Architectural Design Process Research Articles

Semantic modelling as a means of forming an architectural object’s artistic image

The problem of the artistic image in architecture is of great importance, which is confirmed by scientific research in this area. However, the methods of an architectural objects artistic image’s purposeful formation remain poorly understood. The method of designed object’s figurative structure semantic modeling is an effective way to search for an artistic image in the architectural design process. The technique is based on an artistic understanding of the designed object’s internal and external semantics. Concepts and archetypes of the projected object’s art-shaped structure are generated in the semantics comprehension process. Semantic modeling can be materialized in various forms, for example, in the form of a kind of matrix. The designer realizes a substantively detailed comprehension of the future object’s artistic-figurative structure by means of filling matrix cells with graphical or volumetric models. Based on the developed methodology, a series of experimental works and projects aimed at preserving and developing the Vladivostok’s architectural and artistic originality were carried out at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Far Eastern Federal University. Experimental testing has shown certain instrumental capabilities and effectiveness of this technique in working on an artistic image, both at urban planning and at volumetric levels.

Systems Architecture Design Pattern Catalogfor Developing Digital Twins.

A digital twin is a digital replica of a physical entity to which it is remotely connected. A digital twin can provide a rich representation of the corresponding physical entity and enables sophisticated control for various purposes. Although the concept of the digital twin is largely known, designing digital twins based systems has not yet been fully explored. In practice, digital twins can be applied in different ways leading to different architectural designs. To guide the architecture design process, we provide a pattern-oriented approach for architecting digital twin-based systems. To this end, we propose a catalog of digital twin architecture design patterns that can be reused in the broad context of systems engineering. The patterns support the various phases in the systems engineering life cycle process, and are described using a well-defined pattern documentation template. For illustrating the application of digital twin patterns, we adopt a multi-case study approach in the agriculture and food domain.

“SeoulHouse2Vec”: An Embedding-Based Collaborative Filtering Housing Recommender System for Analyzing Housing Preference

Housing preference is the subjective and relative preference of users toward housing alternatives and studies in the field have been conducted to analyze the housing preferences of groups with sharing the same socio-demographic attributes. However, previous studies may not suggest the preference of individuals. In this regard, this study proposes “SeoulHouse2Vec,” an embedding-based collaborative filtering housing recommendation system for analyzing atypical and nonlinear housing preference of individuals. The model maps users and items in each dense vector space which are called embedding layers. This model may reflect trade-offs between the alternatives and recommend unexpected housing items and thus improve rational housing decision-making. The model expanded the search scope of housing alternatives to the entire city of Seoul utilizing public big data and GIS data. The preferences derived from the results can be used by suppliers, individual investors, and policymakers. Especially for architects, the architectural planning and design process will reflect users’ perspective and preferences, and provide quantitative data in the housing decision-making process for urban planning and administrative units.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK OF HISTORICAL CITIES. A CASE STUDY: CITY OF SOLTANIYEH.IRAN

Unfortunately, the architecture and urbanization of the Iranian cities, especially the traditional Iranian cities in the present era, are in many cases in contrast to the historical, social, and cultural background of these cities. In this study, architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh has been explored to achieve a conceptual and sustainable architecture through a research-based library approach inference. Achieving the principles of architectural design in the historic city of Soltaniyeh. Iran is the main concern of this research. Therefore, to reach an integrated design process, previous studies and projects were examined and analyzed and the obtained data and principles, including historical, cultural, social, natural, climate, were in the design process of the real project. As a final result of this study, the integrated design process of these parameters is presented as a process of architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh.

Deep-Learning-Based Stress-Ratio Prediction Model Using Virtual Reality with Electroencephalography Data

The Reich Chancellery, built by Albert Speer, was designed with an overwhelming ambience to represent the worldview of Hitler. The interior of the Reich Chancellery comprised high-ceiling and low-ceiling spaces. In this study, the change in a person’s emotions according to the ceiling height while moving was examined through brain wave experiments to understand the stress index for each building space. The Reich Chancellery was recreated through VR, and brain wave data collected per space were processed through a first and second analysis. In the first analysis, beta wave changes related to the stress index were calculated, and the space with the highest fluctuation was analyzed. In the second analysis, the correlation between 10 different types of brain waves and waveforms was analyzed; deep-learning algorithms were used to verify the accuracy and analyze spaces with a high stress index. Subsequently, a deep-learning platform for calculating such a value was developed. The results showed that the change in stress index scores was the highest when entering from the Mosaic Hall (15 m floor height) to the Führerbunker (3 m floor height), which had the largest floor height difference. Accordingly, a stress-ratio prediction model for selecting a space with a high stress level was established by monitoring the architectural space based on brain wave information in a VR space. In the architectural design process, the ratio can be used to reflect user sensibility in the design and improve the efficiency of the design process.

