Color Processing Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF MOVIE COLORIZATION BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON CINEMATIC SYMBOLISM: A CASE STUDY OF SATYAJIT RAY’S ‘PATHER PANCHALI’

The objective of image colorization is to add color to a monochrome input picture to generate a colorful outcome, which is a classic and essential issue in visual effects. In cinema, color has a significant role in on various levels. But it was not the fundamental component of cinema. Although color was added in film later, but for a long time people were used to watching movies on their black and white television set.This study depends on the effort of a Bengali professor based in the United States who used artificial intelligence to colorize Satyajit Ray’s ‘Pather Panchali’ as a quarantine experiment. This research analyzes the use of colorization in ‘Pather Panchali’ to determine whether the colors work well to emphasize the film's symbolic meaning. It also examines whether there is still a place for sentimentality after colorization and how well AI works at coloring in black and white movies.The research objectives include evaluating the role that colorization plays in bringing the film's meaning to light with regard to certain situations, examining among specialists the nostalgia/emotions linked with classic black and white films, and gauging experts reaction to the practice of using AI to colorize previously black-and-white movies. This study uses in-depth interviews as a qualitative research approach for gathering expert opinions.This study concludes that the cinematic symbolism of the black and white version of ‘Pather Panchali’ is lost in the colorized version. Expert interviews revealed the complex connection between colorization and the film's visual style. The findings emphasize the need for careful consideration and preservation of the original black-and-white format, while also recognizing the advancements and limitations of artificial intelligence in the colorization process.

The execution of saccadic eye movements suppresses visual processing of both color and luminance in the early visual cortex of humans.

Our eyes execute rapid, directional movements known as saccades, occurring several times per second, to focus on objects of interest in our environment. During these movements, visual sensitivity is temporarily reduced. Despite numerous studies on this topic, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, including a lingering debate on whether saccadic suppression affects the parvocellular visual pathway. To address this issue, we conducted a study employing steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited by chromatic and luminance stimuli while observers performed saccadic eye movements. We also employed an innovative analysis pipeline to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, yielding superior results compared to the previous method. Our findings revealed a clear suppression effect on SSVEP signals during saccades compared to fixation periods. Notably, this suppression effect was comparable for both chromatic and luminance stimuli. We went further to measure the suppression effect across various contrast levels, which enabled us to model SSVEP responses with contrast response functions. The results suggest that saccades primarily reduce response gain without significantly affecting contrast gain and that this reduction applies uniformly to both chromatic and luminance pathways. In summary, our study provides robust evidence that saccades similarly suppress visual processing in both the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways within the human early visual cortex, as indicated by SSVEP responses. The observation that saccadic eye movements impact response gain rather than contrast gain implies that they influence visual processing through a multiplicative mechanism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates that saccadic eye movements reduce the processing of both luminance and chromatic stimuli in the early visual cortex of humans. By modeling the contrast response function, the study further shows that saccades affect visual processing by reducing the response gain rather than altering the contrast gain, suggesting that a multiplicative mechanism of visual attenuation affects both parvocellular and magnocellular pathways.

A Study on Employee Retention and Process of Update Colour Process Pvt.Ltd., pallipalayam

Employee Retention is a challenging concern of the organization. This study stressed on Employee Retention strategies. Employees are the assets of the organization. To retain skillful and committed employee in the organization management should take care of employee satisfaction. Find out the reasons employee turnover and overcome this. The purpose of this study in prove how employee retention is essential in this days and age and if the organizations are not wake to the situation and immediate action are not taken to that effect what repercussions lay ahead and how they would affect the organization and the industry. .Employee Retention is a process in which the employees are encouraged to remain with the organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of the project. It is a strategic tool for the success of the firm. Employee Retention is beneficial for the organization as well as employee. Employees today are different. They are not ones who do not have good opportunities in the hand. As soon as they feel dissatisfied with the current employer or the job they switch to over the next job. A good employer should know how to attract and retains its employees.

