Double Counting Problem Research Articles

A Reexamination of the Quantitative Issues in the New Interpretation

This article evaluates the new interpretation (NI) of Marxian value theory consistent with its inherent logic. The problem of double counting will be examined thoroughly. The relationship between the NI's value of labor power and bundle of wage goods will also be discussed. While the NI generally emphasizes aggregate variables, this article will demonstrate that its inherent logic implies a specific quantitative relationship on the micro level between value and price.

Recent Development of Multireference Density Functional Theory

Abstract We review a recently developed ab initio multireference (MR)-density functional theory (DFT) approach based on the partially interacting reference systems. Instead of Kohn–Sham equations, we introduce the auxiliary CI equation with the effective DFT potential field. For practice, we classify electrons of the target system into valence electrons and other electrons. The former plays the quantum resonating feature of electronic structure of molecular species, while the latter affects the electronic properties via the effective correlation potential for the former electrons. The theoretical devices in our MR-DFT are introduced to avoid the double counting problem for any combination of a wavefunction and a correlation functional. Some numerical examples are presented.

On the accuracy of one-component pseudopotential spin-orbit calculations

Improvements on current one-component extraction procedures of spin-orbit pseudopotentials are investigated for high accuracy computation of spin-orbit coupling energies. By means of the perturbation-theory formalism we first show that spin-orbit pseudopotentials, extracted at the one-component self-consistent-field level from a reference all-electron Dirac-Coulomb or Dirac-Coulomb-Breit calculation, include valence spin-orbit polarization and relaxation effects. As a consequence the use of these pseudopotentials in uncontracted spin-orbit configuration interaction (CI) with singles from the reference ground-state configuration gives rise to double counting of these spin-orbit effects. Two new methods that avoid such double counting have been investigated. The first, so-called "explicit" method, calculates explicitly, by means of a four-component spin-orbit CI, the double-counted spin-orbit effects and removes them from the pseudopotentials. Due to the nonadditivity of the core and valence spin-orbit effects as well as the so-called "pseudovariational collapse," this method is shown to be cumbersome. In the second "implicit" method the spin-orbit pseudopotential is extracted at the spin-orbit polarized and relaxed level by means of a single-excitation spin-orbit CI calculation. Atomic tests on iodine demonstrate the ability of the latter method to solve the double-counting problem.

The role of the pion pair term in the theory of the weak axial meson exchange currents

The structure of the weak axial pion exchange current is discussed in various models. It is shown how the interplay of the chiral invariance and the double counting problem restricts uniquely the form of the pion potential term, in the case when the nuclear dynamics is described by the Schroedinger equation with the static nucleon-nucleon potential.

Controlling firms through the majority voting rule

Pyramids, cross-ownership, rings and other complex features inducing control tunnelling are frequent in the European and Asian industrial world. Based on the matrix methodology, this paper offers a model for measuring integrated ownership and threshold-based control, applicable to any group of interrelated firms. In line with the theory on pyramidal control, the model avoids the double counting problem and sets the full control threshold at the conservative—but incontestable—majority level of 50% of the voting shares. Any lower threshold leads to potential inconsistencies and leaves the observed high level of ownership of many dominant shareholders unexplained. Furthermore, the models leads to ultimate shareholders’ control ratios consistent with the majority voting rule. Finally, it is applied to the Frère Group, a large European pyramidal holding company known for mastering control leverages.

Controlling Firms Through the Majority Voting Rule

Pyramids, cross-ownership, rings and other complex features inducing control tunnelling are frequent in the European and Asian industrial world. Based on the matrix methodology, this paper offers a model for measuring integrated ownership and threshold-based control, applicable to any group of interrelated firms. In line with the theory on pyramidal control, the model avoids the double counting problem and sets the full-control threshold at the conservative - but incontestable - majority level of 50% of the voting shares. Any lower threshold leads to potential inconsistencies and leaves unexplained the observed high level of ownership of many dominant shareholders. Furthermore, the models leads to ultimate shareholders' control ratios consistent with the majority voting rule. Finally, it is applied to the Frere Group, a large European pyramidal holding company known for mastering control leverages.

Simple minimum principle to derive a quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical method.

