Intensification Of Production Processes Research Articles

Process Intensification for Production of Ethyl Lactate from Fermentation-Derived Magnesium Lactate: A Preliminary Design

Abstract Ethyl lactate is widely used as a solvent for several industries and usually produced by esterifaciton of lactic acid with ethanol. In order to lower its production cost, attempt to synthesis this ester directly from lactate salt produced by bacterial fermentation was made. In this work, reactive distillation process for small-scale synthesis of ethyl lactate from esterification of fermentation-derived magnesium lactate with ethanol was designed and simulated using Aspen Plus simulator equipped with RADFRAC module. Non-ideality of the reaction components was represented by UNIQUAC property model. Specification and optimum conditions of reactive distillation and fractional distillation units in the proposed process scheme were obtained. Under the process scheme and operating conditions proposed in this work, approximately 96.13% of lactic acid was converted and 95.76% yield of ethyl lactate was achieved.

Process Intensification for Production and Recovery of Biological Products

Bioprocesses are important biological reactions which need several sophisticated methods and equipment to produce many novel and important compounds which some of them are traditionally produced by synthetic chemical reactions. In bioprocesses, the products are often produced in a dilute environment and finally they require a high purity. Because of that, downstream processes are usually included a large number of separation steps. Size and capital costs of the equipment are two main limitations of using bioprocesses at industrial scale. Bioprocess intensification by minimizing, substitution, moderation and simplification of the methods and equipment, drastically leads to sustainable processes. This study looks at intensification of the emerging equipment and operational methods and their advantages to lead smaller and cleaner bioprocess plants which in turn, increases production efficiency and quality and decreases byproducts formation, capital cost and energy consumption.

The impact of starter culture on the pH and the content of lactic and volatile fatty acids in boiled-smoked sausages

This paper reviews the effects of starter cultures with lactic acid bacteria as a factor of increasing quality and intensifi cation of production processes in durable boiled – smoked sausages, type of Burgas. In this regard, the impact of starter cultures in the fi lling, their role in changing the pH value, the content of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids were tested. The two types of starter were used: pure cultures Bifi dobacterium longum (B2), and mixed cultures Bifi dobacterium longum (B2) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L6), ratio 2 : 1. To test their impact in stimulating technological process we have produced 10 kg product model of boiled – smoked sausage durable type of Burgas. During the process of draining and drying, an increase in the number of lactobacilli and bifi d bacteria was recorded. The test results show that the minimum pH value was detected in the period of intensive growth of microorganisms from the starter culture. pH values depend on the composition of starter cultures. Also, rapid decline of pH in the experimental samples with mixed starter cultures was recorded. Considering the amount of lactic acid, intense formation of lactic acid was detected in experimental samples, especially with mixed starter cultures. The results of the examination of the content of volatile fatty acids show that during the process of drying in all of the samples an increase in the value was observed, even a more intensive one in the test samples. Keywords: meat products, starter cultures, рН, volatile fatty acids.

SOLUTION OF URGENT INTENSIFICATION PROBLEMS IN DAIRYING OF THE REGIONS OF LATVIA

In Latvian rural regions, the dairying, being a widespread kind of economic activities and the most significant source of income of the rural household, determines that to social economic, technological and ecological aspects of this kind of production there must be paid a constant attention also by the scientists, in line with the professionals, entrepreneurs and politicians. The paper contains long term research results on the topicalities of intensifying of dairying in Latvia in the context of comparatively high proportion of dairying in the economy of the country, the growing necessity of carrying out of different intensification undertakings in dairy-farming, the activities of dairy farms and their diverse competitiveness in Latvian rural regions. The aim of the paper is to take a closer look at urgent intensification developments and processes in the dairying of Latvian rural regions. The analysis of differences in intensity of milk yield in Latvian regions, on the basis of comparing them with corresponding indices in other countries of the EU, working under similar agro-climatic and economic conditions, showed that the results of undertakings of intensification were influenced negatively by the recession. The research provided the possibility to to find out the common and distinctive factors, influencing the intensification arrangements carried out by the dairies, taking into account the advantages and rapid changes in the rural regions. On the basis of the complex of factors related to intensification of production processes in dairy farms, there was possible to elaborate a functional model that may be adapted to certain peculiarities of the rural regions of Latvia. The paper, as examples, includes such kind of the functional model of Zemgale region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.8.6829

Energy use and carbon dioxide emission analysis in sugarcane farms: a survey on Haft-Tappeh Sugarcane Agro-Industrial Company in Iran

