Water Shortage Problems Research Articles

Determination of optimum irrigation scheduling for sorghum in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

Scarcity of water is the most severe constraint for sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence, novel irrigation water application systems need to be developed so that high crop yield and water productivity per unit of land can be increased. Thus, the field experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the effect of different soil moisture depletion levels on yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop in Benna-Tsemay woreda at Enchete kebele, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-2020). It was arranged in RCBD with three replications and treatment was rated for five levels of available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), where T1 = 60%, T2 = 80%, T3 = 100%, T4 = 120%, and T5 = 140% of ASMD. Analysis of variance has shown that yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by irrigation scheduling. As observed in this study, the most economically attractive and environmentally accepted for small scale farmers with tolerable cost of production and higher net benefit was obtained by application of T3 (100% ASMD) under conventional furrow irrigation system. Therefore, for this particular sorghum crop (teshale variety), it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 100% ASMD under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 95-102, Dec 2021

Investigating the performance of dish solar distiller with phase change material mixed with Al2O3 nanoparticles under different water depths.

The problem of potable water shortage all over the world made the scientists seek for solutions to overcome this problem. Solar distiller is one of the introduced solutions, but it demerited by the low freshwater output. In this proposed paper, a design modification includes the use of a convex dish absorber instead of the flat absorber liner. The modified solar distiller is nominated by dish solar distiller. The base of dish solar distiller was circular. In addition, a cotton wick was used as a wetting material for facilitating the evaporation process inside the distiller. Besides, the effect of different water heights in the clearance around the dish dome was investigated for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12cm. Finally, the space under the dish absorber is filled with a phase change material of paraffin wax mixed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Experimental results revealed that the best dish height that provided the highest freshwater productivity was 9cm, where the average daily yields of dish solar distiller (at 9cm) and conventional distillers were reported as 4500 and 3000mL/m2.day, respectively. Then, the productivity of dish solar distiller was improved by around 50% over that of the conventional distiller. In addition, when using the phase change material, the average daily distillate of dish solar distiller was improved by approximately 95% compared to that of the conventional solar still, where the distillate of conventional still and dish solar distiller with phase change material at 9cm water depth was 3580 and 6980mL/m2.day, respectively. Besides, the maximum thermal efficiency of dish solar distiller was obtained when using phase change material at 9cm water depth, where it was 62.4% compared to 30% for the conventional distiller.

Environmentally Responsive Intelligent Dynamic Water Collector.

Collecting water from fog flow is emerging as a promising solution to the water shortage problem. This work demonstrated a novel environmentally responsive water collector made from a self-prepared Janus polyvinyl alcohol sponge in combination with a two-way shape memory alloy spring, which transforms the traditional manner of static water collection into a dynamic one. The unidirectional water transport of the Janus structure together with the dynamic collection approach correspond to a 30.8% increase in the water-collection rate (WCR). The resultant WCR is up to 5.1 g/h, which ranks relatively high compared to similar studies. The light- and thermal-response capability, easy fabrication, and good cycling performance indicate that our devices could be utilized in a variety of applications. In this work, an efficient, intelligent adaptive, simple-preparation, precision-guided, and economical fog-collecting devices are recommended. Our work provides new insights on the design of high-efficient water collectors with practicability.

Water Management Problems In Iraq and The Potential Role of Traditional Oil Revenues: An Analytical Study

Water plays a significant role in all spheres of life, whether economic, political, or social. It demonstrates the importance of water in Iraq through its applications in all spheres of life, mainly agricultural and industrial. The research aims to examine the concept of available water resources and the causes and effects of the Iraqi water crisis. The study discusses the effects of water security on all sectors and services. With the necessary solutions to this crisis, considering Iraq's large oil reserves and associated natural gas production, as well as the low Iraqi per capita income that is insufficient to meet its water requirements, and the impact of this effective in resolving the problem of water shortage flowing into Iraq, as it suffers from severe water poverty in comparison to the rest of the world, One of the more traditional forms of energy

