Agricultural Processes Research Articles

Compressed stabilised earth block synergistically valorising municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and sisal fiber: Strength, durability and life cycle analysis

Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) represent an eco-friendly substitute for traditional building materials, predominantly utilizing earth. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) is a by-product of municipal waste treatment that can be creatively repurposed in construction projects. This research explores integrating MSWIBA as a substitute for Earth in CSEB production to conserve natural resources and repurpose waste, potentially reducing its landfill disposal. The sisal fibers (SF), often regarded as by-products of agricultural processes, offer an intriguing research material. The SF was treated with a 5 % NaOH alkaline solution to improve the CSEB bonding, increasing the flexural strength. The study aims to determine the optimal mix of stabilizers, in addition to a 10 % cement content, using various percentages of MSWIBA (10–40 % by weight of dry sand) and SF content (0.25–1 % by weight of dry soil). These blocks undergo comprehensive tests to determine their strength and durability. Wet and dry compression, flexural tests and indirect tensile tests were used to assess strength qualities, while wetting-drying cycles and acid exposure were used to determine durability. MSWIBA replaces 20 % sand in CSEB satisfying the strength. However, exceeding this amount increases void content and lowers strength, emphasizing the importance of balanced proportions for best performance. The 20 % MSWIBA and 0.75 % SF combination enhanced the compressive strength by 6.45 MPa, flexural strength by 0.92 MPa and water absorption by less than 18 %. The durability test displayed increases in compressive strength of 14.7 % and flexural strength of 93.48 % and optimized water absorption rate. Furthermore, microstructural analysis has been performed on CSEBs and the results highlight the importance of balanced cement and SF proportions for structural integrity. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) investigation shows that construction costs using CSEB are 12.24 % higher than those with FCBs. Additionally, the study suggests that CSEB with MSWIBA and SF will be an environmentally sustainable construction material, considering factors such as energy usage, Global Warming Potential, and other environmental considerations

Improving business processes in the agricultural sector considering economic security, digitalization, risks, and artificial intelligence

The study aimed to address ways to improve the efficiency of agribusiness through the introduction of modern technologies and innovative approaches. The methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of financial indicators, analytical reviews, and specific examples of technology implementation were used to achieve this goal. The study emphasises the impact of digitalisation of the agricultural sector on improving economic security, efficiency and competitiveness. The introduction of digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things, process automation and precision farming, is helping to optimise production processes, reduce costs and improve product quality. The study results show that the concept of smart farming significantly increases the efficiency of agribusiness. The use of Big Data, blockchain technologies, drones and satellite technologies provides better management of agribusiness, while artificial intelligence helps to predict yields and optimise agricultural processes. Risk management in the agricultural sector, including insurance and financial instruments to hedge price fluctuations, is a key factor in enhancing economic stability. The experience of leading global companies such as John Deere, Agricultural Bank of China, Fruition Sciences, TE-FOOD and FieldView has shown the effectiveness of digital technologies and innovations in improving efficiency and sustainable development. Particular attention is devoted to the problems and prospects for the introduction of modern technologies in the agricultural sector of Ukraine on the example of Myronivsky Hliboproduct. An integrated model for improving the business processes of Myronivsky Hliboproduct is proposed, including the digitalisation of production processes, the introduction of blockchain technologies, the use of AI and risk management. Necessary steps to overcome existing challenges, such as insufficient funding for innovation, infrastructure constraints, staff training and cybersecurity, were determined. The implementation of the proposed measures will allow the company to become a leader in the implementation of innovations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, increase competitiveness and ensure sustainable development in the future

The agricultural decision process in a small tank cascade system in Sri Lanka: diagnosing options for adaptive governance

