Logical Problems Research Articles

Pengaruh Cara Berfikir Logis Terhadap Kemampuan Menyelesaikan Soal Logika Pada Siswa Kelas 11

The ability to think logically has a very important role in the learning process, because high logical thinking abilities can guide students to solve problems accurately and purposefully. Logic material is a type of mathematical material that prioritizes logical thinking in every problem solution. Students often experience confusion when solving logic problems, even though logic material is material that does not use number calculations, students often do not understand logic problems which results in low learning grades. This research was conducted on 50 grade 11 students at Mandiri Palembang High School. The aim of this research is to see how much influence students' logical thinking abilities have in solving mathematical logic problems. Statistical testing in this study used simple regression analysis by conducting a t test using the SPSS 26.00 application. Data collection in this study used tests in the form of questions to measure students' thinking abilities in solving logical problems. The research results show that the t value > t tabel is 2.963 which is greater than the t tabel of 1.993. This shows that there is an influence on grade 11 students' logical thinking abilities on their ability to solve logical problems.

Replication of null results: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?

In several large-scale replication projects, statistically non-significant results in both the original and the replication study have been interpreted as a 'replication success.' Here, we discuss the logical problems with this approach: Non-significance in both studies does not ensure that the studies provide evidence for the absence of an effect and 'replication success' can virtually always be achieved if the sample sizes are small enough. In addition, the relevant error rates are not controlled. We show how methods, such as equivalence testing and Bayes factors, can be used to adequately quantify the evidence for the absence of an effect and how they can be applied in the replication setting. Using data from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, the Experimental Philosophy Replicability Project, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology we illustrate that many original and replication studies with 'null results' are in fact inconclusive. We conclude that it is important to also replicate studies with statistically non-significant results, but that they should be designed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.

Replication of null results: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?

In several large-scale replication projects, statistically non-significant results in both the original and the replication study have been interpreted as a ‘replication success.’ Here, we discuss the logical problems with this approach: Non-significance in both studies does not ensure that the studies provide evidence for the absence of an effect and ‘replication success’ can virtually always be achieved if the sample sizes are small enough. In addition, the relevant error rates are not controlled. We show how methods, such as equivalence testing and Bayes factors, can be used to adequately quantify the evidence for the absence of an effect and how they can be applied in the replication setting. Using data from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, the Experimental Philosophy Replicability Project, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology we illustrate that many original and replication studies with ‘null results’ are in fact inconclusive. We conclude that it is important to also replicate studies with statistically non-significant results, but that they should be designed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.

Categoricity Problem for LP and K3

AbstractEven though the strong relationship between proof-theoretic and model-theoretic notions in one’s logical theory can be shown by soundness and completeness proofs, whether we can define the model-theoretic notions by means of the inferences in a proof system is not at all trivial. For instance, provable inferences in a proof system of classical logic in the logical framework do not determine its intended models as shown by Carnap (Formalization of logic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1943), i.e., there are non-Boolean models that satisfy its provable inferences. In the literature, this is known as the Categoricity problem or Carnap’s problem. In this paper, we will discuss the Categoricity problem (or Carnap’s problem) for three-valued logics K3 and LP. We will provide three different restrictions on admissible models that will deliver us categoricity results, some of which draw from the solutions provided for the Categoricity problem for classical logic in Belnap and Massey (Stud Log 49(1):67–82, 1990) and Bonnay and Westerståhl (Erkenntis 81(4):721–739, 2016). We will then argue that two of those solutions are philosophically well-motivated: (1) restricting the admissible models where negation is interpreted as a Strong Kleene truth-function, and (2) restricting the admissible models where a complex formula is assigned the third value when its immediate subformulas are assigned the third value.

