Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles Using Microwave Irradiation Method

The synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles has been successfully carried out using Citrus limon extract. This study uses the green synthesis method using microwave irradiation. Microwave irradiation can speed up reaction time and has the advantage of homogeneous heating which can directly affect the nucleation process of nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles was carried out by mixing nitrate pentahydrate powder (Bi (NO3)3). 5H2O with Citrus limon extract and added with NaOH then heated with 450W microwave irradiation power at a heating time of 5 minutes. The formation of bismuth nanoparticles was indicated by a change in the color of the solution from orange to black and the UV-Vis spectrum of the nanoparticles showed a wavelength of 275 nm with an absorbance of 2.008 a.u. TEM characterization shows that the bismuth nanoparticle has a spherical shape with an average size of 35.56 nm.

An Investigation on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Introduction: Nano science and nano biotechnology provided enormous opportunities for exploring the bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Since ancient times, silver was known for its anti-bacterial effects and for centuries it has been used for prevention and control of disparate infections. On the effective use silver nanomaterials synthesized and characterized play a vital role of the modern science.
 Aims: Our goal is to prepare silver nanomaterials since studies have shown that silver nanoparticles have efficient activity against bacterial biofilms.
 Methodology: The silver nanoparticles were generally synthesized by non-aqueous sol-gel technique in the presence of different precursor by chelating agent.
 Results: Here found a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) and crystallite size around 50.00nm by XRD. The morphology of the prepared nano particles has been revealed by SEM below 10.00 nm and TEM is below 5.00nm in size of graphical presentation such as size, shape, surface etc. of the nanoparticles. DLS is a unique technique to discern particle size around 65.00nm and size distributions in aqueous or physiological solutions of the nanoparticles.
 Conclusion: The studies on the combined synthesized and use of AgNPs with other antimicrobial agents generally help reduce the problem of toxicity and to avoid the potential for development of resistance and strongly enhance the microbicidal effect. This paper describes a short and very precise description about the chemical synthesis process of silver nanoparticles like no aqueous SGM. Also, this paper contains a brief description about different characterization technique of nanoparticles like X-ray Diffraction review the shape of crystal a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) where crystallite size around 50.00nm, the morphology of the prepared nanoparticles has been revealed with size 10.00nm by SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering discern particle size around 65.00nm and Transmission Electron Microscope review the spherical shape of the nanomaterials. Further investigation will be continuing the antimicrobial activity test of AgNPs with ceramic coating.