Interaction Process Research Articles

Creating Future Stations: The Application of Large Generative Models in Metro Design

New technologies, including the use of generative models, are beginning to actively influence design decisions in the decoration of metro stations. The study of the possibilities of using generative artificial intelligence as an art design tool in the decoration of metro stations is relevant, because it can significantly accelerate the design process, reducing time and labour costs for the development and optimization of projects. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the process of interaction between the designer and software and hardware of large generative models is considered in detail on the example of designing the interior of a metro station on the theme “ocean”.The problem of creation of original design project in conditions of generative models at the moment is not solvable without direct control on the part of a human, as this technology, for lack of human perception, first of all orientate on expressive means contained in training databases. Therefore, when designing metro stations using generative models, images generated through text often lose the semantic and emotional meanings that the designer put into them. As a result, the generated design project does not fully conform to the designer’s intent and requires further manual adjustment and optimization. Thus, as long as there is a need for conscious and purposeful communication of ideas and feelings through art and design, the problem of endowing a work with meaning using generative models will require human involvement.At the same time, it should be noted that in the artist’s work, the use of generative pre-trained transformers is manifested in the ability to easily create realistic visual effects, to execute images in different styles, focusing on the creative individual manner of famous masters, and to improve design ideas. The advantage of this technology is that it can reduce the designer’s workload while improving the efficiency and accuracy of the design.

Leadership in small business environments: from the heroic model to distributed approach

Purpose This study explores the process of interactions experienced by leaders during the evolution of the small firm. Three key propositions are conceptualized into a model with the main aim of supporting leaders of small organizations in understanding better the leadership phenomena. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research project investigates the dynamics of leadership in small businesses through an inductive and abductive approach, inherent to grounded theory. This enabled the development of propositions directly from data. Field research involved responsive interviews with 12 established small enterprise leaders. Selective and theoretical sampling coupled with ongoing data comparison and analysis were applied to uncover and refine emerging leadership concepts. Findings Intellectual assets of leaders in small firms propel the recognition and sensitivity to the process of organizational evolution which requires a continuous adaptation of the leadership paradigm. Research limitations/implications The researchers’ philosophical stance to construct reality based on the participants own experiences, cannot produce generalized findings on the subject area. Practical implications Enhanced Decision-Making and Strategic Planning: Small business leaders can leverage their academic and industry backgrounds to make more informed and strategic decisions. Facilitating Organizational Change: By understanding the necessity of continuous change, small business leaders can implement frameworks that encourage flexibility and adaptability within their organizations. Adopting Distributed Leadership: Encouraging small business owners to move away from centralized control towards a more distributed leadership model can lead to better organizational outcomes. Originality/value A considerable amount of research has been devoted to leadership in the past decades. There is very little evidence on behavioral patterns of leaders, grounded in data within the context of the Small Firm aimed at the practitioner. This work is contribution towards this shortfall.

Improving community understanding of cascading effects of critical infrastructure service failure: An experimental interactive learning process

Effective disaster preparedness relies on the community's understanding of hazards and risks, emphasizing the need to address cascading effects from critical infrastructure failures due to natural hazards. Understanding cascading effects in communities facing multiple hazards is crucial due to the increasing complexity of critical infrastructure (CI) services. Limited awareness can amplify vulnerabilities and socioeconomic losses, and thus capacity building at the community level is essential for reducing hazard risks. This study utilized an interactive learning process (ILP), a participatory approach to engage the community in sharing experiences and building coping capacity for cascading effects. ILP was facilitated through facilitator-learner interaction and participatory exercises, aided by visualisation tools that enriched the learning experience of participants. The use of visualisation tools in ILP simplified comprehension of intricate interdependencies, helping participants to brainstorm and think critically to explore potential solutions. We explore the effectiveness of three visualisation tools that support the ILPs in improving community understanding of the cascading effects. Through experimentation and comparison, insights are gained into how learners engage with different ILPs and their impact on overall learning outcomes. The study concluded by selecting the visualisation tool supporting ILP that was effective in fostering engagement, improving understanding, and promoting knowledge retention.

