Translation Procedure Research Articles

Human and machine translation of occasionalisms in literary texts

Abstract Literary occasionalisms, new words coined by writers with a particular poetic aim in view, often pose a great challenge for translators. Given recent advances in machine translation (MT), could literary translators benefit from MT when it comes to the translation of occasionalisms? We address this question by considering the work of Austria’s most important nineteenth-century comedy writer, Johann Nestroy (1801–1862). We compare how human translators and two generic neural MT systems (Google Translate, DeepL) translated occasionalisms (compounds, derivations, and blends) in Nestroy’s play Der Talisman into English. While human translators largely refrained from creating new target expressions, the two MT systems generated a number of viable new coinages, most of them by literal translation procedures. In an interactive human-computer environment, using MT output as a repository from which to retrieve novel target solutions or derive inspiration might open up new avenues in the practice of literary translation.

A morpho-semantic approach to social networking neologisms in ‘modern’ Tshivenḓa usage

New words are constantly entering the lexicon to describe new concepts and technologies and what they mean, resulting in neologisms. Conversely, older words continually fall out of use as they decrease in cultural significance. This study is set against the background of recent technological advancements in internet-based communication and its corresponding effect on vocabulary. Social networking sites such as Facebook and WhatsApp, and email have attracted millions of African language-speaking users who connect and communicate via the internet, using both computers and mobile devices. This has largely expanded on various languages’ vocabularies. For instance, ‘Apple’ and ‘Blackberry’ are no longer just fruits, they now also belong to the social media register. The lexical system of African languages as it is represented in the social networking sites has been neglected as a field of study. Hence, the pertinence of this study which explores social networking neologisms across African languages, with a distinct focus on Tshivenḓa as one of the 12 official languages in South Africa. The study takes a morpho-semantic approach, while Newmark’s model of neologism typology is used as a theoretical point of departure. The design and methodology of the study is qualitative descriptive, which employs purposive sampling. Data analysis involved word classification according to their formation processes and analysis to reveal their meanings, word class and word formation type. The findings highlight that borrowed lexical items with new senses are the dominant type of neologism found in the interface and translation procedures of neologisms from English to Tshivenḓa. This is dominated by the application of transference and couplets. The study has implications for linguists, language practitioners, lexicographers and researchers.

VINAY AND DARBELNET'S TRANSLATING PROCEDURES USED IN TRANSLATING CULTURE-SPECIFIC WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGE ORWELL'S ANIMAL FARM

The study aims to determine the translation procedures used in translating culture-specific words in the Animal Farm novel by the English novelist George Orwell. In order to deeply examine how the two translators rendered the culture-specific items into Arabic, the researcher used Vinay and Darbelnet's (1995) seven translating procedures as a model for identifying the translating procedures the two translators employed. Based on the data analysis, the results of this study showed that the translator Mahmood Abdulghani used six of Vinay and Darbelnet's seven procedures. Whereas only five of the seven translation procedures suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) were used by the translator Sabri Al-Fdhl. Concerning the mostly employed procedure, the results of the study showed that both translators adhered to the equivalence translation procedure in translating most of the culture-specific items found in the novel with 51% and 42% respectively since this procedure attempt to convert the content while retaining the original context and meaning.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Tinnitus Functional Index for Thai Patients

OBJECTIVE This study aims to cross-culturally translate the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) questionnaire into Thai, and to determine the psychometric properties of Thai version (TFI-Th). METHODS TFI was translated into a Thai version (TFI-Th) using a forward - backward translation procedure. All participants completed the following questionnaires in random order: TFI-Th, Visual analog scales, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory Thai Version (THI-T), and Thai Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (Thai HADS). RESULTS The content validity index (CVI) of the TFI-Th was high. The TFI-Th showed adequate convergent and divergent validity. The correlation between TFI-Th and other measurements were calculated and showed a high correlation with THI-T (r = 0.82), a moderate-to-high correlations with each items of VAS (r = 0.66-0.86), and a moderate correlation with depression (r = 0.58) and anxiety (r = 0.62) of Thai HADS. The internal consistency reliability of TFI-Th was excellent (μ = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study revealed that the cross-cultural TFI-Th had similar reliability and validity to the original TFI and suitable for the evaluation of Thai tinnitus patients. KEYWORDS tinnitus, Thai Tinnitus Functional Index, psychometric properties, reliability

Validation of the Turkish Version of the Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study.