What Differentiates Believers and Non-Believers of Conspiracy Theories? A Structural Analysis of Semantic Networks Regarding the Social Representations of Covid-19 Pandemic

Belief in conspiracy theories is close related with the adoption of behavioral patterns often associated with a direct dispute of scientific research, institutional and governmental practices. The recent Covid-19 pandemic revealed an ecosystem of stories and narratives promoting alternative explanations about a real public threat. The exposure to these narratives and their persuasion towards people’s cognitive structures is a crucial issue to be examined to identify the different strategies implemented, by individuals and groups, in order to address a direct threat to society. In the current exploratory research, we examined whether believing in conspiracy theories about Covid-19 pandemic, is possible to predict semantic networks as cognitive structures. The analysis of the research findings provided different patterns of thought about individual exposure to Covid-19 conspiracy theories, their persuasiveness, and the different levels of compliance to (state-promoted) health measures.
 We discuss the importance of future research focusing on the level of acceptance of the role of different social institutions. A systematic analysis of conspiracy theories rationale is possible to address the cognitive bias organized on belief systems that offer a logical problem solving in social uncertainties. A more thorough study on the individual and group perception of the role of institutions, the level of their acceptance or dispute, as well as their direct and indirect impact on the development of socially responsible behaviors, within a shared social reality, could enhance our knowledge towards the development of effective social policies to confront the next public health crisis.

TECHNOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE-GRAPHICS PROFILE OF A PARTS AND ASSEMBLY UNITS IN TRAINING SKETCHES

The purpose of studying the discipline “Engineering Graphics” is to acquire skills in working with engineering and graphic information: mapping spatial objects to orthogonal planes in the form of a drawing (direct task), reading a drawing (inverse task), ultimately solving spatial and logical problems. The necessity to start performing graphic works with a pencil, paper, using drawing and graphic tools is shown and justified, and only then to involve modern computer technologies for these purposes. Not the ability to work with a pencil; it is not understood that the use of computer graphics hardware and software at the initial stage leads to the loss of graphic competence of the graduate, and ultimately to a decrease in the competitive ability of specialists.

The addition of temporal neighborhood makes the logic of prefixes and sub-intervals EXPSPACE-complete

A classic result by Stockmeyer gives a non-elementary lower bound to the emptiness problem for star-free generalized regular expressions. This result is intimately connected to the satisfiability problem for interval temporal logic, notably for formulas that make use of the so-called chop operator. Such an operator can indeed be interpreted as the inverse of the concatenation operation on regular languages, and this correspondence enables reductions between non-emptiness of star-free generalized regular expressions and satisfiability of formulas of the interval temporal logic of chop under the homogeneity assumption. In this paper, we study the complexity of the satisfiability problem for suitable weakenings of the chop interval temporal logic, that can be equivalently viewed as fragments of Halpern and Shoham interval logic. We first consider the logic $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ featuring modalities $B$, for \emph{begins}, corresponding to the prefix relation on pairs of intervals, and $D$, for \emph{during}, corresponding to the infix relation. The homogeneous models of $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ naturally correspond to languages defined by restricted forms of regular expressions, that use union, complementation, and the inverses of the prefix and infix relations. Such a fragment has been recently shown to be PSPACE-complete . In this paper, we study the extension $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ with the temporal neighborhood modality $A$ (corresponding to the Allen relation \emph{Meets}), and prove that it increases both its expressiveness and complexity. In particular, we show that the resulting logic $\mathsf{BDA}_{hom}$ is EXPSPACE-complete.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19: CURRENT APPROACH AND CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Nearly two years into the pandemic, a large body of data has emerged on how COVID-19-positive patients function with the viral infection. It is now known that the virus targets the central nervous system(CNS). As a result, in addition to the expected common health complaints, patients display cognitive and emotional problems. Cognitive deficits should be expected particularly in patients who have arrived at an intensive care unit as a result of respiratory failure, in patients suffering from comorbid neurodegenerative diseases and respiratory conditions, as well as in the elderly. However, these may also occur in patients with moderate to mild symptoms as well as in those of a younger age. The cognitive impairment has an unknown profile. Given the hypothesised hippocampal vulnerability to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, one might expect particular difficulties with memory, attention, information processing, and executive functions. With varying neuropsycho- logical and emotional problems, convalescents in trying to return to their social, family and professional life require professional psychological assistance. The role of neuropsychologists is here crucial. Indeed, many patients will require a detailed, multifaceted neuropsychological diagnosis that will form the basis for subsequent neuropsychological rehabilitation. An early detection of neuropsychological manifestations could modify the risk of subsequent irreversible impairment and further neurocognitive decline.