CsERF003 enhanced peel coloration by promoting both chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation in citrus

Uneven coloration is a common phenomenon in citrus fruit during the ripening stage, as affects the appearance and economic value of the fruit. The elevated expression of CsERF003 during the degreening process of both lemon and satsuma mandarin peels was reported. In this research, a similar performance of CsERF003 in the pericarp coloration process was also identified by transcriptome analysis of 'Fengjie 72–1' navel orange and Lane Late navel orange. However, the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 is not clear yet. Overexpression of CsERF003 could deepen the color of citrus callus and promote peel degreening of Newhall navel orange, which was attributed to the upregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis. Furthermore, CsERF003 acted as an activator to promote the expression of CsLCYE, but couldn’t activate the expression of CsLCYB1 and CsLCYB2; CsERF003 could also bind to the promoter of CsSGR to activate its expression. Together, our findings shed light on the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, particularly in the α-branch of carotenoid metabolism. These insights offer valuable perspectives for the genetic enhancement of peel coloration in citrus.

Asymmetric distribution of color-opponent response types across mouse visual cortex supports superior color vision in the sky.

Color is an important visual feature that informs behavior, and the retinal basis for color vision has been studied across various vertebrate species. While many studies have investigated how color information is processed in visual brain areas of primate species, we have limited understanding of how it is organized beyond the retina in other species, including most dichromatic mammals. In this study, we systematically characterized how color is represented in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. Using large-scale neuronal recordings and a luminance and color noise stimulus, we found that more than a third of neurons in mouse V1 are color-opponent in their receptive field center, while the receptive field surround predominantly captures luminance contrast. Furthermore, we found that color-opponency is especially pronounced in posterior V1 that encodes the sky, matching the statistics of natural scenes experienced by mice. Using unsupervised clustering, we demonstrate that the asymmetry in color representations across cortex can be explained by an uneven distribution of green-On/UV-Off color-opponent response types that are represented in the upper visual field. Finally, a simple model with natural scene-inspired parametric stimuli shows that green-On/UV-Off color-opponent response types may enhance the detection of "predatory"-like dark UV-objects in noisy daylight scenes. The results from this study highlight the relevance of color processing in the mouse visual system and contribute to our understanding of how color information is organized in the visual hierarchy across species.

Hue selectivity from recurrent circuitry in Drosophila

In the perception of color, wavelengths of light reflected off objects are transformed into the derived quantities of brightness, saturation and hue. Neurons responding selectively to hue have been reported in primate cortex, but it is unknown how their narrow tuning in color space is produced by upstream circuit mechanisms. We report the discovery of neurons in the Drosophila optic lobe with hue-selective properties, which enables circuit-level analysis of color processing. From our analysis of an electron microscopy volume of a whole Drosophila brain, we construct a connectomics-constrained circuit model that accounts for this hue selectivity. Our model predicts that recurrent connections in the circuit are critical for generating hue selectivity. Experiments using genetic manipulations to perturb recurrence in adult flies confirm this prediction. Our findings reveal a circuit basis for hue selectivity in color vision.

Analysis of the Rendering of Deep and Short Art Effects Under the Multimedia Background Taking into Account the 3D Ink Rendering Algorithm

People's living standard is improving and the economy is developing rapidly, so the demand for spiritual culture is also increasing. Today, with the rapid development of information technology, 3D ink rendering technology has become an indispensable part of modern art. It is not only a visual expression and tool, but also has a great impact on people's daily life. It is based on computer language and multimedia software. Its main purpose is to express art through images, sound and text; it can also integrate various complex and creative elements to form a whole picture, thus giving the whole picture a certain sense of hierarchy. This will give people an intuitive and strong visual feeling, thus achieving the purpose of "visual communication". In 3D ink rendering technology, image processing and sound effects are the two most important aspects. Among them, there is a certain correlation between digital works and text and other multimedia contexts with strong and far-reaching art effects rendering; and the impact of color and sound effects on 3D scenes should not be ignored: from the overall perspective, the sense of picture and enhanced visual effects can enhance the virtual reality space atmosphere and enrich the visual experience; but from the specific content, this may reduce the efficiency of the rendering process. In this paper, we start from the principle of ink rendering algorithm and analyze its impact on the picture effect and color processing in combination with 3D ink rendering technology.

