Defects In Process Research Articles

A Study on Processing Defects and Parameter Optimization in Abrasive Suspension Jet Cutting of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics.

Abrasive suspension jet (ASJ), an accurate cold-cutting technology, can address traditional processing issues relating to carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) like tool wear, interlayer delamination, large heat-affected zone, and low surface roughness. This study employed the use of an ASJ to cut CFRPs and an ultra-depth optical microscope to scan the cut surface to analyze interlayer delamination, surface roughness, kerf taper, and shoulder damage. Regression analysis was conducted to establish a prediction model for cutting quality based on surface roughness, kerf taper, and shoulder damage. Various types of CFRP cutting quality were analyzed using jet parameters. It was found that the use of ASJ to process CFRP results in the following defects: The range of surface roughness variation is from 0.112 μm to 0.144 μm. Surface roughness is most influenced by stand-off distance, followed by traverse speed and jet pressure. The range of kerf taper variation is from 4.737° to 10.1°. Kerf taper is most influenced by stand-off distance, followed by jet pressure and traverse speed. The range of shoulder damage variation is from 3.384 μm2 to 10 μm2. Shoulder damage is most influenced by jet pressure, followed by traverse speed and stand-off distance. A prediction model for cutting quality was developed based on surface roughness, kerf taper, and shoulder damage, providing data support for ASJ cutting of CFRPs. The optimal parameter combination is a stand-off distance of 1 mm, a jet pressure of 30 MPa, and a traverse speed of 30 mm/min.

Formation of non-uniform fibre distribution and its effect on the flexural performance of pultruded GFRP box beams

This study investigates the effect of non-uniform fibre distribution (NUFD) as a defect in the pull-winding manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) box section profiles. These profiles exhibit balanced mechanical properties but are susceptible to NUFD during production, negatively affecting local buckling capacity. Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted on pultruded GFRP profiles manufactured under three winding tension configurations, resulting in a 5% variance in load capacity during bending. Results show that corner NUFD influences local buckling capacity more than flange NUFD. Specifically, corner NUFD decreases load capacity by up to 20%, while flange NUFD increases it by up to 3%. Conversely, the effect of NUFD location is insignificant to the failure determined by the material strength without buckling instability. Moreover, a linear relationship between the rotational restraint coefficient and corner fibre volume fraction provides insight into the impact of material imperfections on load capacity.

Blood Coagulation and Platelet Function Are Impaired By the ARP2 p.R258G Variant in Mice

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) displays significant heritability, yet the genes explaining this heritability are not completely characterized. We previously identified that tissue factor pathway inhibitor heterozygosity ( Tfpi+/−) on the homozygous F5L background ( F5L/L) produces a lethal perinatal thrombotic phenotype. Using a sensitized ENU mutagenesis screen, we discovered an autosomal dominant missense mutation in the Actr2 gene (p.R258G, Actr2G) that suppresses thrombosis and restores survival to F5L/LTfpi+/− mice. Inheritance of the Actr2Gmutation is associated with nearly complete suppression of the lethal F5L/LTfpi+/- phenotype. Actr2 codes for the ARP2 protein, an essential component of the ARP2/3 complex, which mediates actin cytoskeletal rearrangements during platelet activation. We hypothesized that the Actr2G variant affects blood coagulation and platelet function to reduce thrombosis. Methods: To investigate potential effects of the Actr2G mutation on the coagulation cascade, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and plasma-dependent thrombin generation assays (TGA) were used to evaluate clot formation. A mouse tail clip assay was used to measure bleeding time and quantify blood loss. Finally, platelets were assessed for functional defects using platelet spreading and aggregometry assays. Results: Actr2 +/Gplasma had significantly prolonged PT and aPTT compared to wild type controls (N>17, p<0.03). There was also a significant reduction in Actr2+/G thrombin peak height compared to wildtypes (N=10; p=0.03). Despite the delayed time to clot formation, Actr2+/G mice did not exhibit a bleeding phenotype and showed no significant differences in blood loss from tail clip assays. Activated Actr2+/G platelets exhibited reduced surface area and adhesion (N=5; p<0.02), as well as significant defects in collagen induced whole blood aggregation (N=10; p<0.02). Discussion: The results of the PT, aPTT and TGA indicate reduced thrombin generation potential, suggesting a defect in the common pathway of coagulation. This hypocoaguability may be due to a decrease in circulating procoagulant factors, or an increase in endogenous thrombin inhibitors. Both the significantly decreased aggregation and defective platelet spreading in the Actr2+/G mice indicate that Actr2+/G platelets are less responsive to agonists, a protective mechanism that contributes to overall thrombosis suppression. Conclusion: In summary, our studies demonstrate the pleiotropic effects that the Actr2G mutation exerts in suppressing thrombosis. The combination of altered plasma coagulation and platelet reactivity likely contribute to suppression of the F5L/LTfpi+/− phenotype. Defects in these actin-mediated processes precipitated by Actr2+/G are the likely root of the F5L/LTfpi+/- phenotype rescue, demonstrating the power of this gene in maintaining hemostatic balance. However, the combination of these thrombosis suppressing phenotypes is not significant enough to prolong the bleeding time in mice with the Actr2G mutation. Thus, our results suggest that targeting actin proteins such as ARP2 for novel antithrombotic drug therapies may have clinical applicability with limited effects on bleeding.

