Information Transfer Process Research Articles

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В СИСТЕМІ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ ЗЕД ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article is devoted to the research of theoretical aspects of the use of information in the management of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise in relation to the communication aspect. Foreign economic activity of the company is an integral field of economic activity, which, when effectively utilizing the entire complex of modern forms and methods of international business, can positively influence the efficiency of production, its technical level, and the quality of production. Communications play an important role in the management of foreign economic activity. They are part of the process necessary for the manager of managerial actions.The article deals with the international communication process, its structural elements, types of international communications and new information technologies of foreign economic activity. Management in the organization is carried out through people. One of the most important management tools in the hands of the manager is that he has information. International marketing communication is the process of information transfer in order to promote the product and achieve the marketing goals of the company in the foreign market.The most important stage in the formation of information support is the organization of the technological process of information processing with the help of new information technologies.It is proposed to pay special attention to information systems in the implementation of foreign economic activity, namely, systems of methods and methods for collecting transmission, accumulation, processing, storage and use of information. The introduction of information systems is a positive factor, the development of which contributes to solving the problem of information transfer, which is relevant to date.

Communication and Information Theory of Single Action Potential Signals in Plants.

Many plants, such as Mimosa pudica (the "sensitive plant"), employ electrochemical signals known as action potentials (APs) for rapid intercellular communication. In this paper, we consider a reaction-diffusion model of individual AP signals to analyze APs from a communication- and information-theoretic perspective. We use concepts from molecular communication to explain the underlying process of information transfer in a plant for a single AP pulse that is shared with one or more receiver cells. We also use the chemical Langevin equation to accommodate the deterministic as well as stochastic component of the system. Finally, we present an information-theoretic analysis of single action potentials, obtaining achievable information rates for these signals. We show that, in general, the presence of an AP signal can increase the mutual information and information propagation speed among neighboring cells with receivers in different settings.

Utilization of a checklist to standardize the operating room to post-anesthesia care unit patient handoff process

Anesthesia providers participate in many patient handoffs, each of which has the potential for poor communication that may jeopardize patient care. The use of checklists to facilitate this process can enhance efficiency and quality of care and improve staff satisfaction and teamwork. This study aims to standardize the information transfer process occurring between the anesthesia provider and the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse during the transition of care from the operating room (OR) to the PACU. During a 4-week pre-intervention phase, 50 handoffs were observed, and data was collected using a standardized data collection sheet. Educational sessions were conducted to train perioperative practitioners on the new protocol and 4 weeks after implementation, 50 handoffs were again observed using the same scoring system. A total of 100 handoffs were observed. After implementation of the checklist, the handoff scores improved by 38.2% (95% CI 34.8–41.6) (p < 0.001). The amount of time spent on the handoff process increased by 22.9 seconds (95% CI −14.8 to −31.0; p < 0.001). Nurse satisfaction improved by 36% (95% CI 19.76%–52.24%) (p < 0.0001). Implementation of a simple standardized checklist to guide the perioperative patient handoff process was associated with more accurate and critical information transfer as well as improved PACU nurse satisfaction.

Maximizing local information transfer in Boolean networks

We study a Boolean network model such that rules governing the time evolution of states are not given a priori but emerge from the maximization process of local information transfer and are stabilized if possible. We mathematically derive the class of rules that can be stabilized. With the presence of small noise, those stabilized are such that their output depends on a unique input. We confirm the prediction of the theory by numerical simulation. We argue that the stabilized rules have generic properties of real-world gene regulatory networks, being both critical and highly canalized.

Information and Information Communication

The inextricably linked concepts of “information” and “information communication” are discussed. Information about some entity is defined as details about its properties reflected in material processes and objects or in the response of systems with purposeful activity. It is asserted that information is manifested only in the process of information communication. The steps of this process are considered. In particular, the processes of information transfer studied by C. Shannon are presented as elements of the stage of reflection of information communication. The aspects of “information support” of typical processes of activity, inherent in a particular subject domain, that must be recognized and studied, are determined. The list of the basic concepts connected with the concept of “information” is given.