Small Tank Cascade Systems (STCS) are interconnected small reservoirs constructed in shallow valleys in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. STCS have assumed heightened significance for their potential contribution to climate adaptation of agricultural systems. Local communities managed STCS to store water by capturing seasonal rain and cultivating crops that suited local conditions over millennia. The British colonial centralisation of STCS governance led to the degradation and deterioration of STCS. Contemporary water governance literature identifies STCSs as complex multifunctional systems. Adaptive co-management (ACM) approaches can reconcile complex resource governance issues by combining co-management with co-governance. We studied Palugaswewa STCS in North Central Sri Lanka to explore farmer and government officials' views, perceptions, knowledge, and experiences about agricultural decision-making including current governance, issues, and proposed improvements seeking evidence for ACM in practice. We interviewed eleven farmers and four extension officials selected from the analysis preceding this research. Our results show that an informal decision process (pre-cultivation meeting) precedes and informs the formal decision process (cultivation meeting), farmers use their collective knowledge and experience to anticipate seasonal weather and plan cultivation, and government officials facilitate a community-led decision process with institutional limitations. We concluded that the informal process compensates for the lack of timely meteorological information, allows space for sharing and co-development of knowledge and facilitates ACM. Future governance interventions in STCS need to recognise informal processes that drive decision-making, provide timely user-centred meteorological information, and rethink legal frameworks at local and national levels to provide flexibility for local farmers.

An ensemble deep learning models approach using image analysis for cotton crop classification in AI-enabled smart agriculture

BackgroundAgriculture is one of the most crucial assets of any country, as it brings prosperity by alleviating poverty, food shortages, unemployment, and economic instability. The entire process of agriculture comprises many sectors, such as crop cultivation, water irrigation, the supply chain, and many more. During the cultivation process, the plant is exposed to many challenges, among which pesticide attacks and disease in the plant are the main threats. Diseases affect yield production, which affects the country’s economy. Over the past decade, there have been significant advancements in agriculture; nevertheless, a substantial portion of crop yields continues to be compromised by diseases and pests. Early detection and prevention are crucial for successful crop management.MethodsTo address this, we propose a framework that utilizes state-of-the-art computer vision (CV) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, specifically deep learning (DL), for detecting healthy and unhealthy cotton plants. Our approach combines DL with feature extraction methods such as continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT). The detection process involved employing pre-trained models such as AlexNet, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, and VGG-19. Implemented models performance was analysed based on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-Score, and Confusion matrices. Moreover, the proposed framework employed ensemble learning framework which uses averaging method to fuse the classification score of individual DL model, thereby improving the overall classification accuracy.ResultsDuring the training process, the framework achieved better performance when features extracted from CWT were used as inputs to the DL model compared to features extracted from FFT. Among the learning models, GoogleNet obtained a remarkable accuracy of 93.4% and a notable F1-score of 0.953 when trained on features extracted by CWT in comparison to FFT-extracted features. It was closely followed by AlexNet and InceptionV3 with an accuracy of 93.4% and 91.8% respectively. To further improve the classification accuracy, ensemble learning framework achieved 98.4% on the features extracted from CWT as compared to feature extracted from FFT.ConclusionThe results show that the features extracted as scalograms more accurately detect each plant condition using DL models, facilitating the early detection of diseases in cotton plants. This early detection leads to better yield and profit which positively affects the economy.

Modern Agriculture Development Case in Gobleg Village Banjar Subdistrict Buleleng Regency, Bali Province

The challenges of Indonesia's agricultural development today are climate change and potential droughts. This research aims to analyze the modern agricultural development of the Gobleg Village Case of Banjar district of Buleleng. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Determination of informants using snowball sampling and data collection methods is done with in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis using interactive model analysis of Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results of the research show the selection of commodities based on potential income, level of market demand, knowledge, land characteristics and socio-cultural characteristics. The agricultural production process ranges from land processing to post-harvest harvesting. Farmers have already implemented eco-friendly farming by implementing IoT-based fertigation. Institutional support consists of marketing, financing, technical guidance and social capital. The marketing of products is facilitated by the Gobleg PMK cooperation in cooperation with Bali Organic Subak, the marketing is done online with the Fresh Boss application. The cooperation provides facilitation of means of production with the payment system after harvest. In terms of social capital, farmers still exist doing gotong royong in land processing. Farmers are already able to leverage technology like smartphones that are integrated with IoT-based fertigation.