Are Prompts All You Need?: Chatting with ChatGPT on Disinformation Policy Understanding

ABSTRACTChatGPT has shown promise in assisting qualitative researchers with coding. Previous efforts have primarily focused on datasets derived from interviews and observations, leaving document analysis, another crucial data source, relatively unexplored. In this project, we address the rapidly emerging topic of disinformation regulatory policy as a pilot to investigate ChatGPT's potential for document analysis. We adapt our existing qualitative research framework, which identifies five key components of disinformation policy: context, actors, issue, instrument, and channel, to sketch out policy documents. We then designed a two‐stage experiment employing a multi‐layer workflow using a dataset with highly relevant policy documents from US federal government departments. Through iteratively developing and refining six different prompt strategies, we identified an effective few‐shot learning strategy that achieved 72.0% accuracy and a 70.8% F‐score with the optimal prompt. Our experimental process and outcomes explore the feasibility of using ChatGPT to support manual coding for policy documents and suggest a coding approach for conducting explicit document analysis through an interactive process between researchers and ChatGPT. Furthermore, our results initiate a wider debate on how to integrate human logic with ChatGPT logic, along with the evolving relationship between researchers and AI tools.

Conventionalized phrases and disability policy: a corpus analysis of 2-year and 4-year public colleges in California

This corpus-based study analyzes the use of conventionalized phrases in disability policy. Specifically, it focuses on the three phrases made common by the Americans with Disabilities Act: qualified individual with a disability, reasonable accommodations, and interactive process. These three phrases are analyzed in the context of disability policy at 2-year and 4-year public colleges in California. A corpus of disability policies was created for each of these contexts and analyzed to better understand the varied implementation of conventionalized phrases across contexts. The study finds that the three phrases from the ADA have been diffused across higher education disability policies in the corpora created and are highly conventionalized in these contexts. Additionally, these phrases can be used with slightly different valences depending on the context. These differences in use appear to be directly related to the relationship between the three phrases themselves and they mirror debates in disability policy such as that around the modal ‘may’ in relation to whether or not an institution implements an interactive process. Furthermore, institutional differences in the implementation of these phrases is potentially related to the stances institutions take towards disability and disability policy.

Dynamic processes of fate decision in inducible bistable systems

The process of biological fate decision regulated by gene regulatory networks (GRNs) involves numerous complex dynamical interactions among many components. Mathematical modeling typically employed ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and steady-state analysis, which has yielded valuable quantitative insights. However, stable states predicted by theoretical models often fail to capture transient or metastable phenomena that occur during most observation periods in experimental or real biological systems. We attribute this discrepancy to the omission of dynamic processes of various complex interactions. Here, we demonstrate the influence of delays in gene regulatory steps and the time scales of the external induction on the dynamic processes of the fate decision in inducible bistable systems. We propose that steady-state parameters determine the landscape of fate decision. However, during the dynamic evolution along the landscape, the unequal delays of biochemical interactions as well as time scale of external induction cause deviations in the differentiation trajectories, leading to the formation of new transient distributions that persist long-term. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering dynamic processes in fate decision, instead of relying solely on steady-state analysis. We provide insights into the interpretation of experimental phenomena, and offer valuable guidance for future efforts in dynamical modeling and synthetic biology design.

Simulation of the Full‐Process Dynamics of Floating Vehicles Driven by Flash Floods

AbstractFlash flooding has become more prominent under climate change, threatening people's life and property. Post‐event investigations of recent events emphasize the role of floating debris, such as vehicles, in exacerbating damage. Few modeling methods and tools have been developed to simulate the full‐process dynamics of floating debris driven by large‐scale flood waves in real world. In this work, a fully coupled model is developed for simulating the full‐process interactive movements of vehicles driven by flash flood hydrodynamics, from entrainment, transport to deposition. The proposed coupled modeling system consists of a finite volume shock‐capturing hydrodynamic model solving the 2D shallow water equations and a 3D discrete element method (DEM) model. The proposed two‐way coupling approach estimates the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces acting on solid objects using the water depth and velocity predicted by the hydrodynamic model; the resulting counter forces on the fluid flow are then considered by adding extra source terms in the hydrodynamic model. A multi‐sphere method is further embedded in the DEM model to better represent vehicle shapes. New calculation modules are further implemented to represent the vehicle entrainment, contact and stopping motions. The coupled model is applied to reproduce a flash flood event hit Boscastle in the UK in 2004. Over 100 vehicles were moved and carried downstream by the highly transient flood flow. The model well predicts the hydrodynamics, interactive transport process and the final locations of vehicles. The proposed coupled model provides a new tool for simulating large‐scale flash flooding processes, including debris dynamics.