基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202106291724 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFA0605001） Study on ecological water supplement in Fenhe River Basin based on SWAT Model Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强，显著改变了河流的天然径流过程，生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区，基于天然和实测径流数据，利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程，并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化，探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：（1）汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显，汛期（0.50-18.80m3/s）河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期（0.05-1.81m3/s），总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流；（2）在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下，汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期，高频缺水区主要分布在支流，呈上下游分散分布；（3）在中等级生态流量标准下，流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求，关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区；（4）建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水，空间上侧重高频缺水地区，基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源，提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流量满足程度，可以为未来流域水资源管理提供有效指导。 Abstract:Facing the increasingly serious water shortage problem, with the increasing demand for water resources, the development and utilization of rivers by human beings have been enhanced, which significantly changed the natural hydrological process of basins. The basic ecological water demand of rivers cannot be guaranteed, and the shortage of ecological water supply has become an important factor restricting the health of watershed ecosystem. In order to effectively guarantee the river ecological flow, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the natural runoff and the current runoff process with inter basin water transfer in Fenhe River Basin of Shanxi Province based on the natural and measured hydrological data. First, based on the SWAT model, the monthly natural runoff for about 30 years and the monthly current runoff after the implementation of inter basin water transfer projects in recent 10 years were simulated in the Fenhe River Basin. Second, based on the improved Tennant method, the ecological flow values under different ecological flow criteria were quantified in each river channel in flood season and non-flood season. Last, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ecological flow and ecological water shortage were analyzed in the whole basin. The results showed that:(1) the ecological flow of each channel showed significantly temporal and spatial differences, with the values were 0.05-1.81 m3/s for non-flood season and 0.50-18.8 m3/s for flood season. The overall distribution characteristics were that the ecological flow in the middle and lower reaches was much higher than that in the upstream tributaries. (2) Under different ecological flow criteria of Tennant method, the satisfaction of ecological flow in non-flood season was better than that in flood season, and the areas with high-frequency of water shortage were mainly distributed in the upstream and downstream tributaries. (3) Under the medium-level environmental flow standards, about 84% of the basin could guarantee the basic ecological flow demand, and the key water shortage areas were Lanhe, Xiaohe, Fushan County and Huihe River basin. (4) The ecological water supplement of the basin should focus on flood season in time and areas with high frequency of water shortage in space, and the water resources of inter-basin water transfer projects should be allocated based on the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ecological water deficiency to improve the utilization efficiency of water. In conclusion, this study quantified the satisfaction degree of ecological flow after the implementation of inter basin water transfer projects in time and space, which can provide effective guidance for watershed water resources management. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-БЫТОВЫХ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ДЛЯ ЦЕЛЕЙ ОРОШЕНИЯ

Purpose: analysis of foreign practices in the use of treated household wastewater in irrigation reclamation. The usage of household wastewater in irrigation is widespread in regions with a shortage of water resources, as well as an arid climate. These are India, Italy, France, Spain, Israel, Jordan, USA, Poland, Africa, as well as Central, South and Southeast Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam). Discussions. Currently, there is a significant increase of household wastewater volume, and the use of treated wastewater for agricultural production is a common practice throughout the world. In Europe, 964 million m³/year of treated wastewater is used in agriculture, 347 million m³/year is used in Spain and 233 million m³/year in Italy. The wastewater reuse in Latin America is confirmed by the presence of large areas irrigated with both purified and unpurified household wastewater. When irrigating vegetable crops with purified household wastewater in the Middle East countries, the development of pathogenic organisms that pose a threat to human health was not observed. Conclusion. The use of treated wastewater for irrigation solves the problem of water shortage, their utilization, has a positive effect on soil physical and chemical characteristics, the plant growth and development, helps to reduce the cost of crop production by 10–20 %, which is a decisive argument in favor of household wastewater irrigation. Besides, the use of wastewater in irrigation reclamation, saves from 25 to 50 % of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increases crop yields by 15–27 % compared to irrigation with ordinary water.