Modern Agriculture Development Case in Gobleg Village Banjar Subdistrict Buleleng Regency, Bali Province

The challenges of Indonesia's agricultural development today are climate change and potential droughts. This research aims to analyze the modern agricultural development of the Gobleg Village Case of Banjar district of Buleleng. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Determination of informants using snowball sampling and data collection methods is done with in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis using interactive model analysis of Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results of the research show the selection of commodities based on potential income, level of market demand, knowledge, land characteristics and socio-cultural characteristics. The agricultural production process ranges from land processing to post-harvest harvesting. Farmers have already implemented eco-friendly farming by implementing IoT-based fertigation. Institutional support consists of marketing, financing, technical guidance and social capital. The marketing of products is facilitated by the Gobleg PMK cooperation in cooperation with Bali Organic Subak, the marketing is done online with the Fresh Boss application. The cooperation provides facilitation of means of production with the payment system after harvest. In terms of social capital, farmers still exist doing gotong royong in land processing. Farmers are already able to leverage technology like smartphones that are integrated with IoT-based fertigation.

Extraction and Structural Analysis of Sweet Potato Pectin and Characterization of Its Gel.

Pectin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, data on sweet potato pectin extraction and structural property analyses are lacking. Here, for the high-value utilization of agricultural processing waste, sweet potato residue, a byproduct of sweet potato starch processing, was used as raw material. Ammonium oxalate, trisodium citrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, hydrochloric acid and citric acid were used as extractants for the pectin constituents, among which ammonium oxalate had a high extraction rate of sweet potato pectin, low ash content and high molecular weight. Structural and gelation analyses were conducted on ammonium oxalate-extracted purified sweet potato pectin (AMOP). Analyses showed that AMOP is a rhamnogalacturonan-I-type pectin, with a molecular weight of 192.5 kg/mol. Chemical titration and infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that AMOP is a low-ester pectin, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopy demonstrated its linear molecular structure. Gelation studies have revealed that Ca2+ is the key factor for gel formation, and that sucrose significantly enhanced gel hardness. The highest AMOP gel hardness was observed at pH 4, with a Ca2+ concentration of 30 mg/g, pectin concentration of 2%, and sucrose concentration of 40%, reaching 128.87 g. These results provide a foundation for sweet potato pectin production and applications.

Co-designing sustainable biochar business models with sub-Saharan African communities for inclusive socio-economic transformation

Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) encounter multiple livelihood challenges. Embracing circular bioeconomy principles, particularly considering agricultural and food processing residues, could enable inclusive, locally led, sustainable development pathways within rural communities. Biochar products are one such example of a bio-based material that can be generated using circular principles and deployed for sustainable community development, including among smallholder farmers. This research leverages empirical evidence from four SSA regions to explore the potential of inclusive and sustainable biochar business models, namely: (i) Northern Region, Ghana, (ii) Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire, (iii) Casamance, Senegal, and (iv) Western Region, Uganda. Co-creation workshops using the Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas framework were carried out in each region with local stakeholders to evaluate the social, ecological, and economic implications of four locally relevant biochar applications: water filtration, biogas purification, soil amendment, and cooking fuel briquettes. Data was analysed at an aggregate level for all regions and applications. The study describes this consolidated biochar business model and examines the implications for SSA communities. The resulting sustainable bio-based business model can guide value chain actors and policymakers in SSA communities towards rural sustainable development with a better understanding of the needs, opportunities, challenges, and impacts of biochar-based value chain development.