Sarcoidosis, a multisystemic granulomatous disease, generally results in a lower quality of life (QoL) because of its unexpected course and diverse clinical symptoms. The Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire (SHQ) evaluates the QoL for people with sarcoidosis in terms of their health. This study set out to validate the SHQ in a group of Turkish sarcoidosis patients. The study included a total of 146 adult sarcoidosis patients (63 male and 83 female; mean age, 44±3.6 years; range, 27-63 years) between May 2019 and September 2021. Preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation/back translation review, harmonization, finalization, and proofreading comprised the steps of the testing procedure for translation and cultural adaptation. The participants filled out three questionnaires, including the SHQ, 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey, and King's Sarcoidosis Questionnaire (KSQ), and underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Of the patients, 95% had lung involvement, with a mean number of 1.3 organs involved. Each SHQ component displayed a moderate to high internal consistency, ranging from 0.806 to 0.844. The whole scale's Cronbach's alpha value was 0.781. The SHQ total score significantly correlated with physical component summary (p< 0.001, r=0.360) and mental component summary (p<0.001, r=0.352) scores of SF-36, and the general health status (p< 0.001, r=0.478), medication component (p<0.001, r=0.456), and eye component scores of KSQ (p<0.001, r=0.545). When patients were divided into groups based on organ involvement (p=0.01), oral steroid medication (p<0.001), and types of symptoms (P=0.021), there were significant differences in the total SHQ scores. The Turkish version of SHQ can be a valid and accurate instrument for assessing the health of sarcoidosis patients in Turkey. When combined with normal physiological, radiological, and serological examinations, SHQ can assess the QoL of sarcoidosis patients and give useful new information.

Quality of Life in Patients with Gastric Cancer, Translation and Pilot Validation of Nepalese Version of EORTC QLQ Module (STO-22)

Introduction: To translate the EORTC QLQ STO-22 for assessment of quality of life of gastric cancer patients in Nepalese language and conduct pilot study of this translation for adapting it to use in Nepalese speaking population. Methods: In the process of translation, we followed the forward-backward translation process according to guidelines recommended by EORTC. Draft version was then pilot tested in a sample of 10 gastric cancer patients. Results: All steps of the EORTC translation guideline were followed successfully. Ten gastric cancer patients were included in the pilot study. Structured interview was conducted with each patient to get feedback on each translated question. Final translated version was created after the pilot study and was approved by EORTC. Conclusion: The Nepalese version of EORTC QLQ STO-22 is a result of a successfully conducted translation procedure. It shows good reliability and is acceptable to Nepalese patients. Further uses in clinical trials and practice will allow for confirmation of its psychometric property.

Investigating Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of Sosu Critical Thinking Disposition Scale: Evidence from Two Independent Samples

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Sosu Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (TV-CTDS). The data were gathered from two independent samples consisting of undergraduate and graduate students from four different universities in the Black Sea region of Turkey. After the translation procedure, the psychometric properties of the TV-CTDS, including factor structure, measurement invariance, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability, were investigated. The results of the study revealed that the two-factor model (critical openness and reflective skepticism) of the TV-CTDS presented a better fit to the data than the one-factor model, and two-factor model is invariant across different samples (undergraduate and graduate students) and genders. Also, the TV-CTDS showed convergent validity and discriminant validity across two different samples, and its internal consistency was adequate. Therefore, it can be said that the TV-CTDS can be used by educators, researchers, and professionals to assess undergraduate and graduate students’ critical thinking dispositions in Turkey.

