Formalization Of Problem Research Articles

Tool-based Support for the FAIR Principles for Control Theoretic Results: The "Automatic Control Knowledge Repository"

In 2016 a collection of guiding principles for the management of scientific data was proposed by a consortium of scientists and organizations under the acronym FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability). As many other disciplines, control theory also is affected by the (mostly unintended) disregard of these principles and to some degree also suffers from a reproducibility crisis. The specific situation for that discipline, however, is more related to software, than to classical numerical data. In particular, since computational methods like simulation, numeric approximation or computer algebra play an important role, the reproducibility of results relies on implementation details, which are typically out of scope for written papers.While some publications do reference the source code of the respective software, this is by far not standard in industry and academia. Additionally, having access to the source code does not imply reproducibility due to dependency issues w. r. t. hardware and software components. This paper proposes a tool based approach consisting of four components to mitigate the problem: a) an open repository with a suitable data structure to publish formal problem specifications and problem solutions (each represented as source code) along with descriptive metadata, b) a web service that automatically checks the solution methods against the problem specifications and auxiliary software for local testing, c) a computational ontology which allows for semantic tagging and sophisticated querying the entities in the repo and d) a peer-oriented process scheme to organize both the contribution process to that repository and formal quality assurance.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE SENSE IN G. FREGE’S LOGICAL SEMANTICS

The given article provides some views on the development of the problems of formalization and representation of a notion of «sense», which is being conceptualized by an outstanding German philosopher Gottlob Frege, and what’s mainly being analyzed and elaborated in his work “On Sense and Reference”. The key critical theories of understanding the notion of «sense» according to Frege are characterized in the conceptual aspect, that is, a paradigmatic concept that does not receive unambiguous fixation in further developments of logicians and philosophers in the analytic philosophy, but it is assumed as a functional multifaceted concept. In particular, we find examples of conceptualization in the classics of such analytical philosophers as L. Wittgenstein, B. Russell, R. Carnap, and A. Church. Some of the modern works on this topic are analyzed, as well as some classical works in which, opinionate, the directions of the sense conceptualization in the Frege’s works were mostly reflected. We come to the conclusion about the presence of four basic conceptualizations, among which there are two groups: the exclusively logical ones, and the semiotics. Hence, we diagnose the need to deep down the study of the socio-cultural context of works of the analytical philosophy due to the topic. The possibility of the entry of analytical methods into the interdisciplinary study of the problem of sense is fixed there. Method of conceptualization itself is considered and demonstrated by examples, which, on the one hand, are necessary for more detailed study of the development of ideas of analytical philosophy, and, on the other hand, as a source of rejection of irrelevant to the classical philosophy ideas and views. The proximity of the conceptualized semantic refinement on the paradigm method is investigated, from which it is concluded that conceptualization acts as a certain climate for new areas: formalization and representation. A separate consideration of these parts makes obvious the relationship between concepts of meaning and process of its gradual separation in the works of those analytical philosophers who has been developing this topic.

Use of deep learning to develop continuous-risk models for adverse event prediction from electronic health records.

Early prediction of patient outcomes is important for targeting preventive care. This protocol describes a practical workflow for developing deep-learning risk models that can predict various clinical and operational outcomes from structured electronic health record (EHR) data. The protocol comprises five main stages: formal problem definition, data pre-processing, architecture selection, calibration and uncertainty, and generalizability evaluation. We have applied the workflow to four endpoints (acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay and 30-day hospital readmission). The workflow can enable continuous (e.g., triggered every 6 h) and static (e.g., triggered at 24 h after admission) predictions. We also provide an open-source codebase that illustrates some key principles in EHR modeling. This protocol can be used by interdisciplinary teams with programming and clinical expertise to build deep-learning prediction models with alternate data sources and prediction tasks.