Analyzing Argumentative Texts Produced by English Education Master's Students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

This research investigates the grammatical construction and common logical problems in argumentative essays produced by Master of English Education students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This study utilized a qualitative research framework and content analysis as the design. The data collection involves a detailed syntactical analysis, facilitated by Shang’s syntax tree generator, with the researcher actively engaged in the evaluation and categorization of grammatical and logical elements. The main arguments are identified, and connections to the overarching thesis are established. Systematic coding is applied to categorize findings, encompassing sentence structure, evidence usage, tone, logical connectives, cohesions, counterarguments, and identification of logical fallacies. Findings reveal notable technical errors in sentence construction, especially in constructing complex sentences. Moreover, difficulties in understanding the appropriate genre in argumentative writing and logical errors in expressing opinions and drawing conclusions are identified. This study discovered that students encounter difficulties in maintaining a coherent and logically sound progression of ideas throughout their essays.

Solving nonograms using neural networks

Nonograms are logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to the numbers that are located in its headers. In this study, we analyze different techniques to solve this type of logical problem using an Heuristic Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, and Heuristic Algorithm with Neural Network. Furthermore, we generate a public dataset to train the neural networks. We published this dataset and the code of the algorithms. Combination of the heuristic algorithm with a neural network obtained the best results. From state of the art review, no previous works used neural network to solve nonograms, nor combined a network with other algorithms to accelerate the resolution process.

A review on multiple-valued logic circuits

Since the traditional binary logic has several disadvantages including inaccuracy, high complexity, and limited applications. Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL), which can store more information in one digit than binary logics, require less number of logic gates and take the third value in practical logic problems, is developed and introduced. More information stored per digit leads to higher computational efficiency. Less logic gates results in more spaces on the circuit board. Considering the third value means higher accuracy. In this research, some examples of different MVL circuit are designed to give a rough picture of current research in this domain. These designs are based on ternary and quaternary logics rather than binary logics. Besides, reliability evaluation through mathematical approach is presented in order to prove that the new design is more preferable. This can be carried out with mathematical analysis such as calculating a matrix that reflects its reliability, and simulating different designs to obtain certain values and comparing them with each other. Despite facing various challenges, including complicated physical implementation and difficulty to modulate the signals. This means that there is still potential of further research in this domain of logic circuits. This result in the conclusion that the MVL logic circuits will replace the conventional binary logic circuits in the future, and probably that decimal logic would be developed and no binary-to-decimal conversion unit will be required.

Would God Really Send Me to Hell for Stealing a Wispa Bar?

This paper discusses the problem of Hell, defending the Aquinas-Anselm-Edwards response that any immoral act deserves eternal punishment because it offends against God. I argue that the response is more defensible than one might at first think, but nevertheless faces a serious objection. If we differentiate two different problems of Hell—the logical problem and the evidential problem—we see that, in light of this objection, the Aquinas-Anselm-Edwards response only solves the logical problem of Hell.

Objective embodiment of logic: from computational machines to life and intelligence?

