Data Analysis Process Research Articles

Evaluation of Differentiated Learning in Economics Subjects Using the CIPP Model

The advantages and disadvantages of the application of differentiated learning in economics subjects can be known from the data obtained and we can make improvements to the shortcomings that occur in this learning. The purpose of this study is to understand the implementation of differentiated learning in schools through the CIPP evaluation model, identify barriers and challenges faced, and provide recommendations to improve its implementation. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques were obtained from interviews, observations, and documentation. This data analysis process proceeds from facts to theory. The result of this research is the implementation of differentiated learning using the CIPP evaluation model at SMAN 1 Cilimus can improve the quality of learning. The input aspect of the teacher has succeeded in adjusting the curriculum and learning style according to the needs and interests of different students. The process aspect of the teacher has successfully played an important role in the learning process by becoming a facilitator for students to get a unique learning atmosphere, collaborative, constructive feedback. Students experienced increased understanding, critical thinking, encouragement to learn, and improved posttest results according to the product component. The results of this study make an important contribution to building more inclusive and flexible school learning methods through differentiated learning. It is hoped that this research can serve as a guideline and inspiration for other schools to implement differentiated learning and support the diversity of their students.

Pengaruh Job Insecurity terhadap Kesejahteraan Psikologis dengan Social Support sebagai Variabel Moderator pada Karyawan Outsourcing di PT Pegadaian Area Padang

The objectives of this study are 3, namely, 1) Knowing how the level of job insecurity experienced by employees. 2) To test whether there is an effect of job insecurity on psychological well-being in employees. 3) To find out how social support acts as a moderator variable in reducing the negative impact of job insecurity on psychological well-being. In this study, researchers used the simple random sampling method for sampling from the population. With the number of samples taken around 120 people. This study uses simple linear regression techniques in the data analysis process. This technique is used to identify the influence between job insecurity and social support on psychological well-being. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out and the discussion as described in the previous chapter, three conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, Job Insecurity has a positive and significant effect on Psychological Wellbeing, so H1 is rejected. Second, Social Support has a significant effect on Psychological Wellbeing but has a negative distribution, meaning that Social Support has an indirect effect on Psychological Wellbeing, so H2 is rejected. Third, Social Support moderates the effect of Job Insecurity on Psychological Wellbeing, so H3 is accepted.

Students’ performance, attitude, and classroom observation data to assess the effect of problem-based learning approach supplemented by YouTube videos in Ugandan classroom

In response to global demands, Uganda’s Vision 2040 seeks to transform the country into a modern and prosperous nation by implementing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, focusing on equitable and quality education. The 21st-century workforce requires individuals who can effectively navigate complex workplace challenges. This dataset was gathered from Form-2 Ugandan secondary school students (aged 12 to 15) across 12 schools in the Sheema District. The dataset comprises three types of data: students’ performance in a physics topic (simple machines), their attitudes toward problem-solving and critical thinking when learning physics using Problem-Based Learning (PBL) supplemented by YouTube videos, and classroom observations documented with the reformed teaching observational protocol (RTOP). The intervention of teaching using PBL was executed in 2022, collecting data from 973 lower secondary school students. The intervention involved three approaches: one group (144 students) received PBL along with YouTube videos, another group of 482 students received PBL alone, and a third group (347 students) was taught using the traditional method. This data article explains the study’s data creation, collection, and analysis process. The dataset holds significance for secondary school teachers, policymakers, and researchers, offering insights into the impact of PBL with and without ICT resources on learning physics and students’ attitudes toward these learner-centered approaches.

The impact of family systems and social networks on substance use initiation and recovery among women with substance use disorders.

