Governance Problems Research Articles

Historical developments and current situation of technical and vocational education in Pakistan

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is essential worldwide due to its prominent role in preparing the skilled workforce to participate in economic development. This article reports on the TVET situation in Pakistan. First, it reports the historical developments of TVET in Pakistan. TVET has been given priority in policy documents since the independence of Pakistan, but real practical work has been done in the last two decades. National and provincial governments have formulated many new policies to improve TVET and created new governing authorities to regulate it. This results in increased TVET institutions and enrollments. However, this article also identified the significant challenges to TVET in Pakistan. Governance and infrastructure problems, gender inequality, and quality of teaching and learning are three critical challenges to developing TVET. National and provincial governments should partner with local industry and international organizations to build a better framework for TVET in Pakistan.

基于边疆治理视域的铸牢中华民族共同体意识三维分析

Border governance is the key work to achieve national reunification and promote the overall and healthy development of the country, and the establishment, development and consolidation of the sense of community of the Chinese nation is an important ideological basis for the unified development of the country’s ethnic unity, and the two have a certain degree of coupling. Based on the perspective of Border governance, the analysis of forging the sense of community of the Chinese nation from different dimensions has a driving role in solving the problems of Border governance and optimizing the measures of Border governance, which is conducive to improving the quality and efficiency of Border governance. Therefore, this paper takes the background of Border governance, based on the historical dimension, the value dimension and the practical dimension, respectively expounds the development approach, value role and practical path of forging the sense of community of the Chinese nation, aiming to actively promote the stability of the sense of community of the Chinese nation through three-dimensional analysis, so as to provide strong support for the scientific development of border governance.

THE IMPACT OF CHINA'S R&D EXPENSE SUPER DEDUCTION POLICY ON CORPORATE INNOVATION OUTPUT

With the economic turmoil in the world and the intensification of the scientific and technological game between China and the United States, how to achieve the "low-end lock" in the technological leap is an urgent problem for the Chinese government to solve. As an inclusive R & D incentive policy, how does the R & D expense additional deduction policy affect enterprise innovation? Whether it can solve the innovation dilemma of Chinese enterprises has important theoretical and practical significance. From the two dimensions of "quality" and "quantity" of the enterprise innovation output, this paper focuses on the basic topic of "how the additional deduction of R & D expenses affects the enterprise innovation output" and brings the R & D manipulation into the research framework. Taking China's A-share manufacturing enterprises as the sample, the additional deduction of R & D expenses plays its "tax saving effect" and promotes the increase of the quantity and quality of enterprise innovation. The regulatory vacuum of the additional deduction policy and the advantage of R&D information will induce the self-interest behavior of the management, resulting in shortsighted decision-making by enterprises, which is not conducive to the innovation output of enterprises. With the increase in the proportion of additional deductions, the initiative and adaptability of enterprises to the policy are gradually enhanced.

Georgian Aristocracy in the Politics of the Russian Empire: Mechanisms and Stages of Integration

This article examines the process of integration of the Georgian elite into the social and political space of the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. In this case, integration should be understood as confirmation of the class rights of the Georgian nobility. This process lasted for half a century. The first part of the article analyses the efforts of the Russian authorities aimed at finding an optimal format for confirming the class rights of the Georgian elite. The class guarantees of the Georgian aristocracy were recorded in several documents, most notably in the Treaty of Georgievsk in 1783 and the Manifesto to the Georgian People in 1801. In addition, the rights of the noble Georgian class were guaranteed in several official proclamations of the regional Russian administration. However, the “nobilisation” of the Georgian elite encountered several legal obstacles and was delayed. Another problem of the Russian government was the unauthorised issuance of princely and noble letters by Georgian princes, who, after the liquidation of the royal house of Bagration, were resettled to Russian capitals. The government was not immediately successful in stopping this illegal practice. All these difficulties led to the fact that by the middle of the nineteenth century, most representatives of the Georgian nobility had not received recognition of their class rights at the imperial level. The second part of the article examines the activities of the first Caucasian Viceroy, Mikhail Vorontsov, aimed at completing the process of the “nobilsation” of the Georgian nobility. In 1846, at the proposal of the Viceroy, two special temporary commissions were created in Tiflis and Kutais to examine the class rights of the Georgian nobility. The commissions consisted of representatives of the Georgian nobility and Russian officials. The work of the commissions was completed in 1849, and a year later the lists of Georgian princes and nobles received the approval of Emperor Nicholas I. The Confirmation of rights made the Georgian nobility part of the imperial elite and motivated Georgians to take an active part in empire-building.