Traditional Ethnic Furniture in Tibetan Culture

Ethnic furniture is a kind of furniture unique to ethnic minorities in China. The furniture of various ethnic groups has unique features in structure, color, and pattern application. Due to its geographical, economic, and cultural reasons, ethnic furniture can carry and express culture through its own characteristics such as shape, color, and building process. Ethnic furniture includes Tibetan furniture, Bai furniture, Yi furniture, Dai furniture, Korean furniture, Mongolian furniture, Miao furniture, Uyghur furniture, and so on. This ethnic furniture has strong regional cultural and artistic characteristics, reflecting the national cultural connotation it represents. With the development of history and cultural characteristics, it can be said that furniture is another form of history. When one enters the home of the Tibetan people, one will be overwhelmed by the pieces of carved and exquisite cabinets, tables, boxes, and other furniture. Tibetan furniture is a part of the life of Tibetans, as Tibetans control the development and style of Tibetan furniture. Therefore, this paper studies Tibetan furniture, as it has great significance in Tibetan culture.

The Reconstruction of Indigenous Science into Scientific Knowledge in the Natural Color Process from Lurik Klaten

Teaching science in schools rarely includes local wisdom. Local wisdom-based learning is more suitable for the regional characteristics and students’ daily life experiences and also supports sustainability and cultural diversity. The reconstruction of indigenous science into scientific knowledge will show the part of local wisdom that is suitable for science learning. This research aimed to reconstruct indigenous science into scientific knowledge from the process of natural color that was conducted in the community of Lurik Klaten in Pedan and Cawas Subdistrict, Klaten Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The outcome of this research was scientific knowledge from the result of indigenous science reconstruction that was based on society’s culture about the process of natural color. The expected benefit of this research was to be the contextual educational resource for teachers of science in the school. The method of this research was qualitative descriptive through visceral interviews, direct observation and document study about the traditional process of natural color. The research focused on natural color production, especially on knowledge of traditional lurik craftsman related to the raw materials of natural color and also the process of coloring lurik. The obtained data were analyzed, verified, and constructed into scientific knowledge and were interpreted to get meaningful information. The conclusion was that there was five indigenous science from natural color production which could be reconstructed into scientific knowledge and also appropriate with several competences in science education. Keywords: Indigenous Science, Natural Color Process, Lurik Klaten

Sustainable, low-cost, high-contrast electrochromic displays via host–guest interactions

Electrochromic (EC) displays with electronically regulating the transmittance of solar radiation offer the opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of the building and electronic products and improve the comfort and lifestyle of people. Despite the unique merit and vast application potential of EC technologies, long-awaited EC windows and related visual content displays have not been fully commercialized due to unsatisfactory production cost, durability, color, and complex fabrication processes. Here we develop a unique EC strategy and system based on the natural host and guest interactions to address the above issues. A completely reusable and sustainable EC device has been fabricated with potential advantages of extremely low cost, ideal user-/environment friendly property, and excellent optical modulation, which is benefited from the extracted biomass EC materials and reusable transparent electrodes involved in the system. The as-prepared EC window and nonemissive transparent display also show comprehensively excellent properties: high transmittance change (>85%), broad spectra modulation covering Ultraviolet (UV), Visible (Vis) to Infrared (IR) ranges, high durability (no attenuation under UV radiation for more than 1.5 mo), low open voltage (0.9 V), excellent reusability (>1,200 cycles) of the device's key components and reversibility (>4,000 cycles) with a large transmittance change, and pleasant multicolor. It is anticipated that unconventional exploration and design principles of dynamic host-guest interactions can provide unique insight into different energy-saving and sustainable optoelectronic applications.

Do Living Mulches or Environmental Conditions Have a Greater Impact on the External Quality of the Apple Fruit ‘Chopin’ Cultivar?