Writing Refugee Crisis in the Age of Amazon:Lost Children Archive's Reenactment Play

This essay analyzes Valeria Luiselli's 2019 novel Lost Children Archive's attempt to imagine anti-imperialist solidarity aesthetics in a moment of the increasing imbrication of the US literary sphere and settler colonial capitalist surveillance of the US-Mexico border, as well as the nonprofit care regime that has arisen to oppose and ameliorate its effects. Because these structures converge around overt and subterranean investments in settler colonial frontier fantasy, the essay focuses particularly on Lost Children Archive's engagement with the tradition of the white male road novel Western in the Americas—Luiselli's attempts to write both through and against this form—as part of the novel's larger attempt to grapple with the formal problems that adhere in representing the temporality and scale of ongoing Central American Indigenous dispossession and refugee displacement in settler colonial capitalism. In exploring the degree to which the Western genre's tradition of, per Philip Deloria, “playing Indian” might oppose the brutal bureaucratic violence of the xenophobic carceral settler US state, the novel builds a critique of the frontier road novel fantasy that it cannot quite sustain.

Multi-shot distributed transaction commit

Atomic Commit Problem (ACP) is a single-shot agreement problem similar to consensus, meant to model the properties of transaction commit protocols in fault-prone distributed systems. We argue that ACP is too restrictive to capture the complexities of modern transactional data stores, where commit protocols are integrated with concurrency control, and their executions for different transactions are interdependent. As an alternative, we introduce Transaction Certification Service (TCS), a new formal problem that captures safety guarantees of multi-shot transaction commit protocols with integrated concurrency control. TCS is parameterized by a certification function that can be instantiated to support common isolation levels, such as serializability and snapshot isolation. We then derive a provably correct crash-resilient protocol for implementing TCS through successive refinement. Our protocol achieves a better time complexity than mainstream approaches that layer two-phase commit on top of Paxos-style replication.

Modern Threats to the National Security of Ukraine Related to Incomplete Legal Formalization Process of Ukrainian State Border

The border issue has become particularly urgent for Ukraine since 2014 with the beginning of military aggression by the Russian Federation, the illegal annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sebastopol, as well as the temporary occupation of the part of Ukraine's sovereign territory in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The problem of the legal formalization of the Ukrainian-Russian state border requires closer examination in the context of complex relations between two states. This article seeks to analyze the current situation of legal formalization of the Ukrainian state border with neigh bouring countries and highlights the main threats to Ukraine's national security arising from the incomplete process of formalizing the Ukrainian state border with the Russian Federation. It was revealed that the incomplete process of legal formalization of the state border threatened to lose the state part of sovereignty, territorial integrity in sovereign territory. It is concluded that there is a potential threat of escalation of border conflicts and military clashes in Ukraine's border regions, as well as at Ukraine's borders, and the spread of extremist, terrorist, and separatist demonstrations on Ukraine's state border.

Human-robot Interaction in Collaborative Robotic Systems

Purpose or research is to find solvable tasks for increasing the effectiveness of collaborative interaction between people and robots in ergatic robotic systems, or, in other words, in collaborative robotic systems. Methods. A comprehensive analysis of works published in highly rated peer-reviewed open-access scientific publications was carried out to achieve this goal. Main terms and concepts of collaborative robotics are described in § 1 and their current understanding in the research community is also described. The structure of workspaces in interaction zone of a person and robot is described. The criteria for assigning robot to the class of collaborative ones are also described. The criteria for safe interaction of a person and robot in a single workspace is described in § 2. Various grounds for classifying human-robot interactions in collaborative RTAs are described in § 3. Results. A significant part of published works about collaborative robotics is devoted to the organization of safe man and robot interaction. Less attention is paid to the effectiveness improvement of such interaction. An up-to-date task in the problem of efficiency improvement of collaborative robotic systems is the identification of tasks that have already been solved in other areas - in particular, in the field of organizational systems management. The possibility of using the term "team" for collaborative robots in a collaborative PTC is stated in § 4. A formal problem setting of optimal distribution in teamwork of collaborative robots, similar to the problem of heterogeneous team formation in the theory of organizational systems management is proposed in § 5. Conclusions. Proposed task setting of optimal distribution of works in collaborative robots’ team shows possibility of using results obtained in group of mathematical models of commands formation and functioning for control of collaborative robotic systems in order to increase efficiency of people and robots interaction. It is prospectively to continue the search for adapting models and governance mechanisms to the theory of organizational system management and integrated activities methodology.