Authentication of Patients and Participants in Health Information Exchange and Consent for Medical Research: A Key Step for Privacy Protection, Respect for Autonomy, and Trustworthiness.

Genome and other data are already being used in areas including cancer and rare diseases. Data-sharing and secondary uses are likely to become much broader and far more extensive; thus, obtaining proper consent for these new uses of data is an important issue. Obtaining consent through online methods may be an option to overcome the problems associated with one-off, paper-based informed consent. When the process of obtaining consent takes place remotely, authentication must be assured. Patients may also choose to store some of their own information online, such as genetic information, and allow healthcare professionals to access this data. In this health information transfer and exchange process, it is vital that anyone accessing this information be correctly authenticated to protect patients' privacy. In this article, we first clarified that authentication has two roles: i.e., not only to prevent impersonation but also to prove intent, which is a vital step to ensure that medical research and health information exchange are conducted ethically. We then set out methods of authentication. As a result, we were able to make suggestions about the requirements for authentication and a possible method of authentication for these purposes. We considered problems of biometrics and recommended two-factor authentication without biometrics as a workable solution. However, three-factor authentication including biometrics seems likely to be used once biometrics become more common.

Possible scenarios of DNA double-helix unzipping process in single-molecule manipulation experiments.

Single-molecule experiments on DNA unzipping are analyzed on the basis of the mobility of nucleic bases in complementary pairs. Two possible scenarios of DNA double-helix unzipping are proposed and studied, using the atom-atom potential function method. According to the first scenario, the base pairs transit into a 'preopened' metastable state and then fully open along the 'stretch' pathway. In this case, the DNA unzipping takes place slowly and as an equilibrium process, with the opening energies being similar to the energies obtained in thermodynamic experiments on DNA melting. The second scenario is characterized by higher opening forces. In this case, the DNA base pairs open directly along the 'stretch' pathway. It follows from our calculations that, in this scenario, the enthalpy difference between the A[Formula: see text]T and G[Formula: see text]C base pairs is much higher than in the first case. The features of the first unzipping scenario show that it can play a key role during the process of DNA genetic information transfer in vivo. It follows from our study that a peculiarity of the second scenario is that it can be used for the development of faster methods for reading genetic information in vitro.

Recognizing Information Feature Variation: Message Importance Transfer Measure and Its Applications in Big Data.

Information transfer that characterizes the information feature variation can have a crucial impact on big data analytics and processing. Actually, the measure for information transfer can reflect the system change from the statistics by using the variable distributions, similar to Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and Renyi divergence. Furthermore, to some degree, small probability events may carry the most important part of the total message in an information transfer of big data. Therefore, it is significant to propose an information transfer measure with respect to the message importance from the viewpoint of small probability events. In this paper, we present the message importance transfer measure (MITM) and analyze its performance and applications in three aspects. First, we discuss the robustness of MITM by using it to measuring information distance. Then, we present a message importance transfer capacity by resorting to the MITM and give an upper bound for the information transfer process with disturbance. Finally, we apply the MITM to discuss the queue length selection, which is the fundamental problem of caching operation on mobile edge computing.

Communication Protocols as a Tool for Improving the Safety of Newborns during the Diagnostic and Treatment Process