Intensifying Cadmium remediation: the impact of synergy between Crambe abyssinica and plant growth-promoting microorganisms

Cd, a toxic metal, is naturally found in the environment and is exacerbated by human activities such as mining, agriculture, and industrial processes. Its contamination in soils poses serious risks to human health and ecosystems, prompting the need for effective remediation strategies. This study focuses on the use of Crambe abyssinica, an oilseed plant known for its tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, including Cd contamination, for phytoremediation of contaminated soils, associated with bioremediation through plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The study involved growing Crambe in vitro. Methods included seed asepsis, substrate contamination with various Cd concentrations, and inoculation with beneficial microorganisms such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bacillus subtilis along with Bacillus megaterium, Azospirillum. brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma harzianum. Data such as plant length and root area were measured, and the nutrient and Cd content in the plants were assessed. Results indicated that inoculation with microorganisms significantly enhanced the nutrient content in Crambe plants, even under different Cd concentrations. Notably, A. brasilense and P. fluorescens were particularly effective, not only increasing nutrient uptake but also enhancing Cd accumulation in the plants, which is crucial for phytoremediation. The presence of these microorganisms also led to a significant reduction in the Cd concentration in the substrate, showcasing their potential in bioaugmentation. The study highlights the efficacy of using Crambe abyssinica in conjunction with specific microorganisms for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. The synergistic effects of these plant-microorganism interactions not only promote plant growth and health but also enhance the phytoextraction of Cd, offering a sustainable solution to soil contamination. Future research should focus on optimizing these interactions and exploring their applications in larger-scale environmental remediation projects.

Environmentally sound recycling of agricultural waste: A sustainable approach to develop bio-functional art textile

The agricultural processing industry produces a large amount of waste on a global scale whose disposal is simultaneously a nuisance and of special interest. The by-products are rich in bioactive phytoconstituents that might be beneficial to the production of bio-functional textiles. The present work uses agricultural wastes for the eco-friendly dyeing of woolen yarns. Response surface methodology based on 23- Central Composite Design was used to design experiments, evaluate the main dyeing parameters, develop efficient mathematical models to predict the dyeing process, and optimize the procedure. The quadratic regression models developed were found to be statistically significant using ANOVA, with R2 -value of 0.9734 and 0.9820 for color strength and lightness responses, respectively. Also, eye-soothing tone and hues with a good resistance to durability (4–5) and light (4) were achieved. The banana shell and gallnut bio-mordants improved UV protection by up to 25.33% and 59.79%, respectively. Generally speaking, the results showed that C. Oblonga leaf as well as gallnut and banana shells could be used as whole crop products in an ecologically sound textile dyeing process through a sustainable approach and that the proposed innovative application might serve as an attractive procedure for recycling and green waste management.

Data-Driven decision making in agriculture and business: The role of advanced analytics

Advanced analytics has revolutionized decision-making processes in agriculture and business by harnessing data-driven insights to optimize operations, manage risks, and drive innovation. This paper explores the transformative role of advanced analytics in these sectors, highlighting key benefits, challenges, and future directions. In agriculture, advanced analytics enables precision farming by integrating AI, IoT sensors, and satellite imagery. Predictive models forecast crop yields, optimize irrigation, and enhance soil management practices, improving productivity and sustainability. Similarly, advanced analytics supports strategic decision-making in business by analyzing consumer behavior, predicting market trends, and optimizing supply chain operations. However, adopting advanced analytics faces challenges such as data quality, technical expertise, cost constraints, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges requires investments in data infrastructure, talent development, and regulatory compliance to ensure secure and ethical data usage. Emerging trends include AI-driven automation, blockchain for supply chain transparency, and augmented analytics for democratizing data access. Recommendations for stakeholders include investing in data capabilities, fostering collaborative partnerships, and promoting a culture of data-driven decision making. In conclusion, advanced analytics offers profound opportunities to enhance efficiency, inform decision making, and drive sustainable growth in agriculture and business. Embracing these technologies is essential for organizations seeking to thrive in a data-driven economy. Keywords: Advanced Analytics, Precision Farming, Predictive Analytics, Data-driven Decision Making, Business Intelligence.