We propose a minimum principle to derive a QM/MM (quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical) method from the first principle. We approximate the Hamiltonian of a spectator substituent as the structure-dependent effective Hamiltonian in a least-squares sense. This effective Hamiltonian is expanded with the orthogonal operator set called the normal-ordered product. We determine the structure-dependent energy that corresponds to the classical MM energy and the extra one-electron potential that takes account of the interface effects. This QM/MM method is free from the double-counting problem and the artificial truncation of the localized molecular orbitals. As a numerical example we determine the one-electron effective Hamiltonian of the methyl group. This effective Hamiltonian is applied to the ethane and CH(3)CH(2)X molecules (X=CH(3), NH(2), OH, F, COOH, NH(3) (+), OH(2) (+), and COO(-)). It reproduced the relative energies, potential energy curves, and the Mulliken populations of the all-electron calculations fairly well.

Willingness to pay for what? A note on alternative definitions of health care program benefits for contingent valuation studies.

The authors examine a number of ways in which willingness to pay (WTP) can be defined for measurement and use in a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of a collectively funded health care program. They show how ambiguous specification of the program consequences that respondents should consider in their WTP responses can lead to problems of double counting or zero countingin a subsequent CBA. An example is whether the value of lost time from work because of poor health should be included by a CBA analyst (e.g., valued at the wage rate) as a separate cost item or whether this has already been monetized and included in respondents' WTP data. The authors highlight how differences in assumed or actual institutional structures are often ignored in measures of WTP and the consequences of this for the interpretation of WTP data.

Regional Economic Structure and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Japanese Regions: An Application of Multi-regional Input-Output Model

Under the growing awareness on the global environmental issues, the Japanese Government has been enacting various laws for energy saving and material recycling to promote the formation of environment-friendly society.The input-output analysis is a useful tool to examine the economic structural problems concerning the economic growth, the industrial structure and the environment. Several researches have been conducted to identify the efficiency of energy and resource consumption in Japanese industries and the environmental pollution using input-output analysis. The authors have examined the relationship between the industrial structure and the energy and resource consumption in Japanese regions by employing multiregional input-output tables. However, the former studies have faced the problem of double counting in estimating the energy and resources consumption due to the intermediate transactions among industries.This study aims to cope with the above problem by employing the carbon dioxide emission intensity by industry, which has been estimated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Japan. The paper examines the relationship between the economic growth and the carbon dioxide emission in Japanese regions by applying the multi-regional input-output models for 1975, 80, 85, 90 and 95.The study has revealed that Kanto region (including Tokyo metropolitan region) showed a marked growth in carbon dioxide emission with a rapid economic growth during 1980s. Most of the local regions showed low environmental emission as well as a decline in regional economy.

QCD Matrix Elements + Parton Showers

We propose a method for combining QCD matrix elements and parton showers in Monte Carlo simulations of hadronic final states ine+e− annihilation. The matrix element and parton shower domains are separated at some value yini of the jet resolution, defined according to the kT-clustering algorithm. The matrix elements are modified by Sudakov form factors and the parton showers are subjected to a veto procedure to cancel dependence on yini to next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. The method provides a leading-order description of hard multi-jet configurations together with jet fragmentation, while avoiding the most serious problems of double counting. We present first results of an approximate implementation using the event generator APACIC++.

Temperature-dependent band structure of bulk EuO

We present calculations for the temperature-dependent electronic structure of bulk ferromagnetic EuO based on a parametrization of the d–f model Hamiltonian using results of first-principles TB-LMTO band-structure calculations. The presented method avoids the problem of double counting of relevant interactions and takes into account the symmetry of the atomic orbitals. It enables us to determine the temperature-dependent band structure of EuO over the entire temperature range.

Variational perturbation scheme for many-particle systems in the functional integral approach

A variational perturbation theory based on the functional integral approach is formulated for many-particle systems. Using the variational action obtained through Jensen-Peierls' inequality, a perturbative expansion scheme for the thermodynamic potential is established. A modified Wick's theorem is obtained for the variational perturbation expansions. This theorem allows one to carry out systematic calculations of higher order terms without worrying about the double counting problem. A model numerical calculation was carried out on a nucleon gas system interacting through the Yukawa-type potential to test the efficiency of the present method.