Translation Methods And Techniques Applied In English Exposition Texts Into Indonesia

The aims of this study are (1) to describe the translation method adopted by the translator in translating the exposition text, (2) to formulate the translation techniques applied in translating the expository text in the order of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences into Indonesian from English by applying translation procedures according to Molina and Albir (2002). This research uses a descriptive – qualitative approach with a case study design that is oriented towards the translation product. The data sources in this study are the document and exposition text “When Being Overweight Is a Health Problem” which was reviewed by Mary L. Gavin, MD and reviewed in 2018 as the object of the study, and the results of the translation from English which are summarized in this research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences of expository texts and their translations. Research data was collected by document analysis and analyzed by interactive analysis method. The research findings are as follows, first, seven translation methods are applied in translating expository texts, namely the word-for-word method, the faithful method, the semantic method, the adaptation method, the independent method, the idiomatic method, and the communicative method. Second, eight translation techniques are applied in translating expository texts, namely literal techniques, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, omission and addition. Based on the frequency of use, the literal technique ranks first, followed by natural borrowing, pure borrowing, transposition, calque, modulation, omission, and addition techniques. Theoretically, literal, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, and calque techniques are oriented to the source language while transposition, modulation, omission, and addition techniques are oriented to the target language.&#x0D; Keywords: translation technique, translation method, exposition text

Psychometric Properties of the Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) in a Brazilian Sample of Athletes: An ESEM Approach

The objectives of this study were to assess the psychometric properties of the Coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) by testing four different hypotheses. A procedure of translation and adaptation of the instrument between different languages and cultures was carried out. A total of 350 national level Brazilian athletes (aged between 15 and 17 years; mean = 17.0, SD = 1.7) completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) were performed. Consistent with previous work on the EDMCQ-C, all solutions failed to achieve suitable levels of fit for a hierarchical model represented by five climate dimensions (autonomy-supportive, controlling, task-involving, ego-involving, and socially-supportive) and two global dimensions (empowering and disempowering). The 2-ESEM solution provided a satisfactory fit for the first-order model with two global factors supported. The 2-ESEM version of the questionnaire showed adequate predictive and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and invariance across gender. Such results suggest that the EDMCQ-C is a promising scale to assess Brazilian athletes’ perception of the over-arching empowering and disempowering features of the coach-created motivational climate.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Persian translation of the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI)

PurposeThe Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) is the most commonly used patient-reported outcome measure to record the quality of life in patients with shoulder instability. The current study aimed to translate the WOSI into the Persian language and evaluate its psychometric properties.MethodsThe translation procedure of the WOSI was performed according to a standard guideline. A total of 52 patients were included in the study and responded to the Persian WOSI, Oxford shoulder score (OSS), Oxford shoulder instability score (OSIS), and disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH). A sub-group of 41 patients responded for the second time to the Persian WOSI after an interval of 1–2 weeks. The internal consistency, test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), measurement error, minimal detectable change (MDC), and floor and ceiling effect were analyzed. The hypothesis testing method was used to assess construct validity by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient between WOSI and DASH, OSS, and OSIS.ResultsCronbach's alpha value was 0.93, showing strong internal consistency. Test–retest reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.90). There was no floor and ceiling effect. The standard error of measurement and MDC were 8.30% and 23.03%, respectively. Regarding construct validity, 83.3% of the results agreed with hypotheses. High correlations were observed between WOSI and DASH, OSS and OSIS (0.746, 0.759 and 0.643, respectively) indicating excellent validity for the Persian WOSI.ConclusionThe current study results demonstrated that the Persian WOSI is a valid and reliable instrument and can be used in the clinic and research for Persian-speaking patients with shoulder instability.