A Review on Development Water-Saving Agriculture in Asia

The development of water-saving agriculture is of great significance not only for increasing farmers’ production and income, but also for protecting water resources. The purpose of this paper is to learn from the experience of Israel, Japan, Korea and Singapore, improve the low efficiency of agricultural water use in China, and solve the problem of water shortage, promote the development of agriculture. This article concludes that the experience of water-saving agriculture in Israel is advanced irrigation technology, sound laws and regulations, and emphasis on science and technology. Japan’s water-saving agriculture is characterized by an efficient irrigation program and a strict agricultural water management policy. Korea’s experience in water-saving agriculture is that it has a strict water management system, with the government subsidizing the cost of irrigation projects and integrating water into agricultural development planning. Singapore’s experience in water-saving agriculture is to raise awareness of water conservation and to use step water prices. In order to promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture in China, the research on water-saving agriculture in the future can be carried out from the aspects of agricultural production or related agricultural technology.

Research on Hydropower Allocation Based on Multi-Objective Optimization and Bankruptcy Game Theory

In recent decades, droughts have become more frequent and severe due to global warming, and the amount of water in dams and reservoirs has decreased in many regions. To alleviate the water shortage problem, we modeled the water allocation in dams to achieve the optimal combination of water and electricity. A multi-objective optimization model for water allocation in dams was developed. A grid method was used to rasterize the dams and calculate the reservoir capacity of the dams. The multi-objective optimization model was used to improve water distribution schemes in five states based on the collection of water and electricity consumption data from five states in recent years. The consumption time for water transport and power generation, as well as the amount of water supplied, is minimized while meeting the water supply and power demand and providing surplus water for Mexico. In the next step, game theory was used to solve the conflict problem of allocating water among the four uses and to transform the problem into a utility non-transferable game model. Considering the differences in water use by state, the states were typed into three categories: hydro, industrial and non-industrial states. Different weights were assigned to the four types of water use in different types of states, taking into account the different importance attached to different water use in different regions. The allocation results for the different states were obtained.

Study of ecological water-demand security in the Linghekou Reserve of north-eastern China, based on landscape pattern

Context The socio-economic development and the expansion of urbanisation boundaries are constantly eroding the ecological resources of wetlands, making them deteriorate, weakening their ecological functions and making the phenomenon of water shortage within them obvious. Aim Through the study of water-demand model and water distribution process in coastal wetlands, we cannot only improve the current situation of water shortage within wetlands and optimise water allocation, but also improve the research content of ecological water demand in wetlands. Methods In this study, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technology were used to study the landscape distribution characteristics and ecological water demand of the Linghekou Reserve, on the basis of the landscape pattern index and ecological water-demand model. Key results The ecological water demand decreases year by year, with obvious spatial and temporal variability, and the areas with higher ecological water demand are located mainly in the central and southern parts of the reserve. Among the total ecological water demand, the biological habitat has the largest proportion of water demand, and plays an important role in ensuring the water-demand security of the reserve. Conclusion The ecological environment quality of the reserve not only affects the landscape distribution characteristics, but also influences the total ecological water demand. Implications This study provides a research reference for water-shortage problems caused by ecological imbalance, and provides a scientific basis for other wetland-related problems in north-eastern China.

Analysis Of Water Requirements For Irrigation Of Green Honey Water Apple (Syzygium aqueum) In Pots

Plant irrigation water needs are important things to be met so that the plant growth is optimal starting from the vegetative phase to the generative phase. The current hot issue among potted fruit growers is the problem of dropping the ovary (pistil) on the plant. Many factors cause the fall of plant fruit, one of which is lack of water. This certainly needs special attention considering the nature of the water apple plant itself, in this study, especially the green honey water apple, it consumes quite a lot of water every day. To overcome the problem of water shortages in the green honey water apple plant, it is necessary to first know the average plant water requirement in pots through water content analysis in the laboratory at three stages of analysis and calculation of Pot Water Requirements (PWR) and Efficiency Needs Irrigation Water. Average Field Capacity Moisture Content of the potted planting media sample was 49.37%, Air Dry Moisture Content was 24.27 % and PWR 4.36 liters with an efficiency of irrigation water requirement for bulk systems (hand move or portable) of 5, 12-5.81 liters and a drip irrigation system (point source emitter) of 4.84-5.45 liters.