Operational Considerations regarding On-Demand Air Mobility: A Literature Review and Research Challenges

The idea and development of on-demand air mobility (ODAM) services are revolutionizing our urban/regional transportation sector by exploring the third dimension: vertical airspace. The fundamental concept of on-demand air taxi operations is not new, but advances in aircraft design and battery/engine technology plus massive problems with congestion and increased travel demands around the world have recently led to a large number of studies which aim to explore the potential benefits of ODAM. Unfortunately, given the lack of an established, formal problem definition, missing reference nomenclature for ODAM research, and a multitude of publication venues, the research development is not focused and, thus, does not tap the full potential of the workforce engaged in this topic. This study synthesizes the recently published literature on operational aspects of ODAM. Our contribution consists of two major parts. The first part dissects previous studies and performs cross-comparison of report results. We cover five main categories: demand estimation methodology, infrastructure/port design/location problem, operational planning problem, operational constraints’ identification, and competitiveness with other transportation modes. The second part complements the report of aggregated findings by proposing a list of challenges as a future agenda for ODAM research. Most importantly, we see a need for a formal problem definition of ODAM operational planning processes, standard open datasets for comparing multiple performance dimensions, and a universal, multimodal transportation demand model.

Recognition of structural elements of mechanical engineering as a solution to data formalization problem

The paper discusses a typical example of recognizing a sheet metal part containing 2 structural elements. According to the developed recognition algorithm, a software module was implemented for automated recognition of structural elements in a 3-dimensional model of parts with the * .stp extension, which allowed working not only with models made in the Siemens NX system, but also, in general, with almost any 3D models exported in this format. The result of recognition can be used to develop systems that design technological processes for the production of mechanical engineering products, including at aircraft production enterprises.

Діалектика понятійно-категоріального апарату сфери креативних індустрій

The article brings out the problems of unjustified equalization and fragmentary formalization of such definitions as «creative economy», «creative industries», «cultural industries», «creative product», «product of creativity». Based on retrospective analysis, it is argued that cultural industries are part of the creative industries and, correspondingly, the use of these concepts as synonyms in the economic scientific field be incorrect. On the basis of comparative analysis, the fundamental difference between enterprises of various types of economic activity in the creative economy and enterprises of creative industries was identified, which is determined by the results of creative process. It is substantiated that in the former case such a result is the product of creativity, which is a combination of creative ideas and non-standard solutions that ensure the achievement of the desired results of the enterprise in dynamic business environment and/or represents the final market product. The result of creative process in the field of kindred industries is a creative product – a specific symbolic and semantic ware, characterized not only by its economic, but also its socio-cultural value, which includes some socially significant content, is determined by the current conditions of socio-economic reality. The proposed authors’ definition of creative industries is, according to the results of the research, a sphere (type) of entrepreneurial activity based on the intellectual and creative abilities of economic interaction entities as to creation and offer of a creative product that meets the socio-cultural needs of consumers.

Methodological bases for using express and implied expert knowledge when evaluating the state of difficult objects

Purpose. Currently, in the process of solving a wide range of problems in various subject areas, methods for assessing the state of complex objects (SLO) are actively used, among which expert knowledge (EK) occupies a special place. The article proposes a methodological approach to the use of explicit and implicit EK in assessing and predicting the state of the SL. Materials and methods. The article proposes an original fuzzy-feasibility approach to extracting, representing and formalizing the EK in the form of analytical models for assessing the state of the SL. Results. The article describes the essence of solving problems of extraction, formalization, processing and use of explicit and implicit expert knowledge for assessing the state of an SLO at a meaningful level. An example of solving the problem of predicting the level of damage to structural elements and equipment of launch complexes under conditions of intense thermal loading is given. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach to formalization of explicit and implicit EZ in the form of fuzzy-possibility models has great prospects, since relies on fundamental and applied results obtained so far in theory and practice of application in various subject areas.