Does stock liquidity affect expropriation behavior by controlling shareholders? Evidence from China

When a firm is controlled by a large shareholder, the principal agency problem arises from expropriation by controlling shareholders of other shareholders. Using a sample of 3776 publicly traded firms in the Chinese A-share market over the period 2007–2020, this study investigates whether stock liquidity impedes or enhances the expropriation behavior of controlling shareholders. I demonstrate that (1) a liquid stock market generally encourages expropriation behavior by controlling shareholders, (2) the positive effect of stock liquidity on expropriation by controlling shareholders is mitigated when active investors hold a large stake in the firm, and (3) active investors’ monitoring of expropriation by controlling shareholders is mitigated at state-owned enterprises and firms that have a large gap between ownership and control. However, higher competition among blockholders strengthens the discipline of active investors with respect to expropriation. This study builds a new link between a market factor (stock liquidity) and a governance problem (expropriation by controlling shareholders) and reveals some new characteristics in the relationship between stock liquidity and corporate governance in an emerging market.

Community forest, environment conservation and rural livelihood

The study analyses the economic benefit to rural people derived from the community forest and the role of community forest in the livelihood of the rural people. For this purpose, Khajure Community Forest of Dang district was selected. This article analyses interactions among economic development, the environment, and natural resource use pattern. Community forestry promotes sustainable management of forests by the local community for their collective benefits and promotes equal rights regardless of caste, ethnicity and gender. Community Forest Users’ Group highly depend on CF for their basic households needs such as fuel wood, grass, fodder and timber. Community participation in managing forest has contributed to forest conservation, scientific utilization of forest products and social inclusion which ultimately fosters community ownership in management and use of natural resources. But there are problems in CF governance and benefit sharing. The main issues of community forest are elite dominance in decision-making, social exclusion, and unequal benefit sharing. Rural people go through the exploitation of forest resource haphazardly for their survival. Exploitation of natural resources, including forest resource, contribute to global environmental problems and climate change. Electric cook stoves could be a good, clean fuel source while also helping to reduce the trade deficit. Scheduled firewood collection has resulted to shortage of fuel wood and has increased dependency on cow dung cake for daily cooking. Socio-economic condition of community members has remained as the obstacle for fuel shifting towards modern and clean energy that produces no smoke and no indoor air pollution, and thus, reducing respiratory diseases. Fuel transition has great positive impact on forest conservation,too.

Tourism Development Policy in Tomini Bay Area Gorontalo, Indonesia

This study is intended to describe all local government problems in tourism development policies in the Tomini Bay area of Gorontalo. It outlines dynamic capability collaboration, relational perspectives, and resource-based theory to explain mechanisms and dynamics. The results of this study require collaboration, innovation, and integration of the interests of stakeholders of various parties in the development of a sustainable and innovative regional system. The tourism sector is one of the opportunities to increase local income. However, this has experienced constraints on aspects of local culture that are still attached to community customs, other things such as involvement and empowerment, education, technical guidance of the community that stand out in tourist destination services. This encourages local governments to continue to develop the tourism sector in improving community welfare. This study obtained novelty of new study findings in tourism development policy by the Gorontalo local government, namely the need for the role of stakeholders still requires the synergy of various parties in the Penta helix perspective (academics, business, community, government, and media). The collaborative governance process through face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes has contributed positively in accelerating the development and promotion of digital platform-based tourism potential.
 Keywords: policy, development, tourism, collaboration

IMPACT OF HETEROGENEOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPETITION AND GREEN TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ON ECONOMIC LOW-CARBON TRANSITION: NEW INSIGHTS FROM CHINA