The subject of article is a critical analysis of the objectification of logic and, in particular, the idea of its embodiment in the living. The question of the essence and boundaries of the concept of bio-logic is raised and considered. The problem of logics's embodiment raises from its fuzzy ontological status. The novelty of the study lies in that it shows that the solution of the question of bio-logic directly depends on the question of the essence of logics as such, the views on which has gone through strong transformations during its history. Idea of logic's objectivization has became possible due to not only conceptual philosophical constructions, but also the computational revolution, which made practical implementation of logical principles in the functioning of computing machines possible. Concept of logic has subtly expanded and transformed into the idea of orderliness and algorithmicity. It is shown that such an expansive interpretation of the logical is not applicable to biosystems, because they are living totalities, where everything is reciprocal and continuously interconnected. Even such computationally similar systems as the genome and the brain turn out to be autopoietic entities that nonlinearly create themselves without following formal rules. Paradoxically, the intelligence, which was considered the cradle of logic, also turns out to be flexible and adaptive, because it is also rooted in biology. The vital fundament of living intelligence prevents its artificial modelling through logico-computational and algorithmic phenomena. Main conclusion is that question of bio-logic depends on the optics of considering logic as such, and is also associated with bio-ontology, an understanding of the essence of life. Our analysis shows that there are not sufficient grounds to recognize the existence of a special biological logic immanent to living things, which, however, has potential as a philosophical and scientific metaphor.

Problems of teaching logic to law students

The problem of teaching logic to lawyers is, first of all, its abstract and formal nature, detached from legal practice. Therefore, secondly, the tendency to restrict or even remove logic from the curricula is provoked. This, thirdly, is followed by the lack of rationale for the majority of court decisions in Ukraine.
 The purpose of the article is to clarify the subject of legal logic - the main question from a range of problems, the solution of which will contribute to the improvement of the quality of training of lawyers.
 The conducted analysis of the research revealed sufficient validity of the subject of legal logic. The sphere of law has a strong-willed and competitive, contradictory character. This determines the need for a special, argumentative reasoning based on natural, not formalized language. It is formed in a practically directed dialogue, taking into account political, moral, etc. factors. At the same time, deductive incorrectness and incompleteness of the premises are possible, provided that the conclusion is rationally substantiated, sufficiently convincing, depending on the context of the legal discourse. Legal considerations suggest doubts about the identity of abstract and concrete objects and deviation from logical rules. This requires additional analytical procedures - interpretation and interpretation based on deductive and inductive models with opposite means and techniques.
 In conclusion, the author’s position is the expediency of interdisciplinary teaching of logic to lawyers in one course with two content modules: formal logic and legal logic. Another option is two relevant courses. The professional level of teaching should be provided, respectively, by professors-philosophers and professors-lawyers. The best are teachers with two relevant educations.

Investigation on the construction of teaching case base in medical genetics.

Medical genetics is a basic medical course that discusses the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases in relation with genetic factors. This course requires students who have abilities of strong logical thinking, independent thinking, problem analyzing and solving. Single "cramming" teaching is difficult to mobilize students' autonomous learning, and hardly achieves teaching effect of medical genetics. Teaching of case-based discussion breaks passive teaching mode in traditional class. The teacher throws out typically clinical cases. The students prepare materials around relevant problems of cases, and carry out class discussion. Then, key and difficult points of the course are integrated in teaching and learning interaction, which reaches a remarkable effect of teaching. Since 2013, the teaching and research group has carried out teaching of case-based discussion in undergraduates majoring in clinical medicine. In this paper, we screen and sort clinical cases on the basis of course teaching plan and case-based discussion in the teaching of medical genetics. The cases are summarized into 8 chapters in teaching case base, which basically cover the teaching of disease genetics and clinical genetics.The construction of teaching case base in medical genetics has realized the deep integration of clinical cases and teaching. Students can understand and master important and difficult points of teaching in a more intuitive way, which is helpful to stimulate students' innovative thinking, improve students' learning interest and class participation.

On the Complexity of Model Checking Knowledge and Time

We establish the precise complexity of the model-checking problem for the main logics of knowledge and time. While this problem was known to be non-elementary for agents with perfect recall, with a number of exponentials that increases with the alternation of knowledge operators, the precise complexity of the problem when the maximum alternation is fixed has been an open problem for 20 years. We close it by establishing improved upper bounds for CTL * with knowledge and providing matching lower bounds that also apply for epistemic extensions of LTL and CTL . We also study the model-checking problem for these logics on systems satisfying the “no learning” property, introduced by Halpern and Vardi in their taxonomy of logics of knowledge and time, and we settle the complexity in almost all cases.