The Utilization of Balinese Cultural Terms by EFL Students in Their English Writing

This study investigates the utilization of Balinese cultural terms in the writing of English as a foreign language (EFL) students. It is intended to identify how the lexicons containing local values are used considering the translation procedures in the student’s mind. This qualitative research was conducted with ATLAS.ti software to visually present the connectedness of each lexicon with one another and to report the procedures of translation the students chose. When inserting the Balinese lexicons into their writing, the students involved in this study were still influenced by the concept of translation. With the translation procedures in mind, they applied transference, literal translation, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, and the combination of two and three procedures, namely, couplet and triplet, to be able to communicate their ideas involving the Balinese lexicons in their English writing. This study sheds some light on the application of translation procedures when students use local language terms in their foreign language writing. The students borrowed the local lexicons and gave an additional explanation to clarify their values. This finding indicates that having the concept of translation, and particularly the procedures of translation, can assist EFL students in broadening their knowledge of the existence of Balinese cultural terms as well as utilizing them by applying translation procedures to clarify the meaning of the terms in their writing to create communicative writing.

Cross-Cultural Translation and Adaptation of the Perceived Recovery Status Scale to Brazilian Portuguese.

One of the primary training variables, although often overlooked, is recovery level achieved before starting subsequent training sessions. To find a more practical measurement that is consonant with the daily training routine, the Perceived Recovery Status (PRS) scale is proposed. In this perspective, the present study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the PRS scale into Brazilian Portuguese. This was a clinical measurement. The cross-cultural translation was performed according to guidelines. Linguistic validation consisted of 5 stages: forward translation, translation synthesis, back translation, analysis of inconsistencies, and cognitive debriefing. During forward translation, different interpretations were obtained from the 2 translators (versions V1 and V2). Supported by an expert committee, a combined version (V3) was obtained from V1 and V2. During back translation, different interpretations were obtained from the 2 translators (versions V4 and V5). Discrepancies, applicability, and cultural equivalence were documented and analyzed by the expert committee participating in the cross-cultural translation procedure. During the cognitive debriefing, a group of 5 Brazilian people from the general population were asked to participate in a cognitive debriefing to assess the comprehensibility of the translated items. The PRS was translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese (PRS-Brasil).

Validity and Reliability of the Chinese Version of the Diabetes Treatment Burden Questionnaire (DTBQ) Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

In China, diabetes has become a serious healthcare problem that plagues individuals and the government because of its high mortality rate and social burden, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounting for the vast majority (about 90%) of cases. T2DM patients face a huge medication burden and it is imperative to find appropriate tools to assess the medication burden for patients. This study aimed to translate the original Diabetes Treatment Burden Questionnaire (DTBQ) into Chinese and assessed the reliability and validity of the DTBQ concerning the burden of medication treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 329 T2DM patients were recruited to participate in the survey. The original version scale was first translated into Chinese using the backward and forward translation procedures. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was measured by the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the test-retest reliability, and the item-total correlation. The validity of the scale was assessed by the content validity index, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The content validity index of the scale was 0.920. Cronbach alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.831. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported a 15-item and 3-factor structure of the translated questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed in the model fitness index, the chi-square degree of freedom was 3.575, the incremental fit index (IFI) was 0.917, the comparative fit index(CFI) was 0.916, the Tucker Lewis Index(TLI) was 0.900, all within acceptable limits. The retest reliability was 0.892, and the corrected item-total correlations for the items ranged from 0.293 to 0.729. Verification results showed that the Chinese version of the 15-item DTBQ had reliable reliability and validity. Therefore, it can be considered as an appropriate tool to assess the burden of drug treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes in China.