While social networks influence individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), the mechanisms for such influence are under-explored among women who use drugs. This study triangulates the perspectives of criminal justice professionals, SUD treatment professionals, and women with past and current experiences with substance use to explore these dynamics. We conducted semistructured interviews (N = 42) in 2022 with women with current or past opioid use disorder (n = 20), SUD treatment professionals (n = 12), and criminal justice professionals (n = 10) who work with women with opioid use disorder. Interviews centered around participants' backgrounds, perceived barriers and facilitators to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment, and gender-specific issues in MOUD treatment. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and deidentified. We used a four-step qualitative data analysis process to code transcripts. Across these participants' accounts, we identified mechanisms by which women's social networks influenced their opioid use trajectories: intergenerational substance use, family support and strain, intimate partner influence, and peer support and pressure. Overall, the emergent themes in the present study reflect the embedded nature of support within social systems. Women who had access to and engaged with various forms of social support tended to be those who use/used MOUD and self-identified as in recovery. Combining MOUD treatment with psychosocial interventions allows women to heal from trauma, learn effective coping skills, and receive valuable resources to support recovery. Interventions focusing on family resilience and peer recovery support can disrupt the cycle of addiction and promote MOUD treatment success. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Digital Marketing and Innovation on Marketing Performance is Influenced through the Development of a Competitive Advantage

Objective: The aim of this research is to explain how Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) implement digital marketing and innovation, achieve competitive advantage, and improve marketing performance. The study also examines how digital marketing and innovation influence marketing performance through competitive advantage. This study centers on detailing and examining these aspects, involving an investigation carried out on small-scale food and beverage entrepreneurs in Bekasi, Indonesia. Theoretical Framework: Este estudo está fundamentado na Teoria da Visão Baseada em Recursos. Ele enfatiza a importância das capacidades dinâmicas, que são a habilidade de uma empresa ajustar seus recursos e capacidades para se manter competitiva em condições de mercado em constante mudança. As organizações podem manter sua vantagem competitiva e alcançar sucesso a longo prazo ao adaptar-se continuamente e introduzir novas ideias. Method: This study utilizes quantitative methodologies. 100 food and beverage micro business owners were surveyed using the simple random sampling method. The PLS technique is utilized in the data analysis process. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that competitive advantage is positively impacted by digital marketing and innovation. Digital marketing also has a beneficial impact on marketing effectiveness. Competitive advantage plays a role in connecting digital marketing with marketing performance, as well as linking innovation with competitive advantage. Innovation does not impact marketing performance. Research Implications: Entrepreneurs must integrate digital marketing to enhance marketing effectiveness and incorporate digital marketing and innovation to boost competitive edge. It is necessary to engage in constant communication with customers using online platforms, ensure fast and efficient access to information, keep product content up-to-date and in line with current trends, deliver products as scheduled, and provide frequent updates on product availability in the market. They must also implement modifications in their business operations to effectively and efficiently meet the demands and desires of their customers. Originality/Value: This research adds to the existing body of research by validating that digital marketing can enhance marketing effectiveness both directly and through competitive advantage. Innovation does not have a direct impact on marketing performance. In order to enhance the marketing performance of food and beverage MSMEs, innovation must serve as a competitive edge. The MSME owners can be motivated by the research results to adopt digital marketing and innovation, leading to a competitive edge for their products. This will help enhance their marketing performance and ensure long-term sustainability.

ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' WRITING ERRORS IN ENGLISH SUBJECTS

ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' WRITING ERRORS IN ENGLISH SUBJECTS

PROBLEMATIKA PENERAPAN SOAL BERBASIS NUMERASI PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Numeracy skills are needed in all aspects of life. Numeracy is the ability to apply number concepts and mathematical skills in everyday life as well as being able to use mathematics practically and have an understanding of information that is expressed mathematically.This study uses a qualitative approach with a multi-case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis process is done through single case data analysis and cross case data analysis. The location of the study was conducted at three elementary schools in West Lombok regency, namely SDN 3 Kuripan, SDN 2 Jembatan Kembar Timur and SDN 4 Dasan Geres. The findings from the three schools showed that teachers in constructing numeracy-based problems refer to the components of the numeracy AKM but still in the form of simple questions. In pemanfataanya, numeracy-based questions are not done routinely and according to the needs of ANBK only. The lack of workshops and references as well as the distribution of teaching materials on numeracy in schools is a significant obstacle to the use of numeracy-based problems. While the supporting factor in the form of online sites that discuss examples of numeracy problems and the form of contextualization of the problem in the form of personal, socio-cultural and scientific contexts are still minimal.