Abstract Energy use, natural resources use and corresponding pollution impacts are indicators of production process intensification. On the other hand, population growth and the need for more amounts of food with safer and cleaner quality have encouraged producers to improve their energy efficiency at its height. The aim of this study was to examine energy input in per hectare of sugarcane production in ratooning and planted systems of Iran. The study was performed in Haft-Tappeh Sugarcane Agro-Industrial Company situated in southern region of Iran in 2012. As a result of this study, total energy expenditure was about 198 GJ ha −1 and 43% of that was consumed directly and about 57% was indirect energy form in planted farms. The input–output energy ratio and energy productivity indices were also calculated as 1.18 and 0.63 kg MJ −1 respectively. In ratoon farms, the total energy use and the shares for direct and indirect forms of energy were nearly 144 GJ ha −1 , 33% and 67%, respectively. The lower energy use in ratoon farms can be attributed to lack of land preparation operations need and sugarcane stalk cuttings use. The quantity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of inputs for the planted and ratoon systems i.e. CO 2eq emitted from sugarcane production operations were therefore 8.2 ton ha −1 and averagely 6.3 ton ha −1 , respectively. As a recommendation, decreasing machinery operations by applying zero or no tillage systems, modern irrigation systems and renewable energy sources can lead to improve energy efficiency and consequently diminish the GHG emissions.

Process intensification in lactic acid production: A review of membrane based processes

Lactic acid the most widely occurring hydroxy-carboxylic acid has traditionally been used as food preservative and acidulent. So long, it has been produced through either chemical synthesis route or fermentation route the latter being the dominating one. Despite its tremendous potential for large scale production and use in a wide variety of applications, cost-effective production of high purity lactic acid has remained a challenge for decades, mainly due to high downstream processing cost. In the recent years, possibility of integration of highly selective membranes with the conventional fermentors has opened a golden opportunity for full commercial exploitation of the tremendous application potential of this wonder chemical. This paper discusses recent developments of such membrane-based processes representing process intensification in production of monomer grade lactic acid while suggesting a very promising production scheme.

Controle alternativo de nematódeos gastrintestinais dos ruminantes: atualidade e perspectivas

Infecções por nematódeos gastrintestinais causam prejuízos significativos à produção de ruminantes. A intensificação do processo produtivo tende a agravar os efeitos das parasitoses. O fácil acesso do produtor a anti-helmínticos, aliado à falta de orientação profissional adequada, tem levado ao uso indiscriminado destes fármacos e, conseqüentemente, à resistência parasitária, reduzindo a eficácia do tratamento. Soma-se a isso, a tendência pela valorização dos produtos orgânicos, originários de sistemas de produção em que o uso dos quimioterápicos é restrito ou proibido. Este contexto aumenta a importância do controle alternativo baseado em: manejo do rebanho e das pastagens, controle biológico dos parasitas, estímulo à resposta imunológica do hospedeiro e fitoterapia. Há alguns métodos promissores para utilização futura e outros viáveis para aplicação imediata, os quais, combinados com os anti-helmínticos convencionais, podem garantir sucesso e sustentabilidade no controle das nematodíases.

Energy utilization in crop and dairy production in organic and conventional livestock production systems

Searching for livestock production systems with a high energy utilization is of interest because of resource use and pollution aspects and because energy use is an indicator of the intensification of production processes. Due to interactions between crop and livestock enterprises and between levels of different input factors and their effects on yields, it is proposed to analyze agricultural energy utilization through system modelling of data from farm studies. Energy use in small grains, grass-clover and fodder beets registered in organic and conventional mixed dairy farms was analyzed and used together with crop yields in order to model energy prices on three Danish soil types. Conventional crop yields were higher but they also used more indirect energy with input factors, especially fertilizers. The conventional yields were not sufficiently higher to compensate for the extra use of energy compared with the organic crops. The organic crops had lower energy prices on all soil types, with the smallest difference on irrigated sandy soils. Sensitivity analyses were made for the effects of changes in irrigation and fertilizer levels. One conclusion was that better energy utilization in grain crops might be found at intermediate levels of fertilizer use, especially on irrigated soils. Actual farm diesel use was on average 47% higher than expected from standard values, suggesting that care should be taken when basing energetic analysis of farming methods on experimental data alone. On the same farms, the energy use in dairy production registered in organic and conventional mixed dairy farms was analyzed and used together with milk and meat yields in order to model energy prices for three different feeding strategies and two soil types. Conventional dairy production is more intensive with a greater feeding ration and a higher proportion of high-protein feed, but has also higher yields. The conventional yields were not sufficiently higher to compensate for the extra use of energy compared with the organic feeding ration. However, the lower energy price in organic dairy production is dependent on the composition of the feeding strategy. Substitution of 500 SFU of grain with grass pellets makes an ordinary organic feeding ration based on conventional crop production competable. In general, the crop energy price models can be used together with the dairy production to model the effects of different feeding and crop rotation strategies on the overall energy utilization in mixed dairy production systems.

Intensification of production processes in the tube-rolling shop

Intensification of production processes in the tube-rolling shop