The evil epsilon or it is not reasonable to be a heretic mathematician

It was clear to Berkeley and Robinson that the use of infinitesimals as a process is wrong and poses logical and epistemological problems, making them impossible to be perceived. Both of them believed that ‘existing’ means ‘capable of being grasped.' In spite of their criticism of referring to infinitesimals as a process, their solution to the problem was completely different. Berkeley sacrificed mathematics and science on the altar of epistemology and theology, while Robinson refused to give up anything; he wanted it all: epistemology, mathematics and theology, a goal which he achieved using rigorous logic in his construction of non-standard analysis.

The existential fragment of second-order propositional intuitionistic logic is undecidable

The provability problem in intuitionistic propositional second-order logic with existential quantifier and implication ( ∃ , → ) is proved to be undecidable in presence of free type variables (constants). This contrasts with the result that inutitionistic propositional second-order logic with existential quantifier, conjunction and negation is decidable.

НЕЗАКРЫТЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПО НЕКЛАССИЧЕСКОЙ ЛОГИКЕ (ПАМЯТИ ПРОФЕССОРА Д. В. ПИВОВАРОВА)

As a methodological tool of sorts in the memorial paper makes use of reconstruction of professor Pivovarov’s talks, which often displayed genuine, persevering and always critical interest in non-classical logic. The questions at hand are the question of scientific status and philosophical consistency of deuniverslization of classical logic. The various types of logical systems, whose co-existence was brought about during the XX century, has become an actual phenomenon, insistently calling for a broader philosophical, scientific, and even cultural reflection on the nature of contemporary logic as a body of knowledge. Among the questions three touch upon the problem of the status of non-classical logic, considered as the part of humanities: Should non-classical logic be taken as a response to mathematical logic’s absolute «inhumanity»? Mathematization of logic is related to another crisis of the foundations of mathematics – could one imply the crisis of ultimate methodological principles of social studies and humanities to be the reason for deuniversalization of classical logic? Does non-classical logic fit the natural reasonings? Three other questions address the philosophy of logic: Does contemporary logic – whether classical or not – build upon mathematics still belong to philosophy? Is there distinctive philosophy of non-classical logic yet? Could non-classical logic still serve as the normative discipline, as the «canon of thinking»? The very character of the questions doesn’t lead to any closed, definitive answers. Be that as it may and, having the current scientific studies philosophically reflecting on the logical pluralism backing us up, we aim here at a coherent and a consistent examination of philosophical aspects and problems of non-classical logic. The examination resulted in formulating several key results: non-classical logic’s development effectively was a response to semantic and metatheoretical problems of mathematical logic, that was coming to be, but a kind of «humanistic» aspect is the fundamental non-elimination of the subject in the semantics of the corresponding intensional logics; the actuel stance is supported that various types of reasoning do not correspond to the subject of logic, but can be (and traditionally are) objects of application of various logics as intellectual tools; extrological stimulations and especially intrological resources of logical investigations affect significantly the current understanding of philosophical nature of logic; the question of alterations of ontological and epistemological premises, which underlie the various logical systems – an essential one for the philosophy of logic – is reformulated as in effect being the question of correctness and efficiency of some particular tools in the logical arsenal; logical analysis in general is to be methodologically receptive to different contexts, their specifics in order to avoid destructive conflicts, threatening to eliminate the uniqueness of said contexts. The author voices a hope, that the critical assessment of the results presented as to their being valuable and sound will make the work a proper incentive for perspective and productive discussion of diversity of logic.

The Satisfiability Problem in Linear Multi-agent Knowledge Logic Based on N

The Satisfiability Problem in Linear Multi-agent Knowledge Logic Based on N