‘Architects in war’: wartime destruction and architectural practice during the siege of Sarajevo

During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1996), standard practices of architectural investigation and design processes, such as visiting specific sites, became too dangerous. Located in a valley, Sarajevo was besieged for four years. It was subjected to constant military attacks. The destruction of the city followed two directions. At the same time that shelling was undoing the city’s architecture, the control and remote occupation of public space by sniper gunmen instigated the creation of ephemeral spaces for protection and survival. The military siege rescaled the urban landscape and people’s homes. In 1993, architect Zoran Doršner documented how this had also transformed the architectural programme of typical modernist dwellings into self-organised spaces. Documenting the shelling of the city and its destruction during the war, Sarajevo’s architects were directly engaged with the ‘city at war’. Relying on their experience of survival and their pre-war architectural practice, they created temporary methods for the architectural observation and documentation of the city under destruction. Ivan Štraus witnessed the destruction of the city from his terrace. He gathered his observations in a diary entitled ‘Architects and Barbarians’ (1995). In 1993, Lebbeus Woods visited Sarajevo. Taking the role of a journalist, he presented his pamphlet War and Architecture. To understand architects’ practices in the wartime city, this article revisits documents that were produced during the war. These include the abovementioned diary and pamphlet, the reports on Sarajevo’s destruction published in the special issue of ARH architecture magazine on ‘Warchitecture’ (1993), and archival photographs, sketches, and drawings. The work and role of ‘architects in war’ remains largely unexplored in architectural theory and history. Through the methods employed by Sarajevo’s architects and citizens, this article attempts to introduce a research lexicon of architectural practices and ephemeral interventions by ‘architects in war’.

Planetary Analog Field Operations as a Learning Tool

Mars and Moon analog field missions are established tools to investigate the potential of instruments, workflows, materials and human factors for characterizing the astrobiological potential and geoscientific context of planetary surfaces. Historically, there is a broad spectrum on both the scientific focus and the performance parameters for analog missions. This applies specifically where mission performance parameters of a coordinated deployment of mission assets (e.g. rovers, human crewmembers or scientific instruments) is studied. We argue that scientific priorities and workflows shall be consolidated at an early planning stage of deep space missions while they can still impact the mission architecture design process. It is to be expected that a human-robotic mission to Mars or the Moon will include multiple field assets such as human explorers, robotic vehicles including aerial reconnaissance, mobility assets, habitat modules, stationary instruments and engineering elements for power, communication and in-situ resource utilization. These require more complex asset coordination compared to single-rover planetary rover missions. Therefore, we advocate an “Exploration Cascade” which helps to manage these multiple assets to optimize the scientific return of planetary surface missions, to search for extinct and-/or for extant traces of life and to characterize the geoscientific context of the sites of interest.

An open, integrated modular format: For flexible and intelligible architecture, engineering and construction design and production

The architecture, engineering and construction sector is fragmented, and its computer-aided design systems suffer data loss and errors in workflow between design and realisation. An open source, integrated, modular format is proposed to address the technological nature of these problems. Accordingly, this research updates the notion of the modular format as a more flexible and intelligible computational design method by leveraging knowledge from the computer science and manufacturing sectors where the design and realisation process is intentional and explicit. The research design of this article comprises a theoretical approach combined with an empirical case study. Principles of modularity are extracted from the computer science and manufacturing sectors to assist with a better definition of architecture, engineering and construction computer-aided design processes that use materials and resources more efficiently and sustainably. The methodology of the modular format contributes to the emerging concept of a building lifecycle management system for the architecture, engineering and construction sector.

KAJIAN ANTITESIS HEGELIAN DALAM ARSITEKTUR


 
 
 Title: Study of Hegelian Antithesis in Architecture
 This paper tries to expose hegelian antithesis existence, that can be used as a way of thinking in architecture design process. With antithesis that lies in philosophy scope, then it needs to be settled with similar thing in architecture. The settlement will be set by using descriptive critique method. The result of the settlement can become a starting point for the usage of Hegelian antithesis in architecture design exploration. In this paper, antithesis proven to be equal with architecture of difference as bildung. Those equality shown in the architecture dialogue. With this equality, antithesis become defined and known its position in architecture.
 
 
 

Nurses' Participation in the Design of an Intensive Care Unit: The Use of Virtual Mock-Ups.