Research was carried out to assess the yield and quality of fruits from the new Polish apple tree ‘Chopin’—a ‘green peel’, scab-resistant cultivar under grass living mulch management. Blue fescue and red fescue were tested in experiment no. 1. In experiment no. 2, meadow grass and perennial ryegrass were used. Every species of grass was sown in two doses of 50 and 150 kg per ha. Herbicide fallow was introduced as a control in both experiments. Strongly variable temperatures and precipitations in the years of evaluation made it possible to estimate year—a function of variable environmental conditions—as an additional experimental factor. An unexpected effect of the presence of living mulch was its significant impact on the appearance of blush on the ‘green peel’ fruit. However, living mulches had little effect on weight and fruit size. Cool days during apple ripening enhanced the process of fruit skin red coloration. The effect of both agrotechnical and environmental factors on fruit quality was more visible in the case of less vigorous trees, which were more susceptible to experimental, stressful conditions. However, increasing the sowing dose of each grass seed did not influence red blushing, weight, or fruit size. An additional difficulty for the trees was the competition caused by the early germination of these living grass mulches, reinforced by the presence of Trifolium repens L.

Educational influence on women’s colour perception: C1 eventrelated component analysis

Objective This study aimed to investigate colour perception in women from different educational groups using an event-related potential (ERP) analysis to examine the influence of education on colour processing among women.
 Materials and methods Twenty-four age-matched women, from high-, medium-, and low-education groups (n = 8 in each group), were recruited in this study. 128-ERP net was used for the ERP study. All women presented their like or dislike for a particular colour by pressing button ‘1’ or ‘2’, respectively. Nine electrodes were chosen to analyse the amplitudes and latencies of the C1 ERP component.
 Results and Discussion We found no significant differences in the amplitudes and latencies of the C1 ERP component between groups. A smaller amplitude of the C1 component indicated good perceptual learning, and no significant change indicated spatial or featurebased neutral stimuli. In this study, no significant change in the C1 amplitude was found, and we inferred that education did not influence colour processing, as colour was possibly a featurebased neutral stimulus for women. Conclusion: Education did not influence colour perception in women.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 471-475

Towards environmental protection and safety coloration process in wool fibers: Role of disperse reactive dyes structure

Traditional wool fibers dyeing uses a huge amount of water and energy, and relies on lots of chemicals, which produces huge amounts of lower-biodegradable wastewater, and poses a great threat to the water environment. Here, to investigate the role of disperse reactive dyes structure on the dyeing properties, a sustainable waterless dyeing of wool fibers was investigated with four synthesized disperse reactive dyes by using supercritical CO2 as a non-aqueous dyeing medium. The effects of dyeing time, pressure, temperature and dye concentration on the dyeing properties were discussed. The results showed that K/S values up to 5.5 under the optimal dyeing condition of 383.15 K, 23 MPa, and 70 min were obtained, indicating shorter reaction time and higher K/S values compared to similar studies. Moreover, excellent colorfastness to soaping and rubbing up to 4–5 was displayed since nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs between the C atom on the triazine group of disperse reactive dyes and -NH2 on the cysteine of fiber macromolecules. This study provides an environmental protection and safety coloration process to produce high-quality wool fiber products by establishing the relationship between structure of disperse reactive dyes and dyeing properties of wool.

Using digital image correlation (DIC) to measure railway ballast movement in full-scale laboratory testing of sleeper lateral resistance

A fast and accurate method is described for determining the surface movement of railway ballast during a full-scale lateral resistance test. The proposed method utilises commodity camera equipment and open-source Digital Image Correlation (DIC) algorithms, to track individual ballast particles. It does not require time intensive ballast preparation. Tests have been performed under ambient and floodlit conditions, using colour and greyscale processing routes. The results are compared against direct measurements from lateral resistance tests to assess the accuracy of the proposed method, with a range of absolute maximum error between 0.9% and 3.4% under different laboratory conditions. The study shows that this technique is a viable way to track and measure ballast and sleeper movement over wide areas in near real time, which will lead to an increased understanding of the way ballast interactions influence track behaviour.