Introduction. The inter-professional, interdisciplinary transmission of information about the patient's condition has become an important part of the diagnostic and treatment process. Failure to receive or distortion of important clinical information during the handoffs is the leading cause of medical errors, sentinel and unexpected events that have ended in death or serious bodily harms, or had a risk of their occurrence.The aim of the research is to substantiate the potential directions of increasing the safety level for patients at neonatal departments of the perinatal centre by developing the standards for inter-professional and interdisciplinary communication protocols.Materials and methods of the research. To achieve the goal: a) the content analysis of the Council of Europe Recommendations on the safety of medical care and related materials from the First National Congress on patients safety, held in Kyiv on November 29-30, 2012, was conducted; b) the foreign experience in the implementation of the First and Second global initiatives of WHO on patients safety in medical practice of different countries of the world was studied, and c) some aspects of inter-professional and interdisciplinary communication at neonatal clinics of developed countries of the world were examined.Results of the research. The main reasons for the occurrence of adverse events as a result of lack or distortion of the patient's information during the handoffs have been highlighted. The main reason is a significant amount of handoffs in the patient's treatment, the presence of an intermediate stage of the handoffs, low quality of the transmission of verbal information and the minimum level of required information in structured paper communication protocols. The main strategies for improvement of inter-professional and interdisciplinary communications are offered: a) standardization of the process of information transfer; b) the development of a structural template for communication protocol; c) communication training; and d) the use of mnemotechnics to standardize the handoff. An external interdisciplinary communication protocol template has been developed which minimizes the gaps in the transfer of information between different specialists when transporting a newborn from the institution of level II to the institution of level III. The proposed interprofessional communication protocol, which outlines all key aspects of medical care of newborns, should be discussed with nurses.Based on the I-PASS package solution, the main structural components of the internal communication protocol with examples of its application in neonatal practice were substantiated and developed. The five main components were identified: I - illness severity (severity of the disease), P - patient summary (general conclusion about the condition of the child), A - action list, S -situation awareness and contingency plans (understanding of the situation and possible actions); S - synthesis by receiver (understanding the information received by the team members of the next shift).Conclusions. The need to develop and implement in the work of neonatal departments of paper / electronic external and internal communication protocols for the transfer of duty within one branch is growing. The necessity of integrating the developed communication protocols into the electronic card of the newborn's development (the history of the disease) and the training of interns using modern packet solutions for the shift of doctors to the next change is shown.

The Nanoworld of the Tripartite Synapse: Insights from Super-Resolution Microscopy.

Synaptic connections between individual nerve cells are fundamental to the process of information transfer and storage in the brain. Over the past decades a third key partner of the synaptic machinery has been unveiled: ultrathin processes of electrically passive astroglia which often surround pre- and postsynaptic structures. The recent advent of super-resolution (SR) microscopy has begun to uncover the dynamic nanoworld of synapses and their astroglial environment. Here we overview and discuss the current progress in our understanding of the synaptic nanoenvironment, as gleaned from the imaging methods that go beyond the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy. We argue that such methods are essential to achieve a new level of comprehension pertinent to the principles of signal integration in the brain.

The GP OOH Palliative Care Handover Project

Introduction: The need to develop a standardised information transfer process from GPs to the Out-of-hours (OOH) service for patients with palliative care needs was identified as a priority in the Irish Hospice Foundation Primary Palliative Care in Ireland(1) report and is supported by Kiely et al (2). Description: A GP OOH Palliative Care handover form was developed and piloted in 2014 in Southdoc OOH service. Aim: To pilot test the GP OOH Palliative Care handover form. Population and Stakeholders: GPs and those working in the OOH service to include triage nurse, admin staff and GPs are the main stakeholders. This work also impacts on community specialist palliative care team, night nurses, residential centre nurses patients and family members. Timeline: The pilot took place over a 6 month period. Recommendations are still being progressed Highlights: The form was evaluated very positively with no changes being required Use of the form has gained momentum with 5 services throughout the country using the form to aid communication between GPs and the OOH service. Use of the form as been picked up within residential centres where it is recognised as a key way to communicate preferences to OOH GPs. Sustainability: CAREDoc OOH service are working with the HSE to develop an e-version of the form that can more easily be rolled out to other OOH services for use. Transferability: To assist with national roll out of the form SouthDoc information has been removed so that other services can use it easily. Result: A validated tool is freely available for use Conclusion: Use of the form aids communication between GPs and the OOH service by doing so continuity of care is supported. Discussion: More research is needed to establish the impact of the form for people and their families in the community and supports continuity of care. Lessons Learned: Earlier engagement with technology would increase speed at which the form could be rolled out.