Characterizing stable nanocrystalline Cu-Ta behavior and failure dynamics under extremes of strain rate, strain, temperature and pressure by modified dynamic tensile extrusion

This work presents characterization of thermo-mechanically stable, bulk nanocrystalline (NC) Cu-Ta alloys under a combination of extreme states using high-temperature, dynamic tensile extrusion experiments. The NC Cu-Ta was subjected to high dynamic strain rates up to 105/s, large plastic strains of 100–500 %, and high homologous temperatures greater than 50 %TM. This combination of thermo-mechanical conditions provides a unique look at how these extremely stable microstructures can accommodate and reconfigure under situations where dislocation activity is the most extreme, given constitutive relationships between strain rate, dislocation nucleation, and plastic work. Elevated temperature tests results reveal NC Cu-1Ta alloys are capable of forming a coherent jet, (25 mm in length by 1.8 mm in diameter) as it accelerates out of the die after being dynamically extruded. Microstructural analysis reveals that unlike previous reports on conventional un-stabilized nano or near nano-grained Cu, NC Cu-Ta alloys behave differently. They do not undergo grain coarsening via a nucleation and growth process, but rather behave identically to that of coarse-grained Cu. The NC grains elongate along the extrusion direction and at the same time shrink in diameter and develop a <111> type texture. Ultimately, the occurrence of premature dynamic failure was attributed to the inherent constraints posed by processing defects during synthesis.

Role of Axon Guidance Molecules in Ascending and Descending Paths in Spinal Cord Regeneration.

Axon guidance molecules (AGM) are critical regulators of neural development and play a vital role in guiding axons to their target regions during spinal cord development. The correct wiring of neural circuits depends on these molecules' precise expression and function. Defects in axonal pathfinding, growth cone navigation, axonal branching, and synapse formation have far-reaching implications for neuronal circuit construction and function after CNS traumas, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), which affect the expression or activity of AGM. Ascending and descending paths in the spinal cord have been found to include many AGM, including Netrins, Slits, Semaphorins (Sema), Ephrins, and their receptors. In contrast to the repulsive signals like Slits and Semaphorins, which restrict axonal growth and guide axons away from unsuitable locations, Netrins are appealing guidance cues that encourage axonal growth and guidance. Defects in motor function and sensory processing can result from changes in the expression or activity of Ephrins or their receptors, which play an essential role in axonal guidance and synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. Herein, we highlighted the expressions, functions, and mechanisms of AGM in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts, which can help us identify novel therapeutic targets to improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Automatic Lathes Using the OEE and FMEA Methods