A Framework for Forest Accounting

Abstract Many recent empirical studies have proposed a variety of forest-related adjustments to the national income accounts. The complexity of forest-economy interactions makes such adjustments prone to double-counting and other problems if they are not guided by economic theory. This paper presents a framework for making internally consistent, theoretically sound adjustments. The framework offers two broad guidelines for applied work. First, one should adjust the overall level of gross domestic product (GDP), and thus net domestic product (NDP), for household consumption of nonmarket forest amenities and nontimber products, but not for production externalities. Accounting for production externalities involves reallocating value added among different production sectors included in GDP. Second, one should adjust NDP for the net accumulation (not just depreciation) of forest-related assets, including the timber stock, the carbon stock, and land converted from forest to other uses. The framework also offers some guidance for methods to quantify values associated with these adjustments. For. Sci. 45(4):552-571.

Coefficient functions and open charm production in deep inelastic scattering

It is shown that the problem of double counting in open charm production in DIS can be solved by using the expression for DIS coefficient functions in terms of 2PI diagrams

Unstable particles in matter at a finite temperature: The ρ and ω mesons

Unstable particles (such as the vector mesons) have an important role to play in low mass dilepton production resulting from heavy ion collisions and this has been a subject of several investigations. Yet subtleties, such as the implications of the generalization of the Breit-Wigner formula for nonzero temperature and density, e.g. the question of collisional broadening, the role of Bose enhancement, etc., the possibility of the kinematic opening (or closing) of decay channels due to environmental effects, the problem of double counting through resonant and direct contributions, are often given insufficient emphasis. The present study attempts to point out these features using the rho and omega mesons as illustrative examples. The difference between the two versions of the Vector Meson Dominance Model in the present context is also presented. Effects of non-zero temperature and density, through vector meson masses and decay widths, on dilepton spectra are studied, for concreteness within the framework of a Walecka-type model, though most of the basic issues highlighted apply to other scenarios as well.

Avoiding double-counting in pharmacoeconomic studies.

In cost-utility analyses of pharmaceutical treatments, the costs are measured in monetary terms and the effects are measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. QALYs are constructed by assigning life years a quality weight between 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). A potential problem in cost-utility analysis is that some consequences, in principle, can be included both in the costs and in the quality adjustment, which can lead to double-counting. This article outlines the double-counting problem in cost-utility analysis. It shows that the potential for double-counting depends on how healthcare and income losses resulting from disease are financed, and on how the questions that assess the quality weights are phrased. Double-counting can be avoided by telling respondents to assume that healthcare costs and income losses are fully reimbursed when quality weights are assessed. The quality weights would then capture the change in health and leisure, and the other consequences could be included in the cost estimation.

Improved modeling of multiple scattering in the Voxel Monte Carlo model.

The implementation of an improved model for multiple scattering into the-Voxel Monte Carlo (VMC) algorithm for fast electron dose calculation in radiation therapy is presented. The model takes into account path-length corrections (PLC) and lateral displacement in the individual electron steps. The extraction of the scattering power from the available computed-tomography images is discussed. It is shown that with the improved modeling of multiple electron scattering, the VMC algorithm is comparable in accuracy with PRESTA, the electron transport algorithm of EGS4. The problem of double counting of contributions from atomic electrons to the scattering power is considered and a simple solution is found.

Comparative analysis of the πN sigma term in two effective theories

Through a comparative analysis of the πN sigma term, we try to reveal one superior aspect of the NJL type soliton model as compared with another type of nontopological soliton model based on a coupled quark-meson lagrangian. We argue that the large overestimation of the πN sigma term in the latter model is inseparably connected with its theoretical inconsistency, i.e. the double counting problem of the quark and meson degrees of freedom.

Photoproduction of massive gauge bosons in high energy electron-proton collisions

The photoproduction of massive gauge bosons-W, Z and γ*-in high energy electron-proton collisions is analysed. We include both direct and indirect processes, involving the parton structure of the photon, taking careful account of the double counting problem for the latter. We show how the ratio ofW andZ production cross sections provides a precise test of the standard model triple-bosonWWγ vertex.

Shake-off effects on the production and decay of hollow ions

An improved form of the radiative-Auger-cascade model is presented in which the shake-off contribution is incorporated into the model in a mathematically consistent way, avoiding the problem of double counting. The higher charge state distribution found in the photoionization experiment of the 1s electron in Ne is shown to be predominantly due to the shake-off effect during the formation of the 1s hole, and not during the cascade decays as previously assumed. This shake-off contribution is estimated in the sudden approximation, in terms of overlaps between the neutral and singly ionized ions. An excellent agreement with experiment is obtained in the case of Ne+ with 1s hole. The details of the X-ray and Auger spectra are also predicted by the new model both for the Ne and Mg ions. The shake-off effect on the resonant processes in general is discussed.