Analysis of Turbo Code Behavior with Extrinsic Information Transfer Charts in High-Speed Wireless Data Services

This paper examines turbo codes that are currently introduced in many international standards and implemented in numerous advanced communication systems, and evaluates the process of extrinsic information transfer (EXIT). The convergence properties of the iterative decoding process, associated with a given turbo-coding scheme, are estimated using the analysis technique based on so-called extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts. This approach provides a possibility to predict the bit-error rate (BER) of a turbo code system with only the extrinsic information transfer chart. It is shown that extrinsic information transfer charts are powerful tools to analyze and optimize the convergence behavior of iterative systems utilizing the turbo principle, i.e., systems exchanging and refining extrinsic information. The idea is to consider the associated soft-input soft-output (SISO) stages as information processors, which map input a priori log likelihood ratios (LLRs) onto output extrinsic LLRs, the information content being obviously assumed to increase from input to output, and introduce them to the design of turbo systems without the reliance on extensive simulation. Compared with the other methods for generating extrinsic information transfer functions, the suggested approach provides insight into the iterative behavior of linear turbo systems with substantial reduction in numerical complexity.

Non-linear dynamics in biological microtubules: solitons and dissipation-free energy transfer

I review some recent developments concerning soliton solutions in biological microtubules and their significance in transferring energy without dissipation. I discuss various types of soliton solutions, as well as ‘spikes’, of the associated non-linear Lagrange equations describing the dynamics of a ‘pseudo-spin non-linear σ-model’ that models the dynamics of a microtubule system with dipole-dipole interactions. These results will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the functional properties of microtubules, including the motor protein dynamics and the information transfer processes. With regards to the latter we also speculate on the use of microtubules as ‘logical’ gates. Our considerations are classical, but the soliton solutions may have a microscopic quantum origin, which we briefly touch upon.

ADOPTION OF MOBILE WEB AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW

This paper reviews major issues of mobile technology and mobile web usage among university students, including characteristics, importance and problems faced by university students when accessing web sites through mobile devices. This article also reviews the technology adoption models/theories that will best explain the adoption of IT/IS. The author identified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the best model in explaining adoption of mobile web because TAM is the most suitable in explaining behavioural intention in the context of mobile devices. Mobile Web is the World Wide Web which is accessed through a mobile device such as laptop computer, smart phone or tablet. It establishes the entirety of the Internet and is not limited to webpages which have been specifically designed to be viewed through mobile devices. Distinctive features of mobile technology especially mobile web technology and its progressive impacts on information transfer and learning process has created many educational opportunities for higher education institutions. Although mobile devices are highly flexible, accessible and convenient, students are still facing great problems when they use mobile web for educational purpose.

Hot spot-mediated non-dissipative and ultrafast plasmon passage.

Plasmonic nanoparticles hold great promise as photon handling elements and as channels for coherent transfer of energy and information in future all-optical computing devices.1–5 Coherent energy oscillations between two spatially separated plasmonic entities via a virtual middle state exemplify electron-based population transfer, but their realization requires precise nanoscale positioning of heterogeneous particles.6–10 Here, we show the assembly and optical analysis of a triple particle system consisting of two gold nanoparticles with an inter-spaced silver island. We observe strong plasmonic coupling between the spatially separated gold particles mediated by the connecting silver particle with almost no dissipation of energy. As the excitation energy of the silver island exceeds that of the gold particles, only quasi-occupation of the silver transfer channel is possible. We describe this effect both with exact classical electrodynamic modeling and qualitative quantum-mechanical calculations. We identify the formation of strong hot spots between all particles as the main mechanism for the loss-less coupling and thus coherent ultra-fast energy transfer between the remote partners. Our findings could prove useful for quantum gate operations, but also for classical charge and information transfer processes.

The information capacity of the genetic code: Is the natural code optimal?

We envision the molecular evolution process as an information transfer process and provide a quantitative measure for information preservation in terms of the channel capacity according to the channel coding theorem of Shannon. We calculate Information capacities of DNA on the nucleotide (for non-coding DNA) and the amino acid (for coding DNA) level using various substitution models. We extend our results on coding DNA to a discussion about the optimality of the natural codon-amino acid code. We provide the results of an adaptive search algorithm in the code domain and demonstrate the existence of a large number of genetic codes with higher information capacity. Our results support the hypothesis of an ancient extension from a 2-nucleotide codon to the current 3-nucleotide codon code to encode the various amino acids.

Adaptive Local Information Transfer in Random Boolean Networks.