UD AMJ Jaya Teknik is a manufacturing company that produces various kinds of construction products and spare parts, one of which is boshing products made using an automatic lathe. This research aims to identify the performance of automatic lathe machines to measure the productivity of automatic lathe machines using Overall Equipment Effectiveness and using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis method. Based on the advantages of OEE, further analysis is carried out to calculate the six big losses. The results obtained from the OEE calculation of 68.22%, this value does not meet the standard ideal OEE value of 85.00%. Meanwhile, the results of the six big loss calculations obtained large values and influenced the effectiveness of the lathe to be minimized, namely process defect loss, reduce speed loss, idling and minor stoppages, and setup and adjustment loss. For the results of the FMEA analysis, the largest RPN value was obtained, namely 336 for the Man factor, with the failure mode that occurred being workers who lacked focus and lack of experience. From the research results of the above calculations, it can be seen that the effectiveness of the UD AMJ Jaya Teknik workshop still needs to be improved, where UD AMJ Jaya Teknik can find out and take corrective action in aspects of machine maintenance and workforce awareness.

Concept of Six Sigma in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Six-sigma process that analyses the flaws and shortcomings in a company. It aids a company in producing a quality product at a lesser cost that would satisfy the client. This idea mostly uses two approaches DMAIC, [Define, Measure, Analyz e, Improve, Control] which corrects flaws in current processes, and DMADV [Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify] which starts a new process when the old one entirely fails to accomplish its goals and objective. The tools and techniques used in this article include flow charts, check lists, pareto diagrams, causes and effects diagrams, scatted diagrams, histograms, and statistical process control. Six Sigma's tools and procedures are assessed to determine whether they are being implemented in a way that helps customers. The client benefits, such as improved financial assistance for new development projects, lower prices, quick market deliveries, increased product quality are measured using the key performance indicators. As a result of these characteristics, numerous organizations have adopted six sigma, nevertheless, only a small number of the pharmaceutical companies who are members of the ISSSP [International Society for Six Sigma Professionals] are named, including Baxter, Eli Lilly, Johnson &amp; Johnson, and Novartis. Six sigma deployment is entirely dependent on management and the supporting infrastructure, but it is equally applicable to research and development. It corrects flaws, sets objectives, and specifies how to integrate R&amp;D into corporate objectives. Organizations who have adopted the Six sigma idea in their quest for perfection have seen a 20% increase in profits, 40% growth in market share per year, Costs of production for sales are down 10%. From an average of 35000 faults per million operations to an almost Non existing 3.4 defects per million activities, there has been a drop in defects.

BHE‐YOLO: Effective Small Target Detector for Aluminum Surface Defect Detection

AbstractAluminum surface defect detection is a critical task to make location and classification predictions about defects in the industrial production process. However, defects complexity and the requirement of rapid production have led to a great challenge for existing detection algorithms. In this work, an effective small target detector named BHE‐YOLO is proposed for aluminum surface defect detection. First, the BiFPN is modified and integrated with YOLOv5s to achieve effective weighted feature fusion and cross‐scale connection. Second, the Hard Swish activation function is applied to better extract defect feature information. Third, the Equalized Focal Loss function is introduced to replace the cross‐entropy formula of the negative sample confidence part of the loss function. Finally, the experiments are carried out on the aluminum profile defect dataset of the Aliyun Tianchi Competition. The results demonstrate that BHE‐YOLO has excellent performance in terms of Precision, Recall, F1 score, and mAP, and its superiority over the typical detection algorithms, especially for small target defects of aluminum surface.

Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Produk Corrugated Box dengan Pendekatan Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) dan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

PT Kreasi Kemas Indonesia is a company that produces various types of cardboard with a make to order system. The percentage of defects in the printing process on the longway machine for the 2022 production period is 2.16% of the 2% set by the company. The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) approaches are combined to determine the causes of defects and 5W + 1H as an improvement method. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes of defects and provide suggestions for improvement. The results showed that the causes of the largest defects with the highest RPN values were missed trial print inspection (720), imprecise sheet side clamp settings (576), and non-standard trial print (630). The recommended improvement suggestions are to conduct a more detailed and comprehensive review and sorting process during the trial printing process, provide regular socialization and assistance regarding quality assurance policies that can refer to ISO 9001: 2015 to operators, and conduct routine maintenance of all machine components

ResNet50: Automated Fabric Defect Detection and Classification based on a Deep Learning Approach

"The demand for an intelligent computer-based system for visual inspection is on the rise in the textile business, especially among those who place a premium on textile quality. In this research, we present a fully automated AI-driven algorithm for defect detection in fabric, one that makes use of deep neural network models that have already been pre-trained. In order to train the networks, the fabric images go through a series of pre-processing steps where typical image processing techniques are applied. In order to train and categorize various fabric flaws, we use Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) and the pre-trained ResNeT network. The system obtains a best classification accuracy of 96.40% in simulations utilizing preexisting textile datasets. This model's detection and classification system can help human operators spot flaws in the fabric manufacturing process with this degree of precision."