Potential Use of Constructed Wetland Systems for Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Moroccan Context

Located in a semi-arid to arid region, Morocco is confronting increasing water scarcity challenges. In the circular economy paradigm, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is currently considered a possible solution to mitigate water shortage and pollution problems. In recent years, Morocco has made significative progress in urban wastewater treatment under the National Wastewater Program (PNA). However, rural sanitation has undergone significant delays. Therefore, an alternative technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural areas is investigated in this review, considering the region’s economic, social, and regulatory characteristics. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a simple, sustainable, and cost-effective technology that has yet to be fully explored in Morocco. CWs, indeed, appear to be suitable for the treatment and reuse of wastewater in remote rural areas if they can produce effluent that meets the standards of agricultural irrigation. In this review, 29 studies covering 16 countries and different types of wastewater were collected and studied to assess the treatment efficiency of different types of CWs under different design and operational parameters, as well as their potential application in agricultural reuse. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of conventional contamination such as organic matter and suspended solids is generally high. CWs also demonstrated a remarkable capacity to remove heavy metals and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, care products, etc. The removal of microbial contamination, on the other hand, is challenging, and does not satisfy the standards all the time. However, it can be improved using hybrid constructed wetlands or by adding polishing treatment. In addition, several studies reported that CWs managed to produce effluent that met the requirements of wastewater reuse in agriculture of different countries or organisations including Morocco.

Climate Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina According to Climate Scenario RCP8.5 and Possible Impact on Fruit Production

This paper presents the results of research on possible climate change in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the climate scenario RCP8.5 and its potential impact on fruit production. Climate change analyses are based on expected fluctuations in air temperature, precipitation and climate indices. The results indicate pronounced climate change, which refers to an increase in annual temperature to 5 °C, and a decrease in annual precipitation of up to 30% and in the summer season (June, July, and August) and up to 40% by the end of the XXI century. In addition, an increase in the number of summer days and a decrease in the number of days with the appearance of snow can be expected. Reducing the number of days with snow and snow cover can cause a decrease in underground aquifers with water during the winter and spring seasons. These changes can have a serious impact on the problem of drought and water deficit, which can have direct consequences for the agricultural sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially for fruit production. These findings show that fundamental changes in agriculture and an approach to land treatment and water resources management, as well as fruit production planning in changed climatic conditions, are needed.

Effect of irrigation and nitrogen management on yield, nutrient uptake and water productivity of direct–seeded rice in India

Direct-seeded rice has the potential to address labor and water shortage problems, and avoid possible deleterious effects of puddling on sequence crops. However, the integrated effect of irrigation and nitrogen management on crop and water productivity is not well understood in alluvial soils of India. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate different irrigation thresholds and N split applications on water use and productivity and N use efficiency in DSR. Treatments were established in a split-plot design with three replications . Main plots compared irrigation thresholds based on soil water tension: (i) 0 kPa; (ii) 10 kPa; (iii) 20 kPa; and (iv) 40/10 kPa). Sub plots evaluated N management practices: (i) no N application, (ii) 120 kg N ha−1 as three equal splits, and (iii) 120 kg N ha−1 as four equal splits. Irrigation at 0 and 10 kPa recorded the highest biomass accumulation which decreased by 10-16% with higher water stress. However, irrigation water productivity increased with an increase in water stress. Irrigation at 10 and 20 kPa combined with four N splits resulted in grain yield similar to when irrigation was applied at 0 kPa with three or four N splits. There was a saving of irrigation water up to 17 to 36%, 30 to 46% and 54- 61% with 10 kPa, 20 kPa, and 40/10 kPa, respectively. It was concluded that irrigation at 10 and 20 kPa, and four N splits were beneficial for increasing grain yield and water productivity of DSR.

Study on Water Rights Allocation of Irrigation Water Users in Irrigation Districts of the Yellow River Basin

With the increasingly serious problems of water security and water shortage in the Yellow River Basin, the establishment of a fair and efficient water rights distribution system is an important way to improve water resource utilization efficiency and achieve high-quality development. In this paper, a double-level water rights allocation model of national canals–farmer households in irrigation districts is established. The Gini coefficient method is used to construct the water rights allocation model among farmer households based on the principle of fairness. Finally, the Wulanbuhe Irrigation Area in the Hetao Irrigation District is taken as an example. Results show that the allocated water rights of the national canals in the irrigation district are less than the current; for example, water rights of the Grazing team (4) canal are reduced by 73,000 m3 than before, in which water rights of farmer households 1, 2, 3, and 4 obtain compensation and 5, 6, 7, and 8 are cut by the water rights allocation model and the Gini coefficient is reduced from 0.1968 to 0.1289. The research has fully tapped the water-saving potential of irrigation districts, improved the fairness of initial water rights distribution, and can provide a scientific basis for the development of water rights allocation of irrigation water users in irrigation districts of the Yellow River Basin.

