Procedure Of Propagation Research Articles

An Ultrahigh Modulus Gel Electrolytes Reforming the Growing Pattern of Li Dendrites for Interfacially Stable Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have aroused intensive attention for their moderate comprehensive performances in lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). However, GPEs with low elastic moduli of MPa magnitude cannot mechanically regulate the Li deposition, leading to recalcitrant lithium dendrites. Herein, a porous Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 (LLZO) framework (PLF) is employed as an integrated solid filler to address the intrinsic drawback of GPEs. With the incorporation of PLF, the composite GPE exhibits an ultrahigh elastic modulus of GPa magnitude, confronting Li dendrites at a mechanical level and realizing steady polarization at high current densities in Li||Li cells. Benefiting from the compatible interface with anodes, the LFP|PLF@GPE|Li cells deliver excellent rate capability and cycling performance at room temperature. Theoretical models extracted from the topology of solid fillers reveal that the PLF with unique 3D structures can effectively reinforce the gel phase of GPEs at the nanoscale via providing sufficient mechanical support from the load-sensitive direction. Numerical models are further developed to reproduce the multiphysical procedure of dendrite propagation and give insights into predicting the failure modes of LMBs. This work quantitatively clarifies the relationship between the topology of solid fillers and the interface stability of GPEs, providing guidelines for designing mechanically reliable GPEs for LMBs.

Beam quality analysis of solid-state zigzag tube lasers for long-distance propagation in atmosphere

Solid-state zigzag tube laser (SSZTL) is a new type of solid-state laser source with structural compactness, high gain, as well as direct transmitting. To solve the problem that the beam quality of the tube laser significantly degrades during long-distance propagation in atmosphere, the method for improving the beam quality of the tube laser based on the right-angle conical deformable mirror have been proposed. The beam correction model and the beam propagation model in atmosphere of the tube laser have been built up and the beam quality of the tube laser after long-distance propagation in atmosphere have been analyzed. Firstly, a scheme for obscuration ratio transformation of annular tube lasers have been provided, based on which the matching of the small-aperture large-obscuration-ratio tube laser and the large-aperture small-obscuration-ratio Cassegrain system have been accomplished. Then, the impacts of the beam quality of the tube laser source, the atmosphere turbulence effect and the thermal blooming effect on the propagation characteristics of SSZTLs have been numerically studied, and the mechanism of the beam quality degradation of the tube laser in the procedure of the long-distance propagation in atmosphere have been revealed. To improve the beam quality of the tube laser in far field, the right-angle conical deformable mirror have been used to correct the aberrations of the tube laser source and the phase distortions induced by the turbulence and thermal blooming effects in atmosphere. The results show that the beam quality of the laser source have been significantly improved after correction. Also, the Strehl ratio in far field have been obviously improved, especially used together with conventional deformable mirror.

Assessment of Design and Retrofitting Solutions on the Progressive Collapse of Hongqi Bridge

In 2009, the Hongqi Bridge, a multispan reinforced concrete bridge located in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province, China, collapsed progressively in the form of domino, due to extreme effect of deck to pier, during demolition process of the bridge. In this study, progressive collapse of Hongqi Bridge was investigated using nonlinear dynamic analysis in the Applied Element Method, which has been proven as one of the best methods that can follow the collapse behavior of structures. Good agreements were obtained between numerical results and field observations as well as previously reported results. After verifying the bridge collapse procedure, the effects of different alternatives for superstructure and substructure systems on the progressive collapse procedure were investigated. In addition, application of restrainers at the connection of deck to abutment was studied as an effective solution in order to prevent collapse propagation and to minimize associated damages. The results of the study showed that all chosen methods and factors could be helpful and effective in the procedure of collapse propagation for this kind of bridge.