Research on the Protection of Rights and Interests of People with Disabilities in the Public Administration Process under the Perspective of Good Governance

As the process of building a harmonious society continues to advance, the problems of disadvantaged groups, including people with disabilities, have been highlighted in the process of public administration in China in recent years. This paper tries to focus on the defects in the current process of protecting the rights and interests of people with disabilities in China from the perspective of good governance and proposes effective ways to protect the rights and interests of people with disabilities from three dimensions: from the rule of man to the rule of law, from the power-based to the service based, and from the government-based to the society-based, in order to promote social and political stability and create a harmonious society with positive interaction.

Penerapan Statistical Quality Control Pada Masa Inkubasi Pengalengan Ikan Lemuru di CV. Pasific Harvest Banyuwangi

Fish canning is a form of modern fish processing and preservation which is hermetically packed and then sterilized. Hermetic packaging means that the closure is very tight, so it cannot be penetrated by air, water, oxidation damage or changes in taste. This research was conducted to determine the quality control of canned lemuru products, especially during the incubation process at CV. Pacific Harvest Banyuwangi. The research method used is interview, observation, and literature study. The necessary data include production data, data on the number of defects in the incubation process, and types of defects in the incubation process. Method Statistical Quality Control (SQC) is used in controlling quality from the initial process to the finished product, as well as controlling the production process with certain quality standards that have been agreed upon by the company. Statistical quality control is a problem-solving technique used to monitor, control, analyze, manage, and improve products and processes using statistical methods. In this study, data analysis was done by making a check sheet (Check Sheet), Pareto Diagram,Scatter Diagrams, and Fishbone Diagram. In processing the data that has been obtained will use the application Microsoft Excel and Minitab 16 as research data processing. In the final results of the research, recommendations for appropriate improvements will be made for quality control of the quality of canned lemuru products so that they can be consumed and distributed.

Defect-Mediated Atomic Layer Etching Processes on Cl-Si(100): An Atomistic Insight.

Defects play a significant role in atomic layer etching (ALE) processes; however, a fundamental understanding at the atomic level is still lacking. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study investigated the role of point defects in the laser-induced ALE of Cl-Si(100) using density functional theory (DFT) and real-time time-dependent DFT calculations. In the calculations, both the pristine surface and the defective surface were considered for comparative analysis. The key finding is the enhanced desorption of SiCl molecules, facilitated by point defects under laser pulse irradiation. The presence of point defects was found to effectively reduce both the desorption energy barrier and the laser intensity threshold required for desorption. Additionally, extra defective levels within the band gap were observed through the density-of-state diagram. Based on these findings, a defect-mediated etching regime was proposed to elucidate the layer-by-layer etching process. This study provides atomistic insight into understanding the role of defects in laser-induced ALE processes. The presence of point defects can enhance the etching selectivity between the topmost layer and the underlying layers, thereby contributing to highly efficient and damage-free etching processes through the defect-mediated etching mechanism.

Live-Imaging Centriole Amplification in Mouse Brain Multiciliated Cells.

Multiciliated cells (MCC) display on their apical surface hundreds of beating cilia that propel physiological fluids. They line brain ventricles where they propel the cerebrospinal liquid, airways where they clear mucus and pathogens and reproductive ducts where they concentrate the sperm in males or drive the egg along the oviducts in females. Motile cilia are nucleated from basal bodies which are modified centrioles. MCC therefore evade centriole archetypal duplication program to make several hundreds and nucleate an identical number of motile cilia. Defects in this centriole amplification process lead to severe human pathologies called "ciliary aplasia" or "acilia syndrome" and more recently renamed "reduced generation of motile cilia" (RGMC). Patients with this syndrome present frequent hydrocephaly, lung failure, and subfertility. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol we developed and optimized over the years to live image the centriole amplification dynamics. We explain why mouse brain MCC is a good model and provide the tips to enable successful spatially and temporally resolved monitoring of this massive organelle reorganization.