Low-carbon transformation of the economy is the inevitable orientation of socialism with Chinese characteristics to high-quality development in the new era, while the Chinese decentralized development model determines that the competition of local governments in China is an important factor influencing the green technological innovation on low-carbon transformation of the economy. How to achieve coordinated economic growth and ecological environment has become a prob-lem for local governments. Data from a Chinese provincial panel covering the years 2007–2019 is used to investigate the effects of heterogeneous local government competition (Comp), namely, economic, ecological and service competitions on economic low-carbon transition, and moderating effects of heterogeneous government competition and green technology innovation (GTECH) on the low-carbon economic transition (LCT). The results reveal that there are substantial disparities in the consequences of heterogeneous government competition on low-carbon economic transition (LCT). Among them, economic competition significantly dampens economic low-carbon transition (LCT), and ecological competition and service competition significantly boost economic low-carbon transi-tion (LCT). After performing robustness checks, these results continue to be strongly convincing. The study of moderating effects shows that economic competition can dampen the positive influence of green technology innovation (GTECH) to the economic low-carbon transition (LCT). However, ecological competition and service competition facilitate the promoting effect of green technology innovation on economic low-carbon transition (LCT).

The Nexus of Climate Change and Policing: Guidelines to Improve Climate Change Governance

Abstract: Climate change has far-reaching ramifications for society, and its consequences cross conventional boundaries and affect many facets of life. While climate change's environmental, economic, social, and health consequences have received considerable attention, an important but frequently overlooked aspect of dealing with this crisis is its intersection with public safety and security and how law enforcement must be prepared to deal with climate breakdown. Climate change impacts and other natural catastrophes create complicated problems for governments in implementing appropriate police governance, notably regarding disaster risk reduction and management. Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, catastrophic weather events, and sea-level rise are just a few of the global crisis manifestations causing havoc in these areas. Climate change has repercussions across society, affecting millions and jeopardizing their livelihoods. Drought, desertification, land degradation, water shortages, and food insecurity are some of the effects that are becoming increasingly prevalent with the rise in global temperatures. Climate change is viewed as a risk multiplier because it exacerbates many criminal and illicit activities. For example, human trafficking has several links to climate change. Furthermore, the disruption of migration patterns due to climate change is a particular concern, introducing an additional layer of complexity for law enforcement. The urgent necessity for comprehensive and context-specific solutions to improve law enforcement institutions' resilience and adaptive capabilities, particularly in developing courtiers, is emphasized. Law enforcement measures must be enhanced, as well as the formulation of community policing strategies and the promotion of inter and intra-service collaboration. This is not a hypothetical issue; it is a live reality that demands immediate attention, novel solutions, and cross-sector collaboration.

PERAN DINAS TENAGA KERJA DAN TRANSMIGRASI PROVINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA DALAM MENGURANGI TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN DI DERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Indonesia has large human resources but the capacity for job opportunities exceeds this, causing unemployment problems. Unemployment is not only a problem for the central government but also for regional governments, as is the case in D.I Yogyakarta. The Manpower Service (Disnaker) has a role in overcoming employment problems which include job opportunities, human resources, worker education, access to training, wages, job protection, by establishing programs to reduce unemployment. To determine the role of the Manpower Office in reducing the unemployment rate in D.I Yogyakarta, researchers conducted research using a descriptive approach using observation, interviews and documentation methods in collecting data. Based on research, the Manpower Office uses priority programs, namely the Workforce Placement program, Job Opportunity Expansion Program and Job Training Program. In this case, the Manpower Office plays a role in reducing the number of unemployed in D.I Yogyakarta in 2022.

社会工作参与邪教治理的介入路径研究

The illegal activities of cult organizations have brought enormous human, material, and economic losses to the country and people, and have caused irreparable personal harm to innocent people. The repeated occurrence of self harm or violence against others caused by cults that harm society shows that the remnants of cults have not been completely eliminated. Under the joint crackdown of multiple government departments and systematic operation, large-scale cult organizations have collapsed, but sporadic and small-scale cult activities are difficult to completely eradicate. Therefore, eliminating the breeding ground for cults and gradually cleaning up the problem of cult governance in cult organizations should be highly valued by the Party and the government, and preventing sporadic cults from resurgence through various opportunities. In terms of cult governance, the government has invested a large amount of governance resources, severely cracking down on cults and transforming cult followers, while safeguarding the basic rights of individuals involved in cults and guiding them to return to the community. From the professional perspective of social work, using the theoretical perspective of social work to analyze the problems of cults, and proposing the use of the three major professional methods of social work to participate in the governance of cults and the transformation of cult believers, promoting better solutions to cult governance issues.