Systematic analysis of hyperspectral imaging and intelligent sensor systems in multiscale agriculture

This article delves into the systematic analysis of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology (HSI) and Intelligent Sensor Systems in the context of multiscale agriculture, showcasing their critical role in enhancing efficiency and sustainability in agricultural production amid the challenges posed by global population growth. It highlights the pressing need to optimize agricultural processes through advanced technologies to tackle issues such as resource scarcity and environmental pollution. By presenting case studies, the article illustrates the effective integration of HSI and intelligent sensors in key agricultural processessoil analysis, crop monitoring, and pest detectionunderscoring their significance in advancing precision agriculture. The discussion extends to the potentials of data fusion and decision support systems in elevating crop yield and quality. Concluding, the paper emphasizes that despite facing hurdles like technical barriers and maintenance costs, the application of these technologies not only boosts production efficiency and precision but also contributes to agricultural sustainability, underlining the importance of continued research and innovation for a more sustainable and efficient agricultural future.

Optimization of keratin hydrolysis from sheep wool waste for enhanced crop performance: A sustainable approach in agriculture

Protein hydrolysates have emerged as potent enhancers of agricultural productivity, attributed to their nitrogen and amino acid richness. This study focuses on extracting keratin from sheep wool waste via water-based hydrolysis, aiming for eco-friendly alternatives to chemical methods. To refine this process, a novel response surface methodology integrating a Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was devised, centering on temperature and hydrolysis time as pivotal factors affecting yield. Optimization yielded an impressive 99% w/v hydrolysis yield, with a fixed solid-liquid ratio (15:100 w/v) yielding 18.72 g/l of total nitrogen extraction. Analysis revealed a dominant presence of phenylalanine, noted for its role in plant water conservation. Agricultural trials demonstrated the hydrolysate's efficacy in enhancing maize crop physiology, evidenced by increased leaf surface area and fresh and dry plant weights across varied application rates. These results underscore the value of this innovative valorization process in agriculture. By harnessing keratin from sheep wool waste through water-based hydrolysis, the study proposes a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical techniques. The optimization of key parameters and subsequent positive impacts on maize crop physiology illustrate the potential of this approach to foster sustainable agricultural practices.

Penyuluhan Dunia Kampus Pertanian Kepada Siswa-Siswa Jurusan APHP (Agribisnis Hasil Pengolahan Pertanian) Di SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara

Department of Agricultural Processing Products is one of the departments at SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara which prioritizes practice as well as theory. Students of the Department of Agricultural Processing Products are not only intended to work directly but are also encouraged to continue their higher education on campus. The lack of information on the campus world, especially in a field that is linear with the Department of Agribusiness of Agricultural Processing Products, namely agriculture, makes it less difficult for students to know the real campus world. Moreover, the teachers of SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara have not been able to explain the campus world in detail due to the limited time focused on teaching the material. Therefore, a community service activity was carried out by Agricultural Campus Lecturers from Muria Kudus University, Muhammadiyah Purwokerto University and Muhammadiyah Tegal University in the form of counseling about the world of agricultural campuses to students of SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara. The counseling techniques carried out are by presenting materials, introducing the campus world with videos and discussions. The activity was carried out with a presentation about the campus world, especially the agricultural campus with material on how to choose an agricultural campus, how to register on an agricultural campus, campus life, campus organizations, what to do when studying at an agricultural campus, agricultural campus majors that can be chosen according to the interests of the major, scholarships on the agricultural campus and so on. The counseling was carried out in the Multipurpose Room of SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara with the number of counseling participants of 56 students majoring in Agricultural Processing Products of SMKN 1 Pakis Aji Jepara