These Newcomes: William Makepeace Thackeray and Novelistic Particularity

Through a sustained close reading of William Makepeace Thackeray's 1855 novel The Newcomes, this essay examines three analogous types of particularity in the novel: the particularity of loved ones in the social network, of fictional persons in the literary work, and of the individual text. Drawing on recent sociological and network readings of Victorian narrative, I argue that Thackeray's plot about relationships in the marriage market is reflected (on the level of form) by the structural relation between characters and text, and (on the level of the reading experience) by the affective engagement of the reader to the novel. As characters encounter problems in replacing old relations (former lovers, deceased spouses, estranged relatives) with new ones, the novel raises analogous questions about the replaceability of characters as textual constructs or fictional persons, and of the novel itself as one experience among multitudes on offer in the nineteenth-century market. A tension between the continual or particular experience of an individual novel and the felt historical pressure of novels en masse registers in the text itself as a formal and narrative problem, one that leads us suggestively toward recent methodological debates about intimate and distant reading.

Pravo zaštite životne sredine u srbiji - između etike dobrih namera i etike odgovornosti

The paper focuses on formal and practical problems in the field of environmental protection, which occur as a consequence of omissions of the legislative and executive authorities in Serbia. The text analyzes the positive legislation and compliance of domestic legal regulations with international declarations and conventions ratified by our country (from the Stockholm Declaration and the Council of Europe Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Dangerous Activities to the Environment to the Rio Declaration), as well as with European Directives (EU Directive on Industrial Emissions) and Regulations (Regulation No. 525/2013 on monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and reporting on other information relevant to climate change). The candidacy for equal membership in the European family of nations obliges the Serbian Parliament and the Government to make additional efforts in the direction of harmonizing our law with the European one. The paper takes a de lege ferenda approach, so the author explains the need to amend a number of laws, such as the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, the Law on Strategic Environmental Assessment, the Law on Fees for the Use of Public Goods and the Law on Budget system, as well as the enactment of the Law on Climate Change and the Serbian Civil Code as soon as possible (in which dilemmas that hinder the subjects of law in using the environmental lawsuit as an instrument of environmental protection should be resolved). An unacceptable deviation from one of the fundamental principles established by the Rio Declaration was pointed out, which brings with it a number of structural problems and the inability of both the Green Fund institutions and a number of organizations that focus on ecology. The consequences of the discrepancy between the intentions proclaimed by the Constitution of Serbia and the National Strategy of Serbia for the accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union from 2005 on the one hand and the absence of adequate legislative and executive activities in environmental protection, on the other hand, are obvious in the reports of the European Commission and the European Environment Office, as well as in the health risk and increased mortality of a large number of citizens of Serbia and other European countries, due to harmful emissions that cause pollution of air, water and soil in our country. In addition to the proposals for changes in the formal framework in the field of environmental protection, the paper points out the need to use those mechanisms of civil protection, such as environmental lawsuits (established by the Law on Obligations 1978), which is, by its nature, actio popularis and in that sense accessible to the widest range of subjects. The defense of the standards established by the Kyoto Protocol and the Basel Convention would, through the extensive use of this procedural instrument, be placed not only in the hands of representatives of the legislature and the executive, but also, the judiciary (conditionally, of course, because courts can decide only initiate a civil action, but not on its own initiative).

Some Considerations on Russian Patronymics

These notes were inspired by a recent article by Boris Norman and Natalja Rajnochová on the role of patronymics in the Russian naming tradition and culture (Voprosy onomastiki, 2020, Vol. 17, Iss. 2). Without disputing its provisions in any way, the author attempts to take a closer look into the present tendency to omit patronymics or even abhor their use. Recognizing this as a growing trend in the Russian culture, the author reflects upon its causes, foremost of which is the general aversion for all the formal manifestations of the Soviet system. Since the use of patronymics (in the official formula) became mandatory exactly after 1917, it is commonly perceived as a Soviet relic. The second reason is the adoption of Western naming practices not requiring the use of a father’s name — due to Russia’s greater involvement in the international communication, extensive overseas travelling, and fluency in foreign languages, primarily English. The issue of the required use of patronymic in official documents is particularly acute when children from mixed families obtain Russian citizenship. Other factors for doing away with patronymics include Russian media language, as in most news programs and talk shows it is carefully avoided, and the increase in the number of single-parent families (no father) where the need to register a patronymic entails complex formal and ethical problems. Yet, however pertinent these problems are in the modern society, the author considers them relatively marginal and argues the relevance of patronymics for modern Russian culture and the naming practice. The author supports this view by giving evidence from Internet forums, as well as the author’s personal experience.