Effect of Heating Process on Flexural Strength and Toughness of CFRTP Molded by Multi-layer Press -Investigation on Effect of Residual Stress-

This study investigated the effect of differences in heating process of each mold due to the molding with multi-layer press on changing in mechanical properties of CFRTP. CFRTP specimens molded with 10 pages multi-layer were prepared for 3 point bending tests and DCB tests, ENF tests in order to investigate the different of mechanical properties. The change in the mechanical properties of CFRTP molded by multi-layer press were investigated considering residual stress occurred by differences in heating process of each mold. Average of flexural strength, mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness and mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness of the specimen molded at 5th page were decreased compared with that of 1st page. Assuming the fiber as a rigid and considering the thermal shrinkage of resin, compressive residual stress should be occurred in the fiber since free shrinkage of the resin was constrained. It was considered that the reduction of flexural strength with the failure close to the compression surface was caused due to this additional compressive residual stress. The tensile residual stress also should be occurred in the resin due to constraint of free shrinkage of the resin. The observed reduction of toughness in the resin was also occurred for the procedure of crack propagation. The reduction rate of mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness was much remarkable than that of mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness. Tensile residual stress in the resin was dominant since the mode-I fracture is a crack opening mode.

Poynting Vector Method for Reflector Beam Shaping

A reflector beam shaping method is presented, which includes an efficient algorithm. This efficient algorithm based on the Poynting vector tracing method is employed to analyze the procedure of beam propagation and reflection. The Poynting vector ray tracing method is naturally integrated into the reflector reshaping procedure, which brings significant advantage over existing beam shaping methods. The beam shaping process by this algorithm also shows distinct advantage in efficiency over competing integration theories. It has comparable accuracy with typical physical optics. The validity of this reflector shaping method is demonstrated by performing iterative phase correction toward a gyrotron quasi-optical mode converter.

Discovery of Critical Nodes in Road Networks Through Mining From Vehicle Trajectories

A major problem in road network analysis is discovery of important crossroads, which can provide useful information for transport planning. However, none of existing approaches addresses the problem of identifying network-wide important crossroads in real road network. In this paper, we propose a novel data-driven based approach named CRRank to rank important crossroads. Our key innovation is that we model the trip network reflecting real travel demands with a tripartite graph, instead of solely analysis on the topology of road network. To compute the importance scores of crossroads accurately, we propose a HITS-like ranking algorithm, in which a procedure of score propagation on our tripartite graph is performed. We conduct experiments on CRRank using a real-world dataset of taxi trajectories. Experiments verify the utility of CRRank.

Increasing the resolution of the reconstructed image in terahertz pulse time-domain holography

In this paper, we present a novel numerical approach for increasing the resolution of retrieved images of objects after their diffraction patterns are recorded via terahertz pulse time-domain holography (THz PTDH). THz PTDH allows for spectrally resolved imaging with high spatial resolution and does not require the fine alignment of complex optics in the THz path. The proposed data post-processing method opens up the possibility to reconstruct holograms recorded with spatially restricted THz detectors, and overcome the diffraction limit even for the lower-frequency spectral components. The method involves an iterative procedure of backward-forward wavefront propagation to simulate the field distribution beyond the initially recorded hologram area. We show significant improvement in both the object reconstruction and contrast across the whole spectrum, with qualitative resolution enhancement at lower frequency spectral components.

Semi-Supervised Classification With Graph Structure Similarity and Extended Label Propagation

Graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL) has attracted great attention over the past decade. However, there are still several open problems: (1) how to construct a graph that effectively represents the underlying structure of data and (2) how to incorporate label information of the labeled samples into a procedure of label propagation. Our solution mainly focuses on two aspects: (1) we propose a new graph construction technique by fusing local and global structural similarity (FLGSS). Based on an initial graph structure such as K-nearest neighbors (KNN), we utilize different types of link prediction algorithms to extract local and global graph structure information. These two types of structure information are fused into a graph structure that enhances the ability to represent the data correlation. (2) By incorporating the label correlation with feature similarity of samples, we propose an extended label propagation algorithm (ELP). Through experiments on three different types of datasets, it is shown that our method outperforms other widely used graph construction methods. The extended label inference algorithm achieves better classification results than some state-of-the-art methods. The proposed FLGSS method starts from KNN graph and two link prediction algorithms are performed to construct the graph. With the time complexity analysis, we theoretically deduce that the time complexity of FLGSS is not beyond that of KNN. Meanwhile, the time complexity of ELP remains the same as that of the traditional LP algorithm.