Mechanism of tetracycline sorption on carbon-bentonite

Antibiotics increased industrial production is the reason of their occurrence in wastewater, soils, groundwater, and drinking water. In this regard, treating the environment for pharmaceuticals is one of the urgent environmental challenges. Synthesis of adsorbents using different types of raw materials by the methods of mechanochemical activation makes it possible to significantly increase their sorption capacity due to the accumulation of various kinds of defects in the crystal structure of the adsorbent. We obtained the bentonite-carbon composite using roller-ring vibratory mill with coal-bentonite ratio of 30 : 70 and 50 : 50. However, the nature of the interaction between carbon and bentonite correlates with changes of surface area and porosity. The porous structure parameters of the samples show the mechanochemical activation of the mixture involves their components interactions. The authors studied the structural and chemical changes during the modification of bentonite with activated carbon by analysing the vibrational spectra of carbon, initial, and modified aluminosilicate samples. According to infrared spectroscopy of adsorbents, absorption bands characteristic of Si-O-C bond vibrations occurred. The paper investigates the sorption capacity of mechanochemically modified natural clay mineral Dash-Salakhli bentonite towards tetracycline hydrochloride. Research investigates the kinetics of the process and rapid sorption of tetracycline. The paper provides possible mechanisms of chemisorption due to donor-acceptor interaction and ion-exchange processes.

CONTACT INTERACTION OF AN UNDERGROUND PIPELINE WITH SOIL UNDER DYNAMIC IMPACTS

The interaction between a semi-infinite underground pipeline and the surrounding soil during longitudinal seismic wave propagation is examined in the article. The wave travels through the soil with its front perpendicular to the pipeline's axis, and the nonlinear laws of interaction (friction) on the surface of their contact, including the Amonton-Coulomb law, are used to solve related wave problems for the pipeline and soil. The method of characteristics and the finite difference method are sequentially used to solve these problems numerically. The implementation of the law of interaction (friction) processes is shown, depending on the parameters of the wave in soil and the mechanical characteristics of soil. It was determined that a wave in soil that involves the pipeline generates a powerful wave in the pipeline. The amplitude of this wave is many times greater than the amplitude of the wave in soil, and it propagates through the pipeline without attenuation. The dependences of the amplitude of this wave on the parameters of the law of friction, waves in soil, and the mechanical characteristics of soil are determined.

Interaction behavior between hydraulic fractures and interface in coal-rock complex rock layer: Experimental study and application exploration

To achieve long-term and efficient gas extraction in soft, low-permeability coal seams, this study conducted hydraulic fracturing experiments on coal-rock complexes under true triaxial conditions. The pattern of hydraulic fractures (HFs) was reconstructed based on the fractal dimension concept. The results indicate that the tendency of the complex rock layers to initiate fractures toward the coal weakens the trend of increasing fracture initiation pressure with rising geostress. When HFs interact with the interface, the extension pressure significantly decreases. With the lateral pressure coefficient decreasing, HFs tend to extend toward the coal and be captured by the interface, transitioning from a single-wing to a double-wing shape and approaching a symmetrical conjugate state. Only when the vertical principal stress is sufficiently large can HFs separate from the interface. Based on the derived distribution function of induced stress in the coal-rock matrix around the HFs, the displacement conditions of the coal, rock, and interface were examined. The interaction process of rock layer HFs and the interface was divided into three stages: deflection, capture, and separation. The applicability of this study to high-gas soft coal seams was discussed, and a gas management plan involving roof fracturing and full-period extraction was proposed, with the aim of providing a theoretical foundation for the co-extraction and efficient utilization of coal and gas in mines.

Event-Triggered Model-Free Adaptive Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems Under Jamming Attacks.