Co-design with multiple tools is useful when end users' knowledge is important, especially when designers work with people unfamiliar with design. Many studies have highlighted the importance of nurses' participation in design, and such participation requires the development of techniques and tools to facilitate collaboration. This article analyzes how nurses participated in designing a general intensive care unit in a walk-in virtual environment (VE) and examines how their work-related knowledge can be transferred to the design process of spaces. In this action research study, the design process was conducted by using virtual mock-ups, which were evaluated by multi-occupational groups in a walk-in VE. Nurses were the largest occupational group. Their work processes were under modification, since existing multi-patient rooms were being redesigned as single-patient rooms. The design of single-patient rooms was performed in three iterative cycles in the walk-in VE. The nurses could specify their requirements in the walk-in VE, and their suggestions were incorporated into the architectural design process. The nurses were satisfied with their role in the design process. Co-design with virtual mock-ups in walk-in VE is appropriate when designing new healthcare facilities and when the opinions of workers are important. Virtual mock-ups in walk-in VE can be used collaboratively, facilitating simultaneous feedback from multiple users. Virtual reality (VR) technology has evolved, and changes can be made rapidly and at a lower cost. Another advantage of VR is that it allows one to design larger spaces, thus providing larger layouts of facilities for evaluation.

Architectural Drawings New Uses in the Architectural Design Process

Architectural Drawings New Uses in the Architectural Design Process

Investigate the Sustainable Efficient Spaces in Islamic Inheritance Houses

Due to the changes are generally happened in the architecture and the architectural design process, and especially in the inheritance houses design fields. Because of the large increase in the demands for houses in the world. In Addition to that, the imported concepts and shapes from the foreign architecture in the Islamic Arabic architecture. The Islamic inheritance houses had suffered from the problem of contemporary transformations and threat urban structure. For the previous reasons this research will discuss the research problem which is; what are the characteristics of sustainable efficient spaces in Islamic inheritance houses. The research objective is to explore the sustainable traditional efficient elements to use it in the contemporary hosing; to sustain the Islamic traditional heritage and Islamic identity. This Study has a try to investigate the pheno-type and geno-type of the sustainable efficient spaces of Islamic inheritance houses (tradition inheritance houses). Research methodology will be inductive method through making surveying for the efficient spaces in selected traditional cases study in Arabian cities. Five distinguished inheritance houses in Bahrain as cases study have been selected: “Sheikh Issa Ibin ali Inheritance houses”, “Seiady Inheritance houses in Moharaq”, “the inheritance houses of Sheikh Salmaan”, “the inheritance houses of Ahmed Khalaf” and “the inheritance houses of Yusuf Redha in Manama”. These five inheritance houses are similar to many Islamic inheritance houses in Arabian cities and they are the most Islamic traditional reputed inheritance houses in the Gulf area. The study has try to investigate pheno-type, geno-type for the efficient spaces in Islamic inheritance houses. The study finds number of pheno-types, genotypes and another characteristic for sustainable efficient elements. The research finds that; the genetic features in the Islamic selected inheritance houses have three efficient spaces. The efficient spaces are “specific, specific-general and general”. Those spaces are opened to a certain courtyard, or they are sharing the same one. And probably one of the previous spaces has more than one courtyard. So; there are clear separation for these efficient spaces in the Islamic inheritance houses, through the concept of the hierarchy from (Specific spaces) then (Specific-General spaces) then to the (General spaces). All selected inheritance houses have another characteristic; they have the fact that the privacies in the ground floor is less than the privacy in the first floor.

The Application of Computer 3D Design in Green Building

In the current era, the conventional architectural design process has been difficult to adapt to the high performance and high quality requirements of green building standards. By analyzing the necessity of applying 3d design in green building design, this paper studies the feasibility of applying 3d design in green building design from the aspects of the characteristics of green building and the advantages of 3d design. The application of computer 3d technology in green building design can better highlight the economy, rationality and maneuverability of computer 3d in building design.

왕슈(王澍)의 수안산거(水岸山居) 건축 외부공간의 특성에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the design philosophy in the works of architect Wang Shu's ‘Suan Shanger’ and analyze the external spatial meaning associated with factors such as viewpoints, circulation, and materials that appear in the design process to examine the characteristics of the external space shown in Wang Shu's architecture. As a research method, first, Wang Shu's theory of architectural background and principle is considered, and the characteristics, circulation, and outer space of architectural space shown in his architectural theory and works are mainly studied. The analysis will be conducted on Wang Shu's ‘Suan Shanger’ architectural works, and will be studied by analyzing his works, essays and interviews. The introduction presents the background, purpose, scope, and method of research, and presents the framework of analysis based on his work, architectural design process, and major design vocabulary, and analyzes and organizes the exterior space implemented in ‘Suan Shanger’ architecture in three aspects based on this framework. Wang shu's architecture has three characteristics: first, the expression of the outer space by the point of view unfolds according to the direction of the user's circulation, and this point is not only considered at one point, but it is composed of three different perspectives (Look up, Deep, and Plain). Second, the diverse circulations of the outer space induce the users' various visual changes and spatial experiences. Third, the material composition of the outer space solved the problem by extracting ideas based on tradition and finding a way to respond by harmonizing them with modern architectural materials. Wang Shu, the representative of Chinese architecture, shows his values and guidelines by combining his architectural design with landscape and city through the external space embodied in ‘Suan Shanger’.