Reinventing Smart Water Management System through ICT and IoT Driven Solution for Smart Cities

Purpose: Worldwide water scarcity is one of the major problems to deal with. Smart Cities also faces this challenging problem due to its ever-increasing population and limited sources of natural water. Additionally, careless usage of water and large water wastage has made the water issues as a serious concern. Today Smart Cities are using advanced technical solutions to deal with various problems, to deal with water shortage problems, Smart Cities uses Smart Water Management System, an intelligent system which distributes and control existing water supply on need basis, and also it facilitates recycling of water for again using for specific activities. In this paper I have provided the overview of Smart Water Management System, its features, and functionalities. I also reviewed available literature on Water Management Systems for Smart Cities and considering the latest tools and technologies and understanding some of the limitations of existing Smart Water Management Systems, I proposed an easy to develop, operate and maintain Smart Water Management Solution called as "iWMS". The proposed conceptual framework of iWMS is modular and is based on secure Blockchain based Application Layer. The iWMS solution supports entire water management and recycling functioning cycle and can easily integrate with other services of Smart Cities. The evaluation of iWMS framework provided very encouraging results. It is revealed that iWMS meets the stated objectives of water savings through automated operation and also through controlled water recycling. Unlike other Smart Water Management Systems, iWMS also carefully complies the cybersecurity requirements. Based on evaluation, the advantages, and limitations of iWMS are also stated in this paper. Finally, I have also specified the future plans about iWMS to undertake its full-fledged implementation and addressing of its limitations. Design/Methodology/Approach: Primary Data collection through Interviews and Questionnaire responses from Industry Professionals, SMEs, and Researchers working on development, operation, and maintenance of Water Management Systems in Smart Cities and secondary data collected through detailed review of existing literature containing Journal Papers, Conference Papers, and Whitepapers available on Water Management Solutions for Smart Cities, are used to derive the new findings and results presented in this research paper. Findings/Result: Smart Water Management System not only efficiently handles water distribution across Smart Cities but also plays an active role in Water Recycling, Water Control and Monitoring, Estimation of the peak water requirements, and detection of water leakage if any. Smart Water Management System is an essential system in Smart Cities and is the backbone behind Smart Water Service of Smart Cities. Originality/Value: The Information presented in this paper is original and genuine and completely based on own data analysis and findings. It is derived from a systematic literature review of existing research papers and whitepapers on Smart Water Management System and interactions carried out with industry professionals, SMEs, and Researchers working on Water Management Solutions. Paper Type: Technology oriented Research

Addressing Social Inequality and Improper Water Distribution in Cities: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

Inhabited by almost 20 million people, Karachi, also known as the “city of lights”, houses almost 60 percent of the industries in Pakistan and is considered as the financial and industrial center of the country. The city contributes almost 12–15 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP), showing its significance in Pakistan’s economy. Unfortunately, with the increase in population, the city is facing a serious shortage of water supply. The current allocation of water among the city’s districts is not equitable, which has caused water scarcity and even riots in some areas. Surface water and ground water are the two primary sources of water supply in the city. The water supply provided by Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) is approximately 650 million gallons per day (MGD) against a demand of 480–866 million gallons per day (MGD), resulting in a serious shortfall. Keeping a holistic view in mind, this paper focuses specifically on proposing measures to address the gap in proposing concrete solutions to manage Karachi’s increasing water woes. It also proposes a water allocation mechanism and uses Nash bargaining theory to address the inefficient and unequal water distribution. Results indicate that our suggested policies and water allocation mechanism have the potential to simultaneously resolve the supply–demand mismatch and water shortage problems of the city.