This article addresses the security problem of tracking control for nonlinear multiagent systems against jamming attacks. It is assumed that the communication networks among agents are unreliable due to the existence of jamming attacks, and a Stackelberg game is introduced to depict the interaction process between multiagent systems and malicious jammer. First, the dynamic linearization model of the system is established by applying a pseudo-partial derivative method. Then, a novel model-free security adaptive control strategy is proposed, so that the multiagent systems can achieve bounded tracking control in the mathematical expectation sense in spite of jamming attacks. Furthermore, a fixed threshold event-triggered scheme is utilized to reduce communication cost. It is worth noting that the proposed methods only require the input and output information of the agents. Finally, the validity of the proposed methods is illustrated through two simulation examples.

Positive behavior support in school – a quasi-experimental mixed methods study and a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundWhile positive school climate is important for students’ well-being and mental health, school personnel may experience challenges in creating a nurturing school climate. School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS) has shown positive effects on school climate and children’s prosocial behaviors, but fewer studies have been conducted in a European context.AimThis project aims to investigate the effectiveness of SW-PBIS program for students’ social-emotional skills and academic achievement as well as teachers’ and students’ perceptions of classroom learning environment. Furthermore, the study intends to evaluate how school-level factors mediate or moderate the effects of the intervention. In addition, the study includes a qualitative evaluation of the dynamic interaction processes that occur during program implementation in local school contexts.MethodsData on school- and individual-level measures are collected in intervention and control schools. With regard to challenges in retaining control groups over extended time periods, two waves of recruitment are used. In the first wave, an active control group is used and data are collected during three time points. In the second wave, a wait-list control group will be used and data will be collected during two time points during one school year. Hierarchical regression analyses will be conducted to explore the effects of SW-PBIS on the outcomes of the study. An ethno-methodological approach will be applied to provide a detailed examination of the social interactional and meaning-making practices of different school implementation teams, and the negotiation of normative expectations and rules of conduct in peer-teacher-student interactions in different classrooms.DiscussionThe study is expected to contribute to knowledge on the effects of the SW-PBIS program and how these effects may be mediated or moderated by school-level factors. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the significance of school contexts in the implementation of the SW-PBIS program constitutes the strength of the study. The challenge in the study is the extended period of implementation of SW-PBIS, which entails difficulties in retaining a control group over the required time period. Therefore, two waves of recruitment are used, encompassing different procedures of allocation to intervention or control group.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06270914 on the 22nd of February, 2024 (retrospectively registered).

Examining the School Climate Influence on Jamaican Secondary School Students: A Comprehensive Literature Review

This article synthesises the literature on the socioecological factors within the school climate - quality and character of school life (Cohen, 2009) influencing adolescents’ resilience. The review focuses on social relationships and the mechanisms used for teaching and learning practices. Resilience is a positive development outcome resulting from a triadic interactive process between the adolescent, the internal capacity, and the socioecological factors within the environment (Ungar, 2008). Changes imposed by COVID-19 on teaching and learning practices assumedly altered the school climate and are known to impact adolescents’ psychosocial well-being. Transforming the school climate at its minimum will require improving social relationships, communicating expectations, and creating a school environment where students will feel safe. Giving students autonomy through active and productive engagement in decisions that affect their developmental outcomes is critical for success. Expansion of this study requires applying a methodological approach that allows for students’ perspectives of the school climate, careful measurement of their resilience levels and lived experiences of students and other school personnel.

Rheological modelling of apple puree based on machine learning combined Monte Carlo simulation: Insight into the fundamental light- particle structure interaction processes

In this work, apple purees from different particle concentration and verifying in size were reconstituted to investigate their impacts on rheological behaviors, optical properties and light interaction at 900–1650 nm. The optical scattering of different puree particle concentration varied more intensively than particle size. Based on Monte Carol simulation (MCX), the highest proportion of diffuse reflection energy and absorption were observed in 1050 nm and 1480 nm, respectively. The averaged light propagation of all the photons in purees varied from 259.29 mm to 199.17 mm with the particle concentration from 25 % to 45 %. Finally, support vector machine regression based on optical scattering properties fused with MCX parameters at 1050 nm effectively evaluated puree apparent viscosity parameters (RPD > 2.39), viscous and elastic modulus (RPD > 2.47). These extended our knowledge of the fundamental light - particle structure interaction processes and provided a new solution for rheological modelling in pureed food.