Design Thinking to Familiarize Hearing-Impaired Architectural Drafting Students with Human-Centered Design Concept

Purpose Developing a human-centered design understanding in built environment-related professions and enabling them to encompass diversity are crucial for the improvement of more inclusive environments. Considering the value of guiding experiences of people with disabilities for more inclusive design practice and increasing the awareness of professionals with disabilities in design and building practice plays a key role in achieving this goal. There is a growing effort to implement inclusive and universal design issues to the educational programs of design and related disciplines for about two decades. Contrary to the developments in the pedagogy of “core” design disciplines, human-centered design perspective seems not to be widespread enough in the education of so-called “peripheral” occupations of design, like architectural drafting, especially in Turkey. Design Thinking (DT) approach, which is defined as a way of thinking, is in fact widely used in the design-related fields. In such a need of human-centered and creative problem solving, the approach seems to provide a potential to raise awareness about user-oriented design in such peripheral occupations like architectural drafting education. Considering the widening use of strategies of DT also in non-design fields, the research out of which this article comes from involves a special adaption of the approach. Departing from the ultimate aim “to raise awareness of hearing-impaired architectural drafting students about user oriented architectural design,” it applies the strategies of the DT to this special case and reports the process and its findings, hence not only providing a special instance of the model but also revealing its potential contribution to peripheral or non-design disciplines. Design/Methodology/Approach Since it particularly focuses on understanding of human behavior, provides flexible and holistic tools to investigate such phenomena and since it is based on a systematic and reflective process, the present research was carried out through qualitative research approach and its tools. Findings Study showed that in relation to hearing-impaired students’ underlined need for getting familiarized with the process of architectural design and focusing on human-centered design approach, present application of Design Thinking strategy worked effectively to provide basic information about architectural design, design process, and related tasks and user needs as well, as part of design process for hearing-impaired architectural drafting students with a certain level of hearing loss and language ability. Research Limitations/Implications Since the research was embedded within the existing educational system, data collection and observation processes had to be defined according to these boundaries. Also the students’ level of language abilities and their limited background about their field of study, because that they were first year students were the main limitations of the study. Apart from its aforementioned outcome, the research was a means of expanding the application of the initial DT model, and it could be seen as a contribution to the existing studies concerning the education of the hearing-impaired students. In general, the research illustrated that DT, as a carefully developed approach to be employed particularly for non-design occupations, could also be effectively used to teach design process for disabled design professionals. Consequently, it is thought that it could be applied to the formulation of courses such as; environmental design, design for all, inclusive design, as well as be utilized for students developing empathy with users, familiarizing with observation and interview techniques, and as a means of quick and systematic problem solving sessions. Practical Implications As it might be expected the study primarily contributes to the education of the hearing-impaired students. It helped students to develop an understanding of design process as well as develop their professional schemata (i.e. their conceptual vocabulary). As a research it provides a foundational knowledge concerning application of DT strategies in a specific field of study. Social Implications By nature, one of the basic problems confronting students with disabilities is to make them an integrated part of the society, from daily life to some specialized situations such as professional life and their education. Researcher strongly believes that this study has had implications as such although it was not primarily involved with such a goal. Originality/Value As it might be guessed the present study might be considered as a part of and a contribution to a larger research tradition evolving around the Design Thinking approach, i.e. its application and adaptation to different areas and field, and development of the strategy itself. On the other hand, since it adapts and applies DT to a specific case, and an original problem situation, actually a very rarely addressed one. As such, while it might be considered as a special contribution to that specific tradition, at the same time its primary contribution is to the education of the hearing-impaired students, and its pedagogy.