How Community-based Tourism Improves Community Welfare? A Practical Case Study of ‘Governing the Commons’ in Rural Nglanggeran, Indonesia

Anchored in Ostrom’s (1990) account of Governing the Commons, this article discusses community-based mechanisms and their potential implication for poverty alleviation and well-being improvement of societies. The material for this article draws on our research report on the application of community-based tourism (CBT) as social innovation for poverty alleviation and social well-being improvement in the Nglanggeran village from 2009 to 2016, which continues to be monitored to date. Our findings indicate that community-led initiatives have been successful in alleviating chronic poverty and social problems by integrating local institutions and developing resource-based businesses. However, recent government intervention has limited the initiatives, highlighting a power imbalance between government agencies and the community. Consequently, CBT has become an industry reserved for a select few villagers who have formed partnerships with the government. It reveals the recurring problems of government–community partnership, which, over the last two decades, has expanded in many Southern countries and has resulted in contestations of political interest within the empowerment programme, all of which produced institutional constraints to ‘commons approach’ application to governance. This article contributes to understanding the dynamics of empowerment initiatives by highlighting the intersection of collectivity and welfare capitalism as an analytical framework, enabling the application of ‘the commons theory’ within community/social development studies.

Technology, transparency, and collaboration/integration: Analysis of digital government problems from public communication perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

This article aims to analyze the implementation of digital government in handling the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia from a public communication perspective. The three units of analysis that build this article are technology, transparency, and collaboration & integration. A systems approach is used to analyze data collected through searching government policy documents, various relevant webinars, as well as online media reporting data that captures the dynamics of digital governance problems during the year the pandemic lasted. This article finds that the problem of digital government in handling the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia is a complex in terms of technology, transparency, and collaboration/integration. From a public communication and system perspective, the findings of this article in all aspects show a portrait of a digital government system in Indonesia that is not yet robust and adaptive enough.

Mobilization and Interaction: A Case Study of Rural Social Organizations Participating In Rural Governance in Ningxia

Purpose: In this section identified the real factors of which are doing the governance in rural areas of Ningxia. How the governance making goals of development with the help of social organization. This study f ounds the problems which social organizations are facing and people are doing interaction to them and participating in government activities. Design/Methodology/Approach:Here qualitative design was used with convenient sampling which used in Ningxia region. A semi structured in depth interview was conducted in selected areas. Researcher used the thematic analysis and standers questionnaires for the quality of research in selected region. Require respondents were the part of research with convenient sam pling approach in selected region. Findings: Ningxia rural social organizations' participation in rural governance as the entry point. This is based on the practical cases of Ningxia rural areas in selected areas. This paper found rural social organizatio ns' participation in rural governance with low interest. Result concluded that understanding and grasping the practical problems of rural governance in northwest China in the new era and exploring the valuable practices of rural social organizations' parti cipation in rural governance. Implications /Value/Originality:For the community development it is needed that local people’s participation in governance is compulsory. While governance organization should take serious actions for the rural areas of Ningxi a. Policy makers and government agents need to focus on these areas for the welfare and development.

The competence‐control dilemma and the institutional design of European Union agencies

AbstractIn the past decades, European Union (EU) agencies have proliferated to address a plethora of governance problems. When designing EU agencies, EU legislators confront a tension: Legislators want agencies to be competent problem‐solvers, but they also want to keep agencies under control. How do EU legislators balance these two imperatives? We argue that agencies' political principals do not necessarily have to trade competence for control, and vice versa, but can draw on different institutional strategies – manipulating agencies' decision‐making and decision‐maker independence – to mitigate the competence‐control dilemma. Drawing on an original dataset on EU agencies' formal independence, we demonstrate empirically that principals customize EU agencies' independence to match the respective competence and control demands that come with specific agency tasks: regulation, authorization, implementation and information. The paper makes an important contribution to the literature on the drivers of the EU's agencification and to debates on the institutional design of regulatory institutions in the EU and beyond.