Semi-Supervised Ridge Regression with Adaptive Graph-Based Label Propagation

In order to overcome the drawbacks of the ridge regression and label propagation algorithms, we propose a new semi-supervised classification method named semi-supervised ridge regression with adaptive graph-based label propagation (SSRR-AGLP). Firstly, we present a new adaptive graph-learning scheme and integrate it into the procedure of label propagation, in which the locality and sparsity of samples are considered simultaneously. Then, we introduce the ridge regression algorithm into label propagation to solve the “out of sample” problem. As a consequence, the proposed SSSRR-AGLP integrates adaptive graph learning, label propagation and ridge regression into a unified framework. Finally, an effective iterative updating algorithm is designed for solving the algorithm, and the convergence analysis is also provided. Extensive experiments are conducted on five databases. Through comparing the results with some well-known algorithms, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated.

A Flexible Polynomial Expansion Method for Response Analysis with Random Parameters

The generalized Polynomial Chaos Expansion Method (gPCEM), which is a random uncertainty analysis method by employing the orthogonal polynomial bases from the Askey scheme to represent the random space, has been widely used in engineering applications due to its good performance in both computational efficiency and accuracy. But in gPCEM, a nonlinear transformation of random variables should always be used to adapt the generalized Polynomial Chaos theory for the analysis of random problems with complicated probability distributions, which may introduce nonlinearity in the procedure of random uncertainty propagation as well as leading to approximation errors on the probability distribution function (PDF) of random variables. This paper aims to develop a flexible polynomial expansion method for response analysis of the finite element system with bounded random variables following arbitrary probability distributions. Based on the large family of Jacobi polynomials, an Improved Jacobi Chaos Expansion Method (IJCEM) is proposed. In IJCEM, the response of random system is approximated by the Jacobi expansion with the Jacobi polynomial basis whose weight function is the closest to the probability density distribution (PDF) of the random variable. Subsequently, the moments of the response can be efficiently calculated though the Jacobi expansion. As the IJCEM avoids the necessity that the PDF should be represented in terms of the weight function of polynomial basis by using the variant transformation, neither the nonlinearity nor the errors on random models will be introduced in IJCEM. Numerical examples on two random problems show that compared with gPCEM, the IJCEM can achieve better efficiency and accuracy for random problems with complex probability distributions.

Rice Ragged Stunt Virus Propagation and Infection on Rice Plants.

Virus inoculation is a basic experimental procedure to evaluate the resistance of a rice variety or a transgenic material upon virus infection. We recently demonstrated that Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), an oryzavirus that is transmitted by brown planthopper (BPH), can suppress jasmonic acid-mediated antiviral defense through the induction of microRNA319 and facilitate virus infection in rice. To verify this, we performed virus inoculation experiments on wild-type rice plants and miR319-TCP21-associated transgenic rice plants through a modified group inoculation method. Here, we presented the detailed procedure of RRSV propagation and infection process on rice plants.

Propagation Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Problem

This paper presents a nature inspired heuristic optimization algorithm based on lightning progression called the propagation algorithm (PA) to solve optimal reactive power problem. It is from the imitated natural phenomenon of lightning and the procedure of step frontrunner propagation using the theory of fast particles. Three particle kinds are established to distinguish the transition particles that produce the first step frontrunner population, the space particles that attempt to turn out to be the frontrunner, and the prime particle that epitomize the particle thrilled from best positioned step frontrunner. The proposed PA has been tested in standard IEEE 30,57,118 bus test systems and simulation results show clearly about the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss with control variables within the limits.