PENGGUNAAN SHAPES TOOLS PADA MICROSOFT WORD UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGGAMBAR COMIC STRIPS SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 1 PACITAN

Students’ boredom of drawing comic strips using manual techniques and the constraining condition of digital drawing devices are the results of problem identification that bring about the conduct of the current research. Hence, the research question proposed is how students’ ability in drawing comic strips can be improved by introducing them the ‘shapes tools’ available in Microsoft Word. Classroom action research of Kemmis and McTaggart model (1990) is employed to answer the research question with the research subjects of the eighth graders of SMP Negeri 1 Pacitan involved in two research cycles for three months comprising four steps in each cycle, namely (1) planning, (2) implementing, (3) observing, and (4) reflecting. Research results demonstrate that in pre-cycle condition, the average score of comic strips drawing skill is below the score of minimum mastery criteria. Having been introduced with shapes tools of Microsoft Word in research cycle 1 and 2, the average score of students’ drawing skill and the classical mastery score increase significantly. The use of ‘shapes’ and ‘shapes styles’ offers some good points in color processing: the work resembles a three-dimensional form, the process is fast, the work is easy to edit and to duplicate, the file size is small, and the work is relatively equivalent to graphic applications.

Color construction of multi-colored carbon fibers using glucose

Carbon fibers (CFs) have attracted attention in the automotive, aviation, and aerospace industries. However, the coloration of CFs is challenging due to their brittleness, inertness, complexity, and time/energy-intensive processes. Herein, inspired by the naturally grown protrusive nanostructures on the green central surface of peacock back feathers, we report an in-situ self-growing strategy for developing carbon spheres (CSs) on the CFs surface to achieve color tuning. This is achieved via the dynamic growth of CSs using glucose as the feeding material. Combined with the coloration process, the interaction between CSs and CFs promotes stable interfacial forces in integrated molding. This strategy allows the coloring system to continuously vary its color in a designated manner, thereby, endowing it with satisfactory mechanical robustness, acid durability, and light fastness. We anticipate this developed approach can be potentially competitive in the color construction of CFs with multi-colors due to its low-cost manufacturing.

Electrophysiological indexes of ingroup bias in a group Stroop task: Evidence from an event-related potential study

Although cognitive system assigns higher attentional resources to ingroup information than outgroup information, but it is unclear whether the ingroup bias can be measured by the processes that are related to allocation of attentional resources to ingroup information. Thus, a group Stroop task was developed to study the issues combining with event-related potential (ERP) technique in this study. Specifically, 34 subjects (17 female, mean age = 20.76 ± 1.26) were firstly divided into blue or red group (17 subjects for each group); then they were asked to categorize four words of Stroop task into “our team” or “other team” based on the ink color (blue/red) of the words whose meaning were also red/blue. The behavioral results showed that outgroup ink color processing was interfered by ingroup word meaning, but the ingroup ink color processing was less/not interfered by outgroup word meaning. The ERP results showed that the amplitude of frontal N100 was enhanced when more attentional resources were automatically captured by ingroup information in early stage than outgroup information; P2/N2 amplitude was reduced or enhanced when outgroup information processing was interfered by ingroup information; enhanced P3b amplitude reflected that attention could be more easily allocated to ingroup information than outgroup information based on target. This study implied a novel direction to study the neural basis of ingroup bias by investigating the roles of ingroup bias in assigning attentional resources to group information.

Design of a dual-mode ratiometric fluorescent probe via MOF-on-MOF strategy for Al (III) and pH detection

BackgroundThe construction of ratiometric fluorescent MOF sensors with integrated self-calibration and dual-channel detection can efficiently overcome the deficiencies of single-signal sensing. In this regard, the rational design of structurally functionalized MOFs is paramount for enhancing their performance in ratiometric fluorescent sensors. Lately, the concept of MOF-on-MOF design has garnered notable interest as a potential strategy for regulating the structural parameters of MOFs by integrating two or more distinct MOF types. Great efforts have been dedicated to exploring new MOF-on-MOF hybrids and developing their applications in diverse fields. Even so, these materials are still in the stage of advancement in the sensing field. ResultsHerein, a Zr-based metal-organic framework anchored on a rare-earth metal-organic framework (UiO-66(OH)2@Y-TCPP) was prepared for the ratiometric fluorescence detection toward Al (III) and pH. In this probe, the UiO-66(OH)2 featured hydroxyl active sites for Al (III), leading to a significant enhancement in fluorescence intensity upon the addition of Al (III), while the signal emitted by the red-emitting Y-TCPP, serving as the reference, remained constant. UiO-66(OH)2@Y-TCPP exhibited excellent selectivity for Al (III) sensing with a wider linear range of 0.1–1000 μM, and a lower detection limit of 0.06 μM. This probe has also been utilized for the quantitative determination of Al (III) in hydrotalcite chewable tablets with satisfactory results. In addition, the probe realized ratiometric pH sensing in the range of 7–13 using UiO-66(OH)2 as an interior reference. The paper-based probe strip was developed for visual pH sensing. By installing color recognition and processing software on a smartphone, real-time and convenient pH sensing could be achieved. SignificanceThis is the first ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Al (III) and pH detection based on a MOF-on-MOF composite probe, which yields two different response modes. The detection results of Al (III) in hydrotalcite chewable tables and smartphone imaging for pH test paper demonstrate the practicability of the probe. This work opens up a new outlook on constructing a multi-functional application platform with substantial potential for employment in environmental and biological analysis tasks.