Minor Ailments During Pregnancy among Primigravida Women AT AL- Diwanyiah Governorate

Objective: Determine the incidence of minor ailments among primigravida women during pregnancy. Methodology: A descriptive study done to determine the incidence of common minor ailments among primigravida women during pregnancy and how often they used home remedies to alleviate their discomforts. The study was conducted in maternal and pediatric teaching hospital at Al- Diwaniyah governorate on (100) pregnant women, selected by nonprobability convenience sampling technique from March to July 2023. SPSS version 27 was used for the data analysis process. The results of the study were presented using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages. Results: Revealed that (68%) of expectants mothers age range was between 20 and 35 years old. In terms of education, (36%) of the subjects completed the intermediate school. In terms of the mothers' jobs, (53%) of them were housewives and 47% of them were workers. Regarding residency, (67%) of them reside in cities, with the remaining individuals doing so in rural areas. Furthermore, the majority of them (87%) were in the second trimester of their pregnancies, and (55%) of them were planning a pregnancy. Additionally, they reported that morning sickness (80%), frequent urination (77%), back pain (75%) were the most common discomforts, and insomnia (22%),. However, only (74%)of primigravida women manage these discomforts with various home remedies. Conclusions: The main findings show that all of the primigravida women in the study experienced minor discomforts in varying sequences, regardless of gestational age and morning sickness was the most common minor discomforts among the sample subjects, while insomnia was the least one common. For the minor discomforts they encountered, nearly three quarter of the sample subjects used various home care remedies. Recommendations: Pregnant women should all receive prenatal health education, emphasizing minor discomforts and appropriate self-care techniques, to raise their awareness.

Enhancing Data Trustworthiness in Explorative Analysis: An Interactive Approach for Data Quality Monitoring

The volume of data to be analyzed has increased tremendously in recent years. In order to extract knowledge from this data, domain experts gain new insights with the help of graphical analysis tools for explorative analyses. Here, the reliability and trustworthiness of an exploratory analysis is determined by the quality of the underlying data. Existing approaches require manual testing to ensure data quality which is often neglected. This research aims to introduce a novel interactive approach for seamlessly integrating data quality considerations into the process of explorative data analysis conducted by domain experts. We derive requirements, conduct an extensive literature review, and develop an approach that efficiently combines stakeholders’ strengths, allowing unobtrusive data quality integration in interactive analysis. Our approach enhances trustworthiness due to unobtrusive monitoring of data quality within the context of explorative data analysis. Domain experts gain insights more reliably, bridging the gap between technical requirements and domain expertise. In conclusion, our research presents a promising solution for improving the reliability and trustworthiness of explorative data analysis, especially for domain experts who may lack technical knowledge. By seamlessly integrating data quality into the analytical process, we empower domain experts to extract valuable insights from the ever-increasing volume of data, thereby advancing the field of data-driven decision-making.

RAGAM STRATEGI AL’AB LUGHAWIYAH PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI SDIT AL-FITYAH KOTA SOLOK

This research was motivated by difficulties in understanding Arabic language learning by class III students at SDIT Al-Fityah, Solok City, which was caused by students' interest and motivation towards learning Arabic so that student learning outcomes were far from what was expected. Therefore, a teacher must correctly choose and determine Arabic language learning strategies. When teachers do not correctly determine learning strategies, this will of course make it difficult for the learning process and the achievement of learning objectives. Various al'ab allughawiyah strategies used in the learning process will be reviewed. Apart from that, it will be adapted to learning practices, so that we can see what the results are when Al’ab lughawiyah is applied to the learning process in class III of SDIT Al-Fityah, Solok City. The process of data collection and data analysis in this research was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this research show that students in class III SDIT Al-Fityah, Solok City show better learning outcomes and the grades obtained by students increase.

Children are Losing Lives in the Name of Culture: The Health Impacts of Initiation Schools in South Africa