Modelling TDP-43 proteinopathy in Drosophila uncovers shared and neuron-specific targets across ALS and FTD relevant circuits

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) comprise a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases linked to TDP-43 proteinopathy, which at the cellular level, is characterized by loss of nuclear TDP-43 and accumulation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions that ultimately cause RNA processing defects including dysregulation of splicing, mRNA transport and translation. Complementing our previous work in motor neurons, here we report a novel model of TDP-43 proteinopathy based on overexpression of TDP-43 in a subset of Drosophila Kenyon cells of the mushroom body (MB), a circuit with structural characteristics reminiscent of vertebrate cortical networks. This model recapitulates several aspects of dementia-relevant pathological features including age-dependent neuronal loss, nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43, and behavioral deficits in working memory and sleep that occur prior to axonal degeneration. RNA immunoprecipitations identify several candidate mRNA targets of TDP-43 in MBs, some of which are unique to the MB circuit and others that are shared with motor neurons. Among the latter is the glypican Dally-like-protein (Dlp), which exhibits significant TDP-43 associated reduction in expression during aging. Using genetic interactions we show that overexpression of Dlp in MBs mitigates TDP-43 dependent working memory deficits, conistent with Dlp acting as a mediator of TDP-43 toxicity. Substantiating our findings in the fly model, we find that the expression of GPC6 mRNA, a human ortholog of dlp, is specifically altered in neurons exhibiting the molecular signature of TDP-43 pathology in FTD patient brains. These findings suggest that circuit-specific Drosophila models provide a platform for uncovering shared or disease-specific molecular mechanisms and vulnerabilities across the spectrum of TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Online monitoring of local defects in robotic laser additive manufacturing process based on a dynamic mapping strategy and multibranch fusion convolutional neural network

Online monitoring is essential for laser additive manufacturing (AM) to improve in-process quality control. Currently, accurate monitoring of local defects in the laser AM process remains a challenge. This paper proposes a method for predicting local defects in the laser AM process based on a dynamic mapping strategy and the multibranch fusion convolutional neural network (MBFCNN). In-situ sensing of the laser-material interaction zone is achieved using a camera integrated coaxially with the printing system. Experiment-based datasets are constructed, in which the in-process images were sampled and matched to the extracted local defect information based on their temporal-spatial correspondence. A dynamic mapping strategy using a sliding sampling window is introduced to achieve continuous monitoring. Considering the cyclic and layer-by-layer processing principle of laser AM, we propose MBFCNN to map the in-process images to local defect information. A multibranch feature extraction module is designed based on the deposited layers of the target region to be monitored, in which each branch extracts high-dimensional representations from in-process images corresponding to a certain layer. We further introduce an attention mechanism to distinguish the importance of each branch and a feature fusion module to fuse the high-level information. Experimental results and comparison with traditional convolutional neural networks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Molecular and Cellular Insights: A Focus on Glycans and the HNK1 Epitope in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a synaptic disorder with a GABA/glutamate imbalance in the perineuronal nets and structural abnormalities such as increased dendritic spines and decreased long distance connections. Specific pregnancy disorders significantly increase the risk for an ASD phenotype such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, hypoxia phenomena, and spontaneous miscarriages. They are associated with defects in the glycosylation-immune placental processes implicated in neurogenesis. Some glycans epitopes expressed in the placenta, and specifically in the extra-villous trophoblast also have predominant functions in dendritic process and synapse function. Among these, the most important are CD57 or HNK1, CD22, CD24, CD33 and CD45. They modulate the innate immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface and they promote foeto-maternal tolerance. There are many glycan-based pathways of immunosuppression. N-glycosylation pathway dysregulation has been found to be associated with autoimmune-like phenotypes and maternal-autoantibody-related (MAR) autism have been found to be associated with central, systemic and peripheric autoimmune processes. Essential molecular pathways associated with the glycan-epitopes expression have been found to be specifically dysregulated in ASD, notably the Slit/Robo, Wnt, and mTOR/RAGE signaling pathways. These modifications have important effects on major transcriptional pathways with important genetic expression consequences. These modifications lead to defects in neuronal progenitors and in the nervous system's implementation specifically, with further molecular defects in the GABA/glutamate system. Glycosylation placental processes are crucial effectors for proper maternofetal immunity and endocrine/paracrine pathways formation. Glycans/ galectins expression regulate immunity and neurulation processes with a direct link with gene expression. These need to be clearly elucidated in ASD pathophysiology.