Micropropagation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Plant propagation via nodal explants of <em>Scutellaria baicalensis</em> Georgi (Lamiaceae) was studied. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented either with NAA and kinetin or NAA and BA in different concentrations was used for this purpose. The most favourable for axillary branching was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 µM NAA and 2.5 µM kinetin. The number of regenerated shoots per explant reached 3.8 ± 1.3. To increase the multiplication rate a two stage procedure of propagation was also elaborated. First, an induction of organogenic calli was achieved using thidiazuron (TDZ) as a sole growth regulator in the nutrient medium (concentration range: 0.1-0.5 µM). Next, regeneration of shoots on the medium containing 2.2 µM BA was performed. Over 20 shoots per explant could be obtained following the described procedure. The regenerated shoots rooted easily on a modified MS medium (1/2 macronutrients) and were successfully adapted to growth in pots.

BI-Filtered Forwarding: A Quasi-Optimal Routing Algorithm for Query Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract A quasi-optimal query propagation algorithm Bi-Filtered Forwarding (BFF) for quickly routing a query throughout a wireless sensor network is proposed in this paper. BFF is implemented in a limited flooding manner for guaranteeing quick query propagation and low message consumption in wireless sensor networks. The experimental results show that in comparison with the flooding algorithm, BFF can greatly reduce the redundant message consumption during the procedure of real time query propagation throughout a wireless sensor network.

Semi-automatic determination of the carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of calcite and dolomite in natural mixtures

A semi-automatic, on-line method was developed to determine the δ13C and δ18O values of coexisting calcite and dolomite. An isotopic mass balance is used to calculate the compositions of dolomite after having measured that of calcite and of the “bulk” sample. The limit of validity of this method is established by performing isotopic measurements of artificial mixtures made of precisely weighted and isotopically-characterised dolomite and calcite. The accuracy and repeatability of the calculation of dolomite δ13C and δ18O are statistically determined with a Monte-Carlo procedure of error propagation. Stable isotope ratios are determined by using an automated MultiPrep™ system on-line with an isotope-ratio mass-spectrometer (IRMS). The reaction time and the temperature of reaction were optimised by comparing the results with the isotopic composition of known mixtures. The best results were obtained by phosphoric acid digestion after 20 min at 40 °C for calcite and 45 min at 90 °C for dolomite. This procedure allows an accurate determination of the isotopic ratios from small samples (300 μg). Application of this protocol to natural mixtures of calcite and dolomite requires the accurate determination of the relative abundance of calcite and dolomite by combining Mélières manocalcimetry (MMC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD).

Determination of the uncertainties in the theoretical mass isotopomer distribution of molecules

A procedure for the determination of the uncertainties in the theoretical mass isotopomer distribution of molecules due to natural variations in the isotope composition of their constituting elements is described here for the first time. For this purpose, a Visual Basic macro for Microsoft Excel was written by adapting the direct stepwise calculation algorithm published by Kubinyi (Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 247, 107–119, [11] Fig. 1). In our procedure no pruning threshold factors were used to eliminate round up errors for large molecules. Then, the Kragten [13] procedure of uncertainty propagation (Analyst 1994, 119, 2161–2165) was applied taking into account the correlation coefficients between the isotope abundances of the corresponding atoms. For bi-isotopic elements (C, H, N, Cl, Br) the correlation coefficients were given the value of −1. For tri- and tetra-isotopic elements the correlation coefficients were calculated using the mass dependent fractionation law used in stable isotope geochemistry and values of +1 or −1 were obtained depending on the isotope system considered. It was observed that for small organic molecules of natural isotope abundances, such as phenol or polybrominated diphenylethers, the method provided relatively small propagated uncertainties similar in magnitude to those measured experimentally. For 13C-labelled molecules the calculated uncertainties were mainly due to the uncertainties in the isotope enrichment of 13C and were much larger than the experimental uncertainties. For large molecules of natural isotope abundances, such as peptide C 68H 107N 17O 25 (NIST 8327 RM), the uncertainties in their mass isotopomer distributions were much larger and their source could be assigned mainly to the uncertainty of the natural isotope composition of carbon. When the size of the molecule was even larger, such as bovine insulin (C 254H 377N 65O 75S 6), Kragten procedure provided a good estimate for the uncertainty when the most probable isotope composition of carbon in mammals was used in the calculations.