Background: On an annual basis, young boys lose their lives due to circumcisions performed at initiation schools across South Africa. Some of the initiates lose their manhood as a result of amputations and all these acts are done in the name of culture. Over the last few years, there have been more media reports in South Africa about improper traditional circumcisions coupled with poor health outcomes causing deaths of children admitted at initiation schools. Aims: This article explores the health impacts of traditional initiation schools in South Africa. Methods: This review followed desktop approach through utilization of secondary data. Systematic quantitative review technique was used to collect data. To get a better understanding of the context under investigation, desktop analysis was employed using the five steps of the data analysis process. Results: The themes identified in this study include challenges associated with the practice in relation to children's rights, ethical conflicts between traditional initiation practices and public health, commercialization of initiation schools, and complications associated with circumcision at initiation schools. Conclusion: There is insufficient enforcement of the laws and a lack of public knowledge regarding the impact of initiation on children. Even though South Africa's national and local governments have made significant attempts to control the initiation practices and uphold children's rights, significant law enforcement is still required to shield children from unsafe cultural customs. In addition to the ineffective execution of existing rules and regulations, the traditional initiation sector is burdened by a lack of direct, continuous, and efficient supervision of the operations of initiation schools. Received: 7 February 2024, Reviewed: 11 March 2024, Revised: 29 March 2024, Accepted: 16 April 2024.

Using GeoGebra with Van Hiele’s Model in Geometry Classroom: An Experience with Prospective Teacher

Various advances in technology, communication, and information have provided great benefits to all users around the world, especially in digital communication and learning mathematics in the classroom. However, without a systematic and clear model, the use of technology becomes vague and ineffective in cultivating students' interest and understanding in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). This study aimed to explore prospective teachers’ (PT) understanding and experience using GeoGebra with van Hiele’s model in the geometry classroom. The research employed a qualitative approach, specifically a case study design, which included semi-structured one-on-one interviews and classroom observations. Additionally, dynamic GeoGebra task completion, digital objects, tests, and electronic surveys were also administered. The bottom-up data analysis process was conducted inductively by reading the collected data and forming segments, determining the codes, and filtering overlapping codes until themes were identified. The results showed PTs' sequential understanding using GeoGebra occurred enthusiastically in a supportive environment. This understanding was evidenced when students engaged in activities such as examining, analysing, doing, comparing, identifying, explaining, recognising, distinguishing, and solving tasks. Furthermore, the experience of PTs using GeoGebra involved a collaborative environment, motivation to learn, awareness of various technologies, and independent learning. In conclusion, the transformation of PT’s comprehension using GeoGebra in Mathematics is actively demanded with the use of a guidance process such as van Hiele’s model. It provides greater chances for students’ engagement while delivering more appropriate and meaningful learning.

Correlations among positive psychological capital, research motivation, and research ability by master's degree nursing students: A structural equation modeling

BackgroundNursing research ability is an important force in improving the quality of nursing care and driving the development of the discipline. As the main force and reserve force of nursing research, master's degree nursing students should have certain research ability. The contributing factors and their relationships that challenge research ability among master's degree nursing students must be fully understood, as this level of knowledge can support the development of strategies and interventions that improve the research ability of master's degree nursing students. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the relationships among positive psychological capital, research motivation, and research ability by master's degree nursing students. In addition, we investigated whether research motivation mediates the relationship between positive psychological capital and research ability. DesignA descriptive cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire. SettingThe study sampled master's degree nursing students from colleges in Sichuan, Fujian, Hubei, and Tianjin Province, China. ParticipantsFrom February 2022 to April 2022, 377 master's degree nursing students were chosen by a convenience sample method. MethodsData were gathered using a general information questionnaire, the Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPCQ), the Research Motivation Scale (RMS), and the Nursing Research Ability of Self-Evaluation Questionnaire (NRASQ). Both SPSS 26.0 and Amos 28.0. were used to handle and analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling were all used in the data analysis process. The reporting followed the STROBE checklist. ResultsPositive psychological capital was found to be positively correlated with research ability (P < 0.01). Research motivation was also positively correlated with research ability (P < 0.01), and had a mediating effect on the relationship between positive psychological capital and research ability (P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe positive psychological capital and research motivation of master's degree nursing students are positively correlated with research ability. Research motivation significantly mediates the relationship between positive psychological capital and research ability. The findings of this study can inform educational strategies and interventions for the development of research ability of master's degree nursing students.