Hierarchical model of competition under uncertainty

Oligopoly is a basic concept in the theory of competition. This structure is the central object of research in the economics of markets. There are many mathematical models of the market that are formalized in the form of an oligopoly in economic theory. The Cournot oligopoly is an elementary mathematical model of competition. The principle of equilibrium formalizes the non-cooperative nature of the conflict. Each player chooses the equilibrium strategy of behavior that provides the greatest profit, provided that the other competitors adhere to their equilibrium strategies. The Stackelberg model describes a two-level hierarchical model of firm competition. The top-level player (center, leader) chooses his strategy, assuming reasonable (optimal) decision-making by the lower-level players. Lower-level players (agents, followers) recognize the leadership of the center. They consider the center's strategies known. These players choose their strategies, wanting to maximize their payoff functions. This hierarchical structure is from a game point of view a case of a hierarchical game Gamma1. The indefinite uncontrolled factors (uncertainties) are the values for which only the range of possible values is known in this paper. Recently, studies of game models under uncertainty have been actively conducted. In particular, non-coalitional games under uncertainty are investigated. The concepts of risk and regret are formalized in various ways in the theory of problems with uncertainty. At the same time, the decision-maker takes into account both the expected losses and the possibility of favorable actions of factors beyond his control.\nThis article examines the two-level hierarchical structure of decision-making in the problem of firm competition. A linear-quadratic model with two levels of hierarchy is considered. This model uses the concepts of Cournot and Stackelberg under uncertainty. Uncontrolled factors (uncertainties) are identified with the actions of the importing company. The Wald and Savage principles are used to formalize the solution. According to Wald's maximin criterion, game with nature is seen as a conflict with a player who wants to harm the decision-maker as much as possible.\n\nSavage's minimax regret criterion, when choosing the optimal strategy, focuses not on winning, but on regret. As an optimal strategy, the strategy is chosen in which the amount of regret in the worst conditions is minimal. A new approach to decision-making in the game with nature is formalized. It allows you to combine the positive features of both principles and weaken their negative properties. The concept of U-optimal solution of the problem in terms of risks and regrets is considered.\nThe problems of formalization of some types of optimal solutions for a specific linear-quadratic problem with two levels of hierarchy are solved.

Computational method for risk assessment of regional socio-economic development

In this study, we present the computational method for risk assessment of the socio-economic development of regions. An attempt has been made to develop a method for the determination of integral risk indicators of socio-economic development based on the joint use of the methods of factor analysis and expert evaluation. This approach has increased the reliability of the calculations and made it possible to analyze the influence of socio-economic indicators on the risk level of socio-economic development. The integral risk indicator shows the effect of the inconsistency in the level of factor provision on the socio-economic development of the j-th region (district) in comparison with the general situation in the country (regions). The closer the value of integral risk indicator is to 1, the higher the level of risk in this region. Using Kyiv region districts as an example, the process of risk assessment for regional socio-economic development has been considered. The results obtained in this investigation demonstrate that the presented computational method solves the problem of formalization of risk assessment for the socio-economic development of regions.