A Single Step Preparation of Photothermally Active Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes Using Triethyl Phosphate as a Green Solvent for Distillation Applications.

Membrane distillation is a growing technology that can address the growing problem of water shortage. The implementation of renewable energy and a reduction in the environmental impact of membrane production could improve the sustainability of this process. With this perspective, porous hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared using triethyl phosphate (TEP) as a green solvent, using the non-solvent induced phase separation technique. Different amounts of carbon black were added to dope solutions to improve the photothermal properties of the membranes and to enable direct heating by solar energy. By optimizing the preparation conditions, membranes with porosity values as high as 87% were manufactured. Vacuum membrane distillation tests carried out using a concentrated NaCl solution at 50 °C showed distillate fluxes of up to 36 L/m2 h and a complete salt rejection. Some preliminary studies on the photothermal performance were also conducted and highlighted the possibility of using such membranes in a direct solar membrane distillation configuration.

Reduced graphene oxide aerogel with the dual-cross-linked framework for efficient solar steam evaporation

Solar-steam generation is a promising technology to alleviate the water shortage problem by capturing solar energy. Photothermal aerogels, especially graphene-based aerogels, show great promise for solar-driven water evaporation due to the unique properties, such as broadband solar absorption, lightweight, high and evaporation rate. However, how to improve the mechanical properties of aerogels still remains a great challenge that has limited their practical applications so far. Herein, we utilized GO nanosheets and sodium alginate as raw materials, elastic graphene oxide framework (GOF) was formed through covalent cross-linking and hydrogen bonds under mild conditions. After the simple reduction, featured with a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous network structure, the novel high flexibility rGO-SA aerogels with good mechanical property were obtained and possess outstanding broadband light absorption (95.87%), low thermal conductivity (0.049 W m−1 K−1), high salinity removal rate (99.28%), and high evaporation rate (1.86 kg m−2 h−1) under 1 solar radiation. The dedicated designed graphene-based aerogels will be an attractive photothermal material for seawater desalination applications.

Proposed Policies for Planning and Managing Water Resources in Egypt in Light of Expected Climate Changes

Climate change is one of the most serious challenges facing the world and a fundamental challenge to the sustainable development process. Climate change has a tremendous impact on water in Egypt, which is manifested in many pressures on food and water supply, and a direct impact on the economy, politics and society, North Africa has become one of the region's most in need of food preservation with limited water supplies, hence the idea of research working on Achieving the goal to develop policies for planning and managing water resources to ensure Egypt’s resistance to the effects of climate change and exposure to water shortage problems, using the Delphi method, which is an organized way to collect the opinions of a selected group of experts and specialists in the field of planning and management of water resources. By conducting a questionnaire to collect the opinions of experts to analyze the water situation The current situation in Egypt and an analysis of the reasons for the quantitative and qualitative deficit in water resources, including it may contribute to the development of a proposal for policies for planning and managing water resources in light of climate changes and measuring the extent of its application in Egypt.

The Study of Clean Water Demand in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan

Palangka Raya as the capital city of Central Kalimantan become the center lane economy leading to increase population growth and clean water demand. There are still areas experiencing water shortage problems because of the difficulty of distributing clean water. Objectives of this study were to determine the amount of water demand in 2016, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 to fulfill the community requirements. Water quality and supply capacity at the intake system are also be the purposes of this study. In this study, the calculation of population projections using statistical methods in which to observe the rate of population growth of the past to estimate the number of people in the future. There are several methods that can be used to analyze the population growth in the future, specifically Arithmetic, Geometric, Linear Regression, Exponential, and Logarithmic. For water quality field survey was conducted to test parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity, the amount of dissolved solids, pH, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen measurements. The method in this research was using Arithmetic method because the correlation can be said to be excellent compared to other methods. Results of this research were clean water demand discharge town of Palangka Raya with consecutive results as follows in 2016; 2020; 2025; 2030; 2035 amounted to 451.03 L/sec, 737.14 L/sec, 1,162.34 L/sec, 1,425.83 L/sec, 1,571.12 L/sec. In the aspect of water quality, source of raw water used PDAM Palangka Raya unqualified the standards in terms of pH value, so the use of water was not safe for the residents of Palangka Raya city.