Petrology of Granitoids of the Mayorka Massif (Gorny Altay): Contribution to the Problem of High-Silica Magma Formation

Abstract —The paper presents data from a comprehensive study of granitoids identified in the Mayorka intrusion that is located in the western part of the Altai Mountains. It is shown that the massif is composed of rocks of four intrusive phases, the age of these rocks ranges from 391 to 372 Ma, and the intrusion of the main volume of granitoids dates back to a relatively short interval of 386–384 Ma. The massif contains rocks of two geochemical types. The first type is differentiated calc-alkaline granite-leucogranites with near-clark contents of high-field-strength elements and rare earth elements: ɛNd(T) = + 4.3…+ 4.5 and σ18O V-SMOW = +10.7…+11.2 ‰. The second is alkaline and moderately alkaline A-type alaskites, strongly enriched in high-field-strength elements and rare earth elements, having ɛNd(T) + 5.3 and σ18O V-SMOW = +11.6 ‰. Granitoids of the first group are of crustal source, while the rocks of the second group contain a significant portion of mantle material. The near-simultaneous introduction of these melts to the level of formation of the intrusion caused their interaction and the formation of hybrid magmas. Low crystallization temperatures of granitoids (<700 °C) and the presence of syngenetic melt and fluid inclusions in most rock varieties indicate a high fluid saturation of the melts. The abundance of leucogranites, whose geochemical characteristics cannot be explained from the standpoint of shallow differentiation of primary magmas, indicates the leading role of fluid-magmatic interaction processes in the formation of high-silica magmas.

When multi-group selection meets mystery of cooperation in structured public goods games.

Cooperation is the cornerstone of social stability and human development. In order to promote mutual cooperation among individuals, some researchers analyzed the important factors influencing individual behavior from the perspective of group selection, while others revealed the evolutionary mechanism of cooperative behavior in groups from the perspective of network reciprocity. However, group selection and network reciprocity actually work together and simultaneously drive individuals to cooperate with each other. Analyzing each mechanism in isolation provides an incomplete understanding of the interaction process. Inspired by this, we integrate the coupled effects of both group selection and network reciprocity on the behavior of individuals. We develop a structured public goods game model to study the evolution of individual cooperative behavior in multiple groups, where each individual can interact not only with intra-group individuals but also with inter-group individuals. Based on the fixed probabilities of multi-group selection, including intra-group and inter-group selection, we derive a general condition that promotes cooperation among individuals. Besides, we discuss the effects of the number of neighbors in a group, group size, and group size on the selection of cooperative behavior. Finally, we systematically compare our model with the well-mixed case, and the results show that a structured population enhances cooperation. Increasing the number of populations boosts the fixation probability of cooperation. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to study the cooperative evolutionary dynamics of multi-group selection in structured populations through public goods games.

Trust Assessment Skills Among Close Friends in a Ubiquitous Social Media Environment

For ages, individuals have relied on trust assessment skills to evaluate spoken words and accompanying body language social signals (BLSS) in friendships. This interactive process seeks to avoid harmful associations and unreliable information. However, with widespread social media use, assessment of BLSS is difficult, and users commonly report harm from defective estimations of interactions. This study evaluates how individuals adjust their trust assessment skills for close social media friendships, given the importance they place on BLSS in its role as a moderator. The research utilizes PLS-SEM, ANOVA, and cluster analysis to evaluate 247 U.S. online survey participants aged 18 to 67. The study adapts Mayer et al.’s trust model using social learning and cognitive dissonance theories. The independent variables, ability, benevolence, and integrity, strongly predict the dependent trust belief. In line with cognitive dissonance theory, BLSS has a negative and significant moderating effect on ability. BLSS reflects a small effect and widely insignificant moderating relationship with benevolence; analysis shows that a moderating relationship should not apply to benevolence. Counter to the hypothesized direction, BLSS produced a positive moderating effect on integrity, which was insignificant by a narrow margin. The analysis explains the basis for the positive relationship. Lastly, statistical analysis reveals an age-based shift in the relevancy of BLSS; younger users place less importance on BLSS, whereas older users place more importance on BLSS. This position for younger users aligns with their exposure and acclimation to social environments with widespread mobile communication and social media use since childhood.