Effect of nano-ZrO2 protective layer on the microstructure and surface property strengthening mechanism of underwater wet laser Fe-based cladding layer

Underwater wet laser cladding technology has become one of the research hotspots in the marine engineering, but the existence of the water environment inevitably leads to process instability and defects. In this study, the nano-ZrO2 protective layer was used to increase the viscosity of the molten pool surface to resist the impact force generated by the high-speed water jet, and the underwater wet laser Fe-based cladding layer with good forming quality and desirable performance was successfully prepared. The nano-ZrO2 protective layer improved the formability of the cladding layer and guaranteed the depth of the melt pool, while reducing the depth of the heat affected zone. The addition of nano-ZrO2 particles reduced the average grain size of the cladding layer from 4.90 μm to 3.66 μm. In addition,the corrosion resistance of the cladding layer was greatly improved with the application of the nano-ZrO2 protective layer, with the evident passivation region of 0.74 V. The wear rate of the cladding layer with the nano-ZrO2 protective layer (0.64×10-15m3N-1m-1) was significantly lower than that of the substrate (9.01×10-15m3N-1m-1), and the excellent wear resistance of the cladding layer with nano-ZrO2 protective layer benefited from the good carrying capacities and high microhardness of the microstructure with ZrO2 particles. This study reveals the strengthening mechanism of nano-ZrO2 protective layer on the Fe-based cladding layer, which can provide theoretical guidance for the development of the underwater laser cladding.

Damage and failure mechanisms of CFRP due to manufacturing induced wrinkling defects

Out-of-plane wrinkling is a typical defect in the manufacturing process of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). The cross-ply composite laminates containing various wrinkles were designed and prepared based on a hybrid generation method of gaps and transverse strips. An analytical model based on the sine function was proposed to characterize the shape of wrinkles, and the severity of the defect was characterized by the wrinkle angle. With the aim to investigate the compression and out-of-plane shear failure performance of CFRP with wrinkles, experimental and numerical studies were conducted. Results show that the existence of wrinkled zone can significantly reduce the compressive strength of laminates and exacerbate delamination during compression failure, a maximum of 26.9% and 2.8% drop in the compressive and interlaminar shear strength was reported in the most severe experimental conditions. Meanwhile, it is indicated that wrinkles have little effect on interlaminar shear strength, but it can change the location and severity of the delamination failure. In addition, the failure mechanism of several models with different levels of wrinkling defects was studied through numerical analysis techniques. It is confirmed that the numerical model can effectively predict the failure intensity and failure modes. These findings are of great significance for the accurate evaluation of the mechanical properties of composites containing wrinkling defects.

Using image analysis techniques to enhance TFT-LCD manufacturing yield through timely detection of PI alignment layer defects

This study aims to develop a solution to the manufacturing process defects of thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels. Specifically, it focuses on online image analysis for detecting uneven coatings of the polyimide (PI) alignment layers, which are crucial in the TFT-LCD manufacturing process. The PI solution is typically applied to a substrate surface using an array of nozzles via droplet deposition. During this process, nozzle clogging can cause a series of defects in the form of spots on the alignment layer. These defects impact the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the TFT-LCD, leading to decreased display quality, reduced visibility, uneven brightness, and compromised image details. If suspected signs of alignment layer spots are identified, the image analysis technology assists online inspectors with prompt responses to minimize TFT-LCD production errors. The results of this study demonstrate timely detection of alignment layer spots, prevention of their progression, and significant reduction of the time required for manual inspection to improve manufacturing yield. This newly developed approach is applicable to not only TFT-LCD production monitoring but also smart display panel manufacturing, thereby providing significant value in high-volume and large-area panel fabrication processes.