Urgensi Pembentukan Lembaga Adat Urang Lom Guna Memberikan Perlindungan Suku Lom

Bangka Belitung Province have a community called a native population known as the Lom or Urang Lom. Legal recognition of the Urang Lom community in the formation of the Village Customary Institution where Urang Lom still lives is a very important part of the perspective of legal protection. The form of legal protection against the existence of Urang Lom is only limited to the recognition of a traditional institution called Mapur Customary Institution which is under the auspices of the Malay Customary Institution of Bangka. The formal and material legality problem in the formation of the Urang Lom Customary Institution in Gunung Muda and Gunung Pelawan Villages is related to the synergy of the Mapur Customary Institution that has been formed with the Village Customary Institutions based on the Village Law. Gunung Muda Village, and Gunung Pelawan Village made the formation of the Village Customary Institution be difficult because it clashed with the village territorial area.

On the problem and algorithms for coordinated optimal management of production and material flows of an enterprise

The paper presents the problem of controlling the input and output material flows of an industrial enterprise, supplemented by the condition for the choice of sales prices and adjusted in terms of the number of products sold. This economic and mathematical model finds optimal solutions for the management problem at enterprises, namely, the problem of forming a production program according to the criterion of the maximum net profit at the end of the planning period. In the constraints of the model, both production components and constraints on resources and the logic of input and output material flows are systematically taken into account. The considered model and the given control problems are investigated using a unified approach that allows working with logical conditions of any complexity and setting the corresponding formal optimization problems. The results of testing the algorithm on test data close to industrial (real) dimensions are also given.

Influence of the Cross-Sectional Shape of Hot Semifinished Rolled Products on the Formation of the Plot of Specific Tension in Cold-Rolled Strips

In view of the increasing competition in the market of rolled products, the problem of evaluation of the quality of strips in various stages of the process of rolling seems to be quite urgent. As the main geometric criteria of the quality of rolled strips, we can mention the cross-sectional profile of hot-rolled semifinished products and the plot of specific tension in the strips after cold rolling. We discuss the problems of formalization of measurements of the cross-sectional profiles, classification of hot-rolled profiles into characteristic types, and the influence of these criteria on the formation of the plots of specific tension in cold-rolled strips.

현대사설시조의 전개와 형식 문제

현재까지 계속 창작되고 있는 현대사설시조는 1953년 이태극의 장시조(長時調) 개념 정의에서 큰 변형 없이 지금까지 이어지고 있다. 현재 사설시조는 평시조와 같이 초 · 중 · 종장 3장으로 나뉘고, 한 장 이상이 평시조 기준형보다 길어지며, 종장 첫 마디 3음절을 지키고 있다. 문제는 한 장 이상이 길어지는 방식의 문제인데, 이 길어지는 방식이 곧 사설시조의 정체성을 결정하기 때문에 보다 정밀한 고찰이 필요하다. 이에 따라 본고는 <현대사설시조포럼 앤솔로지>의 작품을 분석하여 사설시조의 형식에 대해 탐구한 결과 다음의 결과를 도출해낼 수 있었다.<BR> 첫째, 사설시조는 일반적으로 다른 장보다 중장이 길어진 작품이 많다. 초장이 도입부의 역할을 맡고 중장에서 자유로운 감정의 분출이 ‘사설(辭說)’처럼 일어나며 종장에서 완결 짓는 안정적인 구성을 추구하기 때문이다.<BR> 둘째, 사설시조는 한 장 이상이 길어지되, 8마디 이상으로 길어져야 한다. 7마디로 분절될 경우 ‘엇시조’가 되기 때문이다. 한 장(章)이 8마디 이상으로 길어지면 4마디를 한 장으로 하는 평시조 기준에서 두 개의 장이 되기 때문에 사설시조 기준이 되는 것이다.<BR> 셋째, 사설시조에서 한 장이 길어질 경우, 어떻게 길어질 수 있는지의 기준과 규칙은 명확하지 않다. 김학성이 제시한 ‘4개의 토막(통사-의미 단위구)’는 자의적 해석에 따른 오류의 가능성을 갖고 있으며 시인 개인의 특성에 불과하다.<BR> 따라서 사설시조의 기준형을 말해야 한다면, 평시조 기준형에서 한 장 이상이 8마디 이상으로 연장된 것이자, 대체로 중장이 연장된 것이라고 제시할 수 있을 것이다.