On Theoretical Aspect of Photons Emission From Quark-Gluon Interaction Upon Hard Collision

Abstract This work applies a quantum chromodynamics theory QCD to photon emission from heavy quark-gluon scattering in the strong interaction quark-gluon to study and calculate photon flow in hard interaction processes. The photon flow from the dense quark-gluon interaction was calculated using critical temperature, quantum chromodynamic coupling and fugacity at chemical potential μq (500 MeV) for the anti-top with gluon interaction in t ¯ g → s ¯ γ system. The photon flow spectrum in hard collisions is described under the first leading order approximation for QCD theory at finite chemical potential and critical temperature using various photon energy values dependent on the fugacity of quark and gluon. Photon flux calculation provided valuable insights into QGP conditions. The coupling strength αc (T) calculation is a strongly decreasing function of critical temperature ranging 107MeV ≤ Tc ≤ 145MeV and also find appreciable increasing as a result of increasing temperature of system ranging 180MeV ≤ T ≤ 360MeV. The photon flow produced in the t ¯ g → s ¯ γ system was observed in the low range of photon energy with two critical temperatures. The total photon emission strongly decreases marginally as a function of the increase in photon energy. The photon flow emission was found to have appreciable enhancement at the anti-top quark interaction with gluon and it increases highly as a result of the increased temperature of the system and reaches to maximum near 360 MeV at minimum strength coupling in the energy of the photon 1GeV≤E≤2 GeV.

Explaining Muon Excess in Cosmic Rays Using the Gluon Condensation Model

Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays are often characterized indirectly by analyzing the properties of secondary cosmic ray particles produced in the collisions with air nuclei. The particle number N μ of muon and the depth of shower maximum X max after air shower cascade are mostly studied to infer the energy and mass of the incident cosmic rays. Research has shown that there is a significant excess in the observed number of muons arriving at the ground from extensive air showers compared to the simulations using the existing cosmic ray hadronic interaction model. To explain this muon excess phenomenon, a new theoretical model, the gluon condensation model, is introduced in this paper and simulated by using the AIRES engine. We assume that the gluon condensation (GC) effect appears mainly in the first collision of the cascade, leading to a significant increase in the strangeness production, consequently, the production rate of kaons is increased, and n K /n π is greater than the value of the usual hadronic interaction process. In the calculation, the model assumes that only pions and kaons are produced in the GC state. The increase of strange particle yield would mean that the energy transferred from the hadronic cascade to the electromagnetic cascade through π 0 → 2γ decay is reduced. This would in turn increase the number of muons at the ground level due to meson decays. Our model provides a new theoretical possibility to explain the muon excess puzzle.

The specifics of public authorities' communications in social networks on the example of using the remote electronic voting system in the presidential elections of the Russian Federation in 2024

The subject of the study is the communicative process arising in the digital space in the context of the use of remote electronic voting (hereinafter referred to as DEG) in the presidential elections of the Russian Federation in 2024. The purpose of the work is to develop practical recommendations for improving the communicative interaction of the state and society in social networks. The authors analyze new forms of interaction between government agencies and the public, as well as conflict situations arising in this regard. Particular attention is paid to the perception of the DEG system by citizens, the identification of factors causing negative reactions, such as technical failures and insufficient information support from government agencies. The author also discusses the issues of mediatization of political processes in the context of digitalization and information warfare. In addition, the author examines the tactics of government agencies' reaction to negative comments and fakes. Statistical methods of analysis of official publications and comments, as well as elements of sentimental and critical discourse analysis were used for the study. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of public communications related to the introduction of DEG, as an example of the mediatization of political processes in Russia. The study identifies key factors that provoke conflict situations in the process of using the DEG system, such as technical failures and insufficient level of advice on solving these problems. Conclusions are drawn about the need to improve feedback from the public, increase information transparency of the system and develop more effective solutions for technical support. Measures to reduce conflict in communications through the use of mediation technologies and strengthening dialogue between government agencies and society are also proposed. In addition, this work emphasizes the need for further research and improvement of mediatized interaction processes.