Tata Kelola Pemerintah Dalam Pengembangan Kawasan Pariwisata di Desa Burai Kabupaten Ogan Ilir

Tourism development is a significant phenomenon carried out by the government, this is due to changes in lifestyle in society, especially Indonesian people who prefer to travel. In the current era, the government relies heavily on the tourism sector to increase state foreign exchange and local revenue. However, the fact is that tourism development in Indonesia raises several new problems that need to be found for solutions so that the tourism sector can be superior. Based on this description, the Annisa Dwi Salfaritzi Palembang College of Administration and Government held community service activities through the theme of Government Governance in the Development of Tourism Areas in Burai Village, Ogan Ilir Regency. Tourism development aims to increase economic growth so that it can impact the welfare level of South Sumatra Province people in general, Burai Village, Ogan Ilir Regency in particular. The method used is socialization and assistance to the community. The solution to resolving government governance problems in developing the tourism area in Burai Village is forming a food business group, empowering environmentally based purun craftsmen groups, and mentoring and training craftsmen groups.

Bridging the gap between the water-energy-food nexus and compound risks

Abstract The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a concept and approach to examine the interactions of water, energy, and food resources. Similarly, compound risks are a set of risk types that consider multiple connected factors that amplify risks. While both concepts are promoted as approaches to move beyond silos and address complex problems in environmental governance, there has been limited exploration of their overlap. Our study integrates these two approaches for more holistic assessment and management of resources in the context of climate risks. We examine the connections between the WEF nexus and compound risk in two ways. First, we review the literature to identify previous conceptual connections between the WEF nexus and compound risks. Second, we review seven case studies with WEF nexus interactions and compound risks to identify how the two approaches might be considered in practice. Our results demonstrate that there is limited, though not non-existent, integration of the two concepts in both the theoretical literature and in the case studies. The four of the seven cases that do show some level of connection in practice demonstrate opportunities for greater integration in the future, such as leveraging the water sector as a bridge to address WEF nexus and compound risk challenges together.

Community participation in forming village regulations to realize village independence in Sumenep Regency

This research aims to determine the village government's problems in optimizing regional autonomy authority, especially in forming Pasongsongan village regulations through village community participation. In fact, what happened in Pasongsongan village was that the drafting of village regulations was still implemented, but the design of these regulations was delegated to the sub-district head, the village government should have designed it themselves and then consulted with the sub-district head, not leaving it to the sub-district head to design it. On this basis, it can be further explored that village autonomy is given in order to realize maximum independence for the village. The research method used is empirical research which examines social phenomena and realities in society. by reviewing the principles contained in statutory regulations and processed interview data from the agencies involved. The Village Government should optimize regional autonomy authority in forming Village regulations in accordance with the authority of the village head in article 26 paragraph (2) letter d of Law Number 3 of 2024 concerning Villages. The formation of village regulations through community participation will generate village independence. Apart from that, the village community's participation shows that they support the state's vision of realizing general welfare and making the nation's life more intelligent. Village regulations tend to be problematic, the main reason being that the formation process is less careful and does not adhere to the principles of good village regulation formation, not being in tune with the conditions of the local village community and a lack of community involvement. The solution for village regulations that are considered problematic, it would be better to carry out a legislative review, executive review and judicial review.

Study on the Governance Problems and Improvement of Virtual Currency Money Laundering Crimes

Study on the Governance Problems and Improvement of Virtual Currency Money Laundering Crimes

Navigating the Ethical Frontier: Governance Strategies in Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review

Artificial intelligence has evolved since its debut in 1950, resulting in widespread usage across a variety of sectors. This increased dependence on AI has highlighted ethical issues, emphasizing the importance of strong governance to enable responsible research and deployment. This review investigates the ethical issues and governance options surrounding artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on its influence on community security in the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, it investigates AI ethics, compatibility, and intricacy in the setting of community security using a comprehensive review of 10 studies. The findings emphasize the need to resolve privacy issues and the impact of government regulations and laws on AI governance. The review underlines how important it is to create tailored governance structures that maintain ethical norms in AI applications both inside and outside of the United Arab Emirates and strike an appropriate balance between innovation and security. To guarantee that AI technology benefits society while limiting possible threats, it is crucial that we actively tackle these ethical and governance problems as AI continues to evolve.