Rapid land cover change in agricultural valleys of the Atacama Desert, Chile

The profound landscape modification produced by agriculture is considered one of the main threats to biodiversity worldwide. Although the main ecological impacts are likely due to agricultural expansion into natural areas, changes in crop types and production intensification also induce significant ecological changes. We studied the land cover change process in four agricultural valleys (Lluta, Azapa, Vítor and Camarones) in the Atacama Desert of Chile between 2003 and 2019, divided into four equal periods. Using spatial data and logistic regression, we assessed the driving factors of land cover change. The Azapa valley showed the highest rate of land cover change, reaching 36.4% of netting and greenhouses landscape cover by the end of the study, and 50.4% annual rate of increase during the 2007–2011 period. Intensification was observed as the anti-aphid netting cover expanded mainly in Azapa and in the last four years in Vítor and Lluta valleys. Most land cover change was related to low slopes and elevation or sites closer to roads or surrounded by already cultivated land, like agriculture expansion on barren soil or native shrubland loss. High population density was significantly correlated with land cover change (p < 0.01). If land cover change into netting continues as observed, it is possible that landscape homogenization occurs in the short term in almost all valleys. Anyway, disentangling how landscape change works and the involved drivers, could be useful to understand landscape simplification in arid lands that are under an agricultural intensification process.

Performance materials with variations of tractor drive wheel fin angle and low-cost manufacturing analysis

Nowadays, the demand for workers in the agriculture industry has decreased and there is a need for rising mechanization in the agriculture process. The agriculture process that requires mechanization is cultivating. The rice cultivator has to be as light as possible, so requires a lighter material but is also strong enough. The correlation between the rice transplanter tool and the wheels is closely related to soil conditions. The selection of wheel materials is considered based on the characteristics of the planting area. In addition, another influence variable is the angle of the fin in the rice transplanter wheel. Material of rice transplanter wheel has been established, these are 1023 carbon steel sheet, AISI 1020 steel cold rolled, AISI 316 stainless steel. The angle of the fin was varied, these are 30, 35, and 40, this fin will give an effect on the traction result of rice transplanter wheel movement. The combination of lightweight material and the appropriate fin angle of the rice transplanter wheel has the best traction result. As a result of this research, the suitable material for the rice transplanter wheel was carbon steel and the fin’s angle was 30. This research involved a comparison and analysis of material strength under various fin angles. The evaluation of stress criteria was conducted using design values to determine the most reliable final product design. The paper contributes by illustrating how to represent the final decision on the combination of design and materials, incorporating a cost index assessment.

Macroeconomic regulators of functioning of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan: key directions

The goal is to develop effective tools for macroeconomic policy for the innovative development of AIC of the republic. Methods – abstract-logical, economic-statistical, system approach, comparative analysis. Results - the article shows the role of agro-industrial complex in achieving strategic goals: ensuring food security, increasing export potential, increasing the competitiveness of market entities on domestic and foreign markets. The evolution of agricultural industry in economically developed countries is considered: inter-sectoral cooperation, effectiveness of specialization, cooperation, production and economic ties during integration. The features of agro-industrial production and the key problems of its development are presented. The main factors constraining the strengthening of innovation and investment orientation of enterprises in the system of measures aimed to achieve full use of limited resources have been identified. Ways to form macroeconomic environment are proposed - necessary condition for stimulating entrepreneurial activity. The place and importance of total expenditures in solving the assigned tasks, the state budget deficit and methods of financing, methods of regulating banking, new monetary policy, tax and insurance systems and directions for their improvement, main components of transformation of agricultural sector into national innovation system are outlined. Conclusions - the strategic course towards innovative processes in agriculture is determined by global and domestic trends, the use of the latest resource-saving technologies and their rational use, contributes to stable increase in the level of domestic consumption, reduction in import volumes due to substitution of domestic food products. The article was written based on the research results on the project: AR19678876 “Effective system of macroeconomic instruments for state regulation of innovative development of AIC of the RK.”