La gestion paradoxale ou l’art de concilier changements délibérés et changements émergents

&lt;p&gt;The paradoxical approach is attracting increasing attention in management, not least because it seems suited to the turbulent, multidimensional reality of contemporary organizations. Paradox involves the coexistence of apparent contradictions in situations where opposing elements are all important, and choosing between them is not an option (Lewis and Smith, 2023). Consistent with the principles of grounded theorizing methodology, the proposed model is based on the experiences of managers who value their employees' initiative-taking. The simultaneous process of data collection and analysis was based on 21 interviews with managers from five different organizations, 76 hours of observation of management committees and four focus groups. We found that the intention to develop the ability to act (DAA) (i.e. a process that values initiative-taking by focusing on the actualization of skills) can make certain paradoxical tensions salient. More specifically, we have documented four pairs of paradoxical tensions linked to DAA: anticipation/reaction, control/autonomy, collective/individual, and stability/change. In an attempt to understand how managers cope with these tensions, we listed 16 managerial actions grouped on to four axes: alignment, empowerment, buy-in and evolution. In-depth analysis of the four pairs of tensions revealed that each has a deliberate and an emergent pole. The deliberate perspective refers to an articulated intention with a certain level of precision, control mechanisms, and collective agreement, while the emergent perspective is characterized by an absence of prior intention, openness, and responsiveness. Deliberate and emergent poles thus interact to create a constructive tension that makes the organization less vulnerable to extremes (i.e. polarization). We propose that these paradoxical tensions are interdependent, generating a dynamic equilibrium that leads to organizational evolution.&lt;/p&gt;

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND E-COMMERCE EXPERIENCE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

E-commerce is popular among teenagers throughout the country. Shopping online is advantageous for consumers but also carries higher risks than shopping personally. When online stores provide products that do not exceed the customers expectations, that will lead to customer dissatisfaction. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the significant relationship between the two variables, the customer satisfaction and the e-commerce experience of the senior high school students. The researchers used a descriptive correlation non-experimental quantitative research method. A stratified random sampling of 108 responses collected across the Rizal Memorial Colleges senior high school department, and the entire data collection and analysis process took about two weeks. Furthermore, a modified survey questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents, and all of the data was analyzed appropriately with the assistance of a competent statistician. According to the findings, Information and Website Design have the highest value of all indicators of the two variables, implying that these two are the most affected factors when it comes to online shopping. The findings also revealed that the level of customer satisfaction and the e-commerce experience was high and often evident. The correlation between the two variables was moderately high positive (r = 0.728), which ended up rejecting the studys null hypothesis. The analysis of the findings confirmed that students who are pleased with their online shopping experience have a high level of e-commerce experience. As a result, the researchers suggested that people who like to shop online must be aware of all the risks that may arise and cause them to be dissatisfied with the product. KEYWORDS: Customer satisfaction, E-commerce experience, Information, Website design, Senior high students, Philippines

The Influence of Profitability and Capital Structure on Company Value with Dividend Policy as a Moderating Variable in Consumer Companies which is listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2018-2021 Period

This research aims to examine and analyze the company value of consumer companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The variables tested include Profitability, Capital Structure, Company Value with Dividend Policy as a Moderating variable. This research involves consumer companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2018-2021 period. Sample selection was carried out using the purposive sampling method. The data used is external data, obtained from the site www.idx.co.id. The data analysis process was carried out using PLS Algorithm calculations using SmartPLS and then hypothesis testing was carried out. Results. Research shows that Profitability has a positive relationship towards Company Value, Capital Structure has no effect on Company Value, Dividend Policy is unable to mediate the influence of Profitability and Car Structure on Company Value.

Exploring the decision-making process of female genital cosmetic procedures in Iranian women and constructing and validating a results-based logic model for a healthy public policy: a study protocol

BackgroundFemale genital cosmetic procedures have grown rapidly in most parts of the world. Professional organizations have issued warnings about the complications and long-term consequences of these practices. To be able to adopt the right health policies, it is necessary to know why women decide to perform these procedures. Therefore, the present study will be aim to discover the decision-making process involved in performing female genital cosmetic procedures for Iranian women and construct and validate a results-based logic model for healthy public policy.MethodsThe present study was conducted in three phases. In the initial phase, a qualitative study will be conducted with the Corbin and Strauss ground theory approach. The participants in the study will be healthy women who desire or have undergone female genital cosmetic procedures without medical indications. In this phase, purposive and theoretical sampling will guide recruitment and data collection. The data will be collected via semi-structured interviews, field notes and observations of individual interactions. The data will be analysed using the approach of Corbin and Strauss (2015). MAXQDA 2007 software was used for managing the process of data analysis. In the second phase, the development of a results-based logic model for a healthy public policy is performed based on the findings of the first phase of the study, interviews with key informants and a review of the results of the literature in this field. Finally, validation of the designed program will be performed by the nominal group technique with the presence of a group of experts in the third phase.DiscussionThe findings of this study, by identifying women’s main concerns related to the studied phenomenon, the existing context, participants’ reactions and the consequences of the adopted reactions, can be very important in designing a program that fits Iran’s cultural characteristics. In this research, a program using a logical model will be presented that is suitable for policymakers, planners and healthcare service providers to be implemented in the social-cultural context of the study.