Linguacultural isomorphism / anisomorphism and synesthetic metaphor translation procedures

In this paper, we combine analytical tools of conceptual metaphor theory with the affordances of corpus-based linguistics and quantitative analysis to investigate the translation of synesthetic metaphors found in Donna Tartt’s novels into Ukrainian. A synesthetic metaphor is addressed as a linguistic expression representing a sensation of one modality in terms of another. We claim that the choice of a translation procedure – retention, removal, omission, modification, or addition is partly determined by linguacultural similarity (i.e. isomorphism) or specificity (i.e. anisomorphism) of cross-sensory mappings that underlie the source-text and targettext linguistic expressions and partly – by the translator’s free choice, which cannot be explained by objective reasons. The obtained results show the following trends. Original metaphors as well as conventional metaphors based on isomorphic crosssensory mappings are mostly retained. Conventional metaphors that rest on anisomorphic mappings are mostly modified or removed/omitted. However, the translator can choose to remove/modify a synesthetic metaphor that rests on an isomorphic mapping. Added synesthetic metaphors usually root in isomorphic mappings. The applied methodology minimizes subjectivity of judgment in differentiating between the compulsory (i.e. imposed by the linguacultural specificity) and free strategic choices, which contributes to the potential impact of this research.

Proximity Principle in Legal Translation

This research paper introduces to proximity principle as an approach to translation in general, and legal translation in particular, when the full meaning is not attainable in the Target Language(TL). The main problem of this study is how to translate legal texts more approximately than accurately due to several reasons highlighted below. The principal aim of the study it to probe the principle of proximity as a translation strategy compared to perfect equivalence. accordingly, the importance of the study lies in understanding the process of the translator’s strife for approximate meaning in the TL. So, the main question of the paper is how translators manage and struggle to translate unfindable legal terms closely into the TL. On the other hand, the methodology of the study is based mainly on theoretical definitions, logical arguments, analytical and practical discussion, translation procedures and strategies, and culminated by conclusions and findings. One main finding is to establish the principle of proximity in translating legal texts in specific as a major strategy in translation theory to sort out solutions to the problems of translating non-equivalent legal terms. Finally, the paper covers points like the scope of proximity principle, its applicability, the justifications for using it, volume of potential loss of meaning involved, its credibility, proximity vis-à-vis faithfulness and accuracy, etc. All these and other points are considered in relation to a huge number of applications in practice in legal context.

Girls of Riyadh Revisited: Investigating the Quality of the English Collaborative Translation of Rajaa Alsanea’s Arabian Novel

The paper aims to assess the quality of the English collaborative translation of Rajaa Alsanea’s Arabian novel Girls of Riyadh, focusing on linguistic and cultural features of the Target Text, a few of which are sometimes nonexistent in the Source Text. The mixed literal/functional approach to collaborative translation seems to be inconsistent, the paper observes, and it is possibly due to both the apparent tension between the self-translator and her co-translator Marilyn Booth and the prominence of the target culture sometimes recurrent in the Source Text. The paper addresses two questions: To what extent has collaborative translation affected the quality of rendering linguistic, social, and cultural references of the Source Text, such as idiomatic expressions, lexical terms, songs, names of celebrities, religious, and literary references, and traditional festivities? How effective have the literal and functional approach been in this collaborative translation? The findings of this study show that the translation procedures employed, such as omission, addition, and alteration, are sometimes unacceptable. Significantly, the study raises awareness about how the potential tension between the self-translator and the co-translator in the inclusion and exclusion of certain parts of texts can affect the quality of the end product. This paper recommends a fresh ‘critical translation’ of the ST that fills specific points which has been overlooked in the current ‘simple translation’: i.e., by paying attention to the message and intention of the author and suggesting to the use of different procedures by the two translators. The paper recommends that instead of implementing erratically two opposite approaches, the functional and literal approaches, as has been done, collaborative translators should follow one of them only. The current study suggests potential solutions to improve the quality of the English translation of this novel.

Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Health Literacy Scale Short-Form in the Chinese population

BackgroundHealth literacy is closely related to health status. Measuring public health literacy levels helps to warn of health status and manage health problems through timely interventions. The items of relevant evaluation tools are complex and numerous in China, and there is no recognized health literacy brief scale for the whole population. To translate the 12-item short-form health literacy scale (HLS-SF12) and test the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 in the Chinese population.MethodsThe HLS-SF12 was translated into Chinese using the procedures of translation, back translation, and cultural debugging. 10,951 residents were selected by quota sampling method to test the validity and reliability of the scale, and 33 people were selected to retest after 2 weeks. The reliability was tested by using internal consistency coefficient and test-retest reliability. The validity was tested by using confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity.ResultsThe Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.94, and the test-retest reliability was 0.89. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for the three subscales of health care, disease prevention, and health promotion respectively were 0.86, 0.86, 0.87, and the test-retest reliability respectively were 0.91, 0.79, 0.63. The confirmatory factor analysis identified a three factors model and showed nice goodness of fit indices for Chinese HLS-SF12 (GFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.07).ConclusionThe Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the health literacy of Chinese people.

Phraseological Units in Audiovisual Translation. A Case Study of Polish Dubbing of Disney’s The Little Mermaid

AHMADI, S./ KETABI, S. (2011): “Translation Procedures and Problems of Color Idiomatic Expressions in English and Persian”, Cultural Comparison in Focus. The Journal of International Social Research, 17/4, 9–39.

Validation of the inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among school-going adolescents in Malaysia.

A key component in the study of antisocial behaviour among adolescents is the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Among the established tools available to measure CU traits is the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (ICU). To date, there is no validated questionnaire to assess CU traits for the local population. Therefore, there is a need to validate the Malay version of the ICU (M-ICU) so that research can be conducted to explore CU traits among adolescents in Malaysia. The aim of the study is to validate the M-ICU. Two phases of cross-sectional study involving 409 (phase 1 -exploratory factor analysis (EFA), n = 180; phase 2-confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), n = 229) adolescents aged between 13 to 18 years old were conducted from July until October 2020 at six secondary schools in Kuantan district. Participants were selected via multistage random sampling. The ICU was initially translated into Malay language using forward-backward translation procedure by a group of bilingual researchers. Study participants completed the final version of the M-ICU questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26 and MPlus software for factor structure validity by performing EFA and CFA. Initial EFA revealed three factors with two items deleted. A further EFA with two factors resulted in the deletion of unemotional factor items. Cronbach's alpha for overall scale improved from 0.70 to 0.74. CFA supported a two-factor solution with 17 items compared to the original English version that has three factors with 24 items. The findings revealed acceptable fit indices (RMSEA = 0.057, CFI = 0.941, TLI = 0.932, WRMR = 0.968). The study revealed that a two-factor model with 17 items of the M-ICU has good psychometric properties. The scale is valid and reliable to measure CU traits among adolescents in Malaysia.

Stylistic and Cultural Problems Encountered in Translating Quranic Arabic Pun tawriya التورية into English: A Linguistic Contrastive Study

The translation is one of the most crucial and great cross-lingual and multicultural practices. One of these practices is the translation of Arabic puns into English in general and Quranic Arabic pun tawriya in particular which are the most vivid and sparkling parts of any tongue. Rendering Quranic Arabic pun tawriya into English increases many critical stylistic and cultural problems and challenges in renderings; these problems and challenges are attributable to the varying renditions of Arabic and English puns and the misunderstandings between the obvious references of a pun with obscure references, which could lead to a predetermined amount of ambiguity. This research paper assays to search stylistic and cultural problems confronted in translating Quranic Arabic pun tawriya التوريةinto English and to determine the translation procedures exerted in rendering the Quranic Arabic puns from Arabic into English. The study displayed translating the Quranic Arabic pun tawriya التوريةinto English and the equivalence of this Qur’anic Arabic pun is arduous and tricky. The results of the research paper also revealed that literal translation, zero translation, and a pun to non-pun translation are not always relevant and apt for rendering Quranic Arabic pun tawriya التوريةinto English because they have not efficiently maintained the dual meaning of the Qur’anic Arabic pun (QAP) into the Qur’an English pun (QEP).