Living systems such as gene regulatory networks and neuronal networks have been supposed to work close to dynamical criticality, where their information-processing ability is optimal at the whole-system level. We investigate how this global information-processing optimality is related to the local information transfer at each individual-unit level. In particular, we introduce an internal adjustment process of the local information transfer and examine whether the former can emerge from the latter. We propose an adaptive random Boolean network model in which each unit rewires its incoming arcs from other units to balance stability of its information processing based on the measurement of the local information transfer pattern. First, we show numerically that random Boolean networks can self-organize toward near dynamical criticality in our model. Second, the proposed model is analyzed by a mean-field theory. We recognize that the rewiring rule has a bootstrapping feature. The stationary indegree distribution is calculated semi-analytically and is shown to be close to dynamical criticality in a broad range of model parameter values.

CHRS: Cold Start Recommendation Across Multiple Heterogeneous Information Networks

Nowadays, people are overwhelmingly exposed to various kinds of information from different information networks. In order to recommend users with the information entities that match their interests, many recommendation methods have been proposed so far. And some of these methods have explored different ways to utilize different kinds of auxiliary information to deal with the information sparsity problem of user feedbacks. However, as a special kind of information sparsity problem, the “cold start” problem is still a big challenge not well-solved yet in the recommendation problem. In order to tackle the “cold start” challenge, in this paper, we propose a novel recommendation model, which integrates the auxiliary information in multiple heterogeneous information networks (HINs), namely the Cross-HIN Recommendation System (CHRS) . By utilizing the rich heterogeneous information from meta-paths, the CHRS is able to calculate the similarities of information entities and apply the calculated similarity scores in the recommendation process. For the information entities shared among multiple information networks, CHRS transfers item latent information from other networks to help the recommendation task in a given network. During the information transfer process, CHRS applies a domain adaptation matrix to tackle the domain difference problem. We conduct experiments to compare our CHRS method with several widely employed or the state-of-art recommendation models, and the experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the baseline methods in addressing the “cold start” recommendation problem.

Efficient Vector Influence Clustering Coefficient Based Directed Community Detection Method

Community detection algorithms are important for determining the character statistics of complex networks. Compared with the conventional community detection algorithms, which always focus on undirected networks, our algorithm is concentrated on directed networks such as the WeChat moments relationship network and the Sina Micro-Blog follower relationship network. To address disadvantages such as lower execution efficiency and higher deviation of precision that current directed community detection algorithms always have, we propose a new approach that is based on the triangle structure of community basis and modeled on the local information transfer process to precisely detect communities in directed networks. Based on the directed vector theory in probability graphs and the dynamic information transfer gain (ITG) of vertices in directed networks, we propose the novel ITG method and the corresponding target optimal function for evaluating the partition quality in a community detection algorithm. Then, we combine ITG and the target function to create the new community detection algorithm ITG-directed weighted community clustering for directed networks. With extensive experiments using artificial network data sets and large, real-world network data sets derived from online social media, our algorithm proved to be more accurate and faster in directed networks than several traditional, well-known community detection methods, such as FastGN, order statistics local optimization method, and Infomap.

Impact of information transfer on farmers\u2019 uptake of innovative crop technologies: a structural equation model applied to survey data

This study analyses the impact of the transfer of technological information (among other a priori identified factors) on the uptake of innovative crop technologies using structural equation modelling of data from a representative survey of Scottish crop farmers. The model explains 83% of the variance in current technological uptake behaviour and 63% of the variance in intentions to uptake new technologies. Results show economic characteristics (profit orientation, agricultural income, technological investment behaviour and farm labour) to have the strongest effect on both uptake and intentions to uptake novel technologies. Education, access to technological information and perceived usefulness of sources of information transfer are also main influences on behaviour and intentions. Technological uptake behaviour is a strong determinant of intentions to uptake more technologies in the future. The results confirm established evidence from the literature that, besides economic factors, access to technological information and trust in/perceived usefulness of the different information sources will have an impact on technological uptake. The findings are highly policy relevant as they give some indication of the factors influencing the process of targeting specific technological information transfer through the appropriate channels to agricultural producers, which builds a potential driver of behavioural change.