POLITICAL SHIFT LAW SETTLEMENT OF FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH (FABA) COAL BASED ON ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE

Purpose: This research aims to gain a comprehension understading on the factors causing the shift in political law regulation of fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) coal waste from hazardous and toxic waste (B3) to non-B3 status and provide a solution to the regulatory model for coal FABA based on ecological justice. Theoretical framework: This study also anchors from environmental justice theories known as “political ecology” from the perspective of “procedural justice” and “distributive justice”. Method: This qualitative research was approached as socio-legal research specifications. Miles et al.’s (2014) qualitative data analysis process was employed to analyze the data. Result and conclusion: The research results show that the political shift in the legal regulation of FABA should be based on ecological justice. The causal factor, the formation of law, is influenced by political and economic factors. While economic factors remain the dominant basis in establishing Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021, the environment should also be the consideration. Most of the construction of the regulation has not been based on the precautionary principle, non-regression, ecological justice, Pancasila justice, certainty, benefit, legal morality, and international agreements. Practical implication: This study contributes that the implementation of environmental protection and management needs to be reconstructed based on provisions, principles, and principles in forming arrangements such as the precautionary principle, the precautionary principle, the non-regression principle, the ecological justice principle, national justice [Pancasila], certainty, expediency, legal morality, and international agreements, to produce regulations in the environmental sector based on ecological justice.

Tendency of Internet Addiction in College Students (Case Study on Public Administration Students of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, HKBP Nommensen University)

The internet provides tremendous educational benefits for students and also provides better communication, information, and social interaction opportunities for young people, but excessive internet use can lead to negative psychological addiction. This study aims to quantitatively describe the tendency of internet addiction in the population of students majoring in Public Administration from the class of 2020, 2021, and 2022. The total sample taken was 142 people, including all students from the three batches. The data analysis method applied in this research is the crosstab or cross tabulation analysis technique. The data analysis process involved the use of SPSS V.25 statistical software. From the results of the analysis of gender and range of addiction, it can be seen that the majority of respondents, both males (66.7%) and females (69.9%), experience a moderate level of internet addiction, especially social media. The number of respondents who experienced moderate addiction reached 98 out of a total of 142 respondents. In the analysis of respondents' age groups and range of addiction, it can be seen that three age groups dominate, namely 19, 20 and 21 years old. Of the 28 respondents aged 19, 17 of them experienced moderate addiction. In the 20-year-old age group, out of 43 respondents, 33 were classified as moderately addicted. While in the 21-year-old age group, out of 37 respondents, 26 of them also showed a moderate level of addiction. Furthermore, the tendency of internet addiction in college students is dominated by two main aspects: characteristics and excessive use. Students who feel attached to the internet tend to always think about and find it difficult to control their use. Keywords: Tendency; Addiction; Internet; College Students

Fingerprinting of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of monomers resulting from acid hydrolysis

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a type of cellulose derivative with properties that render it useful in e.g. food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. The substitution degree and composition of the β-glucose subunits of HPMC affect its physical and functional properties, but HPMC characterization is challenging due to its high structural heterogeneity, including many isomers. In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine substituted glucose monomers originating from complete acid hydrolysis of HPMC. Resolution between the different monomers was achieved using a C18 and cyano column in the first and second LC dimension, respectively. The data analysis process was structured to obtain fingerprints of the monomers of interest. The results revealed that isomers of the respective monomers could be selectively separated based on the position of substituents. The examination of two industrial HPMC products revealed differences in overall monomer composition. While both products contained monomers with a similar degree of substitution, they exhibited distinct regioselectivity.