White matter network underlying semantic processing: evidence from stroke patients.

The hub-and-spoke theory of semantic representation fractionates the neural underpinning of semantic knowledge into two essential components: the sensorimotor modality-specific regions and a crucially important semantic hub region. Our previous study in patients with semantic dementia has found that the hub region is located in the left fusiform gyrus. However, because this region is located within the brain damage in patients with semantic dementia, it is not clear whether the semantic deficit is caused by structural damage to the hub region itself or by its disconnection from other brain regions. Stroke patients do not have any damage to the left fusiform gyrus, but exhibit amodal and modality-specific deficits in semantic processing. Therefore, in this study, we validated the semantic hub region from a brain network perspective in 79 stroke patients and explored the white matter connections associated with it. First, we collected data of diffusion-weighted imaging and behavioural performance on general semantic tasks and modality-specific semantic tasks (assessing object knowledge on form, colour, motion, sound, manipulation and function). We then used correlation and regression analyses to examine the association between the nodal degree values of brain regions in the whole-brain structural network and general semantic performance in the stroke patients. The results revealed that the connectivity of the left fusiform gyrus significantly predicted general semantic performance, indicating that this region is the semantic hub. To identify the semantic-relevant connections of the semantic hub, we then correlated the white matter integrity values of each tract connected to the left fusiform gyrus separately with performance on general and modality-specific semantic processing. We found that the hub region accomplished general semantic processing through white matter connections with the left superior temporal pole, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and hippocampus. The connectivity between the hub region and the left hippocampus, superior temporal pole, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus was differentially involved in object form, colour, motion, sound, manipulation and function processing. After statistically removing the effects of potential confounding variables (i.e. whole-brain lesion volume, lesion volume of regions of interest and performance on non-semantic control tasks), the observed effects remained significant. Together, our findings support the role of the left fusiform gyrus as a semantic hub region in stroke patients and reveal its crucial connectivity in the network. This study provides new insights and evidence for the neuroanatomical organization of semantic memory in the human brain.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic dynamic profiles of endopleura coloration during fruit maturation in three walnut cultivars

BackgroundThe color of endopleura is a vital factor in determining the economic value and aesthetics appeal of nut. Walnuts (Juglans) are a key source of edible nuts, high in proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates. Walnut had a variety endopleura color as yellow, red, and purple. However, the regulation of walnut endopleura color remains little known.ResultsTo understand the process of coloration in endopleura, we performed the integrative analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes at two developmental stages of walnut endopleura. We obtained total of 4,950 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 794 metabolites from walnut endopleura, which are involved in flavonoid and phenolic biosynthesis pathways. The enrichment analysis revealed that the cinnamic acid, coniferyl alcohol, naringenin, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside were important metabolites in the development process of walnut endopleura. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the DEGs and differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways. Through co-expression analysis, CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI (chalcone isomerase), CCR (cinnamoyl CoA reductase), CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), COMT (catechol-Omethyl transferase), and 4CL (4-coumaroyl: CoA-ligase) may be the key genes that potentially regulate walnut endopleura color in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways.ConclusionsThis study illuminates the metabolic pathways and candidate genes that underlie the endopleura coloration in walnuts, lay the foundation for further study and provides insights into controlling nut’s colour.