Material-based computational design (MCD) in sustainable architecture

Today material is the driving force in architectural design processes run by Computational Design (CD). The architect may lead the design process and its outputs by analysing material type and properties, as well as constraints, at the beginning of the process. This article reviews the state of the art in Material-based Computational Design (MCD) and aims to analyse the role of materials in efficient and sustainable MCD processes. A set of critical projects developed over the past decade have been selected and grouped based on how material is incorporated into the process. In the process, three main categories are identified—namely, Material Performance, Informed Materials and Programming Materials. Based on predefined criteria on efficiency (E) and sustainability (S) in architectural design processes, the projects are analysed to calculate their E + S ratings. The analysis identifies two principal approaches implemented in MCD. One focuses on integrating material properties with other critical parameters—including form, performance and fabrication. The other concerns enhancing material properties by designing new materials. The analysis verifies that MCD generates both efficient and sustainable design solutions. By using CD in architectural design processes, existing materials can be re-interpreted and innovative materials can be produced to achieve new spatial experiences and meanings.

Use of electroencephalogram and long short-term memory networks to recognize design preferences of users toward architectural design alternatives☆

Abstract In this study, we propose an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based long short-term memory networks model for recognizing user preferences toward architectural design images. An EEG is an approach that records the electrical activity in the brain, and EEG-based affection recognition is a technique used for quantitatively recognizing human emotion by analysing the recorded signals. Decision-makers’ subjective reactions toward architectural design alternatives may play a key role in the architectural planning and design stage. In this regard, the proposed model enables the quantitative recognition of their preferences and supports architects in the planning and design stages. The suggested model classifies the recorded data using a deep-learning technique. To build the model, an EEG recording experiment was conducted with 18 subjects, who were asked to select their most/least preferred images among eight images of small-housing design. Post recording, a positive and negative affect schedule questionnaire was distributed to the subjects to rate their affection. Google TensorFlow and Keras were used to structure the model. After training, precision, recall, and f1 score metrics were used to evaluate and validate the model. This model can help designers to evaluate design alternatives in terms of decision-making. Moreover, as this model uses biosignal data, which is universal to humans, architectural design processes for children, the elderly, etc., may be supported. Furthermore, a data-driven design database may be proposed in a future research for cross-validating with previous methods such as interviews and observations.

KAJIAN ANTITESIS HEGELIAN DALAM ARSITEKTUR


 
 
 Title: Study of Hegelian Antithesis in Architecture
 This paper tries to expose hegelian antithesis existence, that can be used as a way of thinking in architecture design process. With antithesis that lies in philosophy scope, then it needs to be settled with similar thing in architecture. The settlement will be set by using descriptive critique method. The result of the settlement can become a starting point for the usage of Hegelian antithesis in architecture design exploration. In this paper, antithesis proven to be equal with architecture of difference as bildung. Those equality shown in the architecture dialogue. With this equality, antithesis become defined and known its position in architecture.
 
 

RETRACTED: Mobile-based education design for teaching and learning platform based on virtual reality

As a new teaching medium, virtual reality technology has been widely used in the field of education due to the characteristics of immersiveness, imagination, and interactivity, thereby changing the previous teaching concepts and teaching models. Mobile learning has developed rapidly due to its characteristics of mobility, personalization, fragmentation, and hypermedia. Based on the characteristics of the two, we innovatively propose the application of virtual reality technology to the development and construction of mobile learning platforms. This article analyzes the application advantages of virtual reality technology in mobile learning first; proposes design ideas, development tools, architecture design, functional design, and development process of the virtual reality-based mobile learning platform second; displays some of the virtual reality-based mobile learning platforms that have been completed subsequently. Various teaching practice activities have been carried out based on these platforms and achieved good results.

Exploring KPIS Utilization Effects on Decision Making for the Architectural Design Process in Industrial Buildings

Abstract The paper presents the influence of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) on decision making during the architectural design process. In the beginning, the researcher selected a functional complex of industrial nature for the test and defined five criteria for evaluating the architectural design and then created two categories of result and process indicators to explore the decision making during the design process through Verbal Protocol Analysis (VPA). Two groups of subjects attended the VPA, while one group received the indicators; the other one did not receive the indicators. The protocols were transcribed and encoded to make the comparison more efficient. At the same time, the jury evaluated the sketches separately to check the previous results. The study indicates that the indicators were affecting the decision making and design process and design product simultaneously. First of all, framing decisions were made more organized and mature and at the same time increased in numbers, the key decisions were evaluated easier and in some cases divided into smaller decisions related to one or more criteria and then merged into a final concept, the enabler decision making was done more efficiently and faster because of better thought key decisions and the use of indicators for control. The design process, although still has iterative nature. However, iteration was done in smaller cycles due to the use of result indicators for evaluation and process indicators to lead the process. Indicators facilitate idea generation, and the whole process is without difficulties. The design quality assessment by the jury shows the improvement in the final quality of design outcome in specific aspects related to indicators.