The effect of E-M wave's attenuation on sea surface reflectivity, emissivity and estimation of sea surface temperature

The imaginary component of the complex index of refraction denotes the attenuation of E-M waves in amplitude within the procedure of propagation in a medium. The attenuation of E-M waves in sea water is of great importance in microwave remote sensing, because the Snell's law of refraction in air–sea interface, sea surface reflectivity, sea surface emissivity and the estimation of sea surface temperature (SST) from microwave radiometer detections are all related to it. The well-known expressions of the reflectivity were derived in optics, but they cannot be applied directly to microwave remote sensing, since the E-M waves of microwave bands propagating in the sea water are greatly attenuated. In this study, a more appropriate formula of the reflectivity is proposed for the full range of E-M waves with considering the attenuation of E-M waves in the sea water. The proposed formula can be used to obtain the emissivity of sea surface, which is useful to estimate SST in microwave remote sensing. The error analysis indicates further that the proposed formula of the reflectivity is significant for improving ocean microwave remote sensing and increasing the retrieval accuracy of SST.

Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth at 63Sn37Pb Solder Joints

Fatigue tests were performed using single lap-joint specimens to obtain near-threshold fatigue crack growth data of solder joint under mode-II load. Attention was focused on the effect of high temperature aging and microstructures separately from the intermetallics. As a result, it was shown that the long cast time yielded the intermetallics and microstructures of the solder invariable regardless of aging condition. The granular micro-structure of the air-cooled specimens was shown to be inferior to the laminated micro-structure of the furnace-cooled specimens. Also, transition of fatigue crack behavior with ΔJ and the procedure of fatigue crack propagation from the pre-crack tip were discussed.

Modulation of mechanically induced calcium waves in hippocampal astroglial cells. Inhibitory effects of α1-adrenergic stimulation

The effects of different adrenoceptor agonists were investigated on mechanically induced Ca 2+ waves in astroglial cells in astroglial–neuronal mixed cultures from rat hippocampus. In the initial part of the study some properties of the waves were characterized. The results show that the initiation of the Ca 2+ waves was not critically dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ but both the calcium signal and the propagation area of the calcium wave were significantly reduced when the experiments were performed in Ca 2+-free buffer. In addition, using the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122 (1 μM) and the gap junction uncoupler octanol (1 mM), the results showed that the Ca 2+ wave propagation required PLC activation and functional gap junctions. Further, the data also showed that the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA 150 nM) reduced the spreading of the waves. The adrenoceptor agonists isoproterenol (iso; β), phenylephrine (phe; α 1) and clonidine (clon; α 2) were evaluated for their short-term (<30 s) effects on the wave propagation. The propagation area was persistently decreased 1, 3 and 5 min after removal of phe. No effects were observed after incubation with iso or clon. Furthermore, using U-73122 or PMA together with phe, shortly incubated, the experiments showed that PLC was a central regulator in the initial phase of the initiation procedure of wave propagation. However, under these conditions PKC was shown not to be involved. Instead it appeared that PKC exerted its inhibitory action on the Ca 2+ waves in a latter phase, after prolonged phe exposure. Taken together, the results show that the propagation of Ca 2+ waves between astroglial cells in primary cultures can be inhibited/regulated in two principally different ways which involve a pronounced time component. The results also further point out the adrenergic signaling system as an important mediator of dynamic neuron–astroglial information exchange.

Analysis of Acoustic Wave Propagating in Bilinear Surface Duct by Hybrid Ray-Parabolic Equation Method

The systematic procedure of acoustic wave propagation in a bilinear surface duct is described. When both source and observation points are placed in the boundary layer, the acoustic ray theory fails because those rays which have undergone too many reflections at the sea surface interfere with one another. It is shown how the wave solution in the boundary layer can be found by solving the parabolic equation (PE). Using these solutions as initial inputs to the PE code, it is confirmed by comparison with the reference solution that the resulting hybrid ray-PE algorithm predicts the wave fields accurately.