The Sustainable Development of Agricultural Economy Based on Panel Data Under the Background of New Rural Development

The “Three Rural Issues” has always been the top priority of my country’s economic development, which related to the construction process of modern agriculture, the development effect of agricultural economy and the development speed of the national economy. In recent years, the state and local governments have taken the construction of new countryside as the starting point, seriously discussed many problems faced by the agricultural economy in the process of development, and took targeted measures to effectively solve them, which better promoted the construction of new countryside. Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy and is the foundation of national economic development. Under the background of new rural construction, we must strengthen the management of agricultural economy. This paper analyzes the main contents, characteristics and existing problems of agricultural sustainable development under the background of new rural construction, and puts forward solutions that hope to be discussed by a wide range of partners.

Agricultural Engineering Vocational School in Aceh Besar with Behavior Architecture Approach

Currently, Aceh Besar District has a PP Negeri Saree Vocational School in the agricultural section in Saree Aceh Besar, but this school only studies agricultural information. The condition of Aceh Besar District shows that their land use majority is used for agriculture, animal farming and husbandry, fisheries and paddy fields, farm, and other plantations. Abundant natural resources are not processed into a good business due to a shortage of human resources in the field of agricultural engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to include an Agricultural Engineering in those vocational school with aims to create human resources in the field of agricultural machinery and agribusiness. The object design location is on SIM Airport Street, Gani, Kec. Want Jaya, Aceh Besar. The classification of the Agricultural Engineering Vocational School includes the Department of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Product Processing Agribusiness. The approach of behavior architecture into the design is behavior setting in completing spatial design, spatial cognition in completing circulation, and environment perception in completing image or building appearance. The analysis used is functional analysis, site analysis and user analysis. The Agricultural Engineering Vocational School in Aceh Besar is designed on an area of 14,950 m2 with multiple building masses. The ground coverage area (KDB) is 40% which is 5,980 m². The facilities in the building meant to support students in the learning process and as well as supporting facilities, those facilities are practice rooms, namely rice threshing machine engineering rooms, rice processing , rice polisher machine, hand tractor, technology for processing agricultural products, quality testing and quality control practice room.

Mechanisms of synthetic bacterial flora YJ-1 to enhance cucumber resistance under combined phthalate-disease stresses

Biotic and abiotic stresses have emerged as major constraints to agricultural production, causing irreversible adverse impacts on agricultural production systems and thus posing a threat to food security. In this study, a new strain of Bacillus subtilis DNYB-S1 was isolated from soil contaminated with Fusarium wilt. It was found that artificially synthetic flora (YJ-1) [Enterobacter sp. DNB-S2 and Rhodococcus pyridinovorans DNHP-S2, DNYB-S1] could effectively mitigate both biotic (Fusarium wilt) and abiotic (phthalates) sources of stresses, with the inhibition rate of YJ-1 resistant to wilt being 71.25% and synergistic degradation of 500 mg/L PAEs was 91.23%. The adaptive difference of YJ-1 was 0.59 and the ecological niche overlap value was −0.05 as determined by Lotka-Volterra modeling. These results indicate that YJ-1 has good ecological stability. The major degradation intermediates included 2-ethylhexyl benzoate (EHBA), phthalic acid (PA), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and butyl benzoate, suggesting that YJ-1 can provide a more efficient pathway for PAEs degradation. In addition, there was metabolic mutualism among the strains that will selectively utilize the provided carbon source (some metabolites of PAEs) for growth. The pot experiment showed that YJ-1 with cucumber reduced the incidence of cucumber wilt by 45.31%. YJ-1 could reduce the concentration of PAEs (DBP: DEHP = 1:1) in soil species from 30 mg/kg to 4.26 mg/kg within 35 d, with a degradation efficiency of 85.81%. Meanwhile, the concentration of PAEs in cucumber was reduced to 0.01 mg/kg, indicating that YJ-1 is directly involved in the degradation of soil PAEs and the enhancement of plant immunity. In conclusion, this study provides a new perspective for the development of customized microbiomes for phytoremediation under combined biotic-abiotic stresses in agricultural production processes.