Governance Problems Research Articles

The Community Foundation Development Momentum: A Literature Review

With the deepening of grassroots governance in China, some problems in grassroots governance have also emerged. As a new thing, grassroots community foundations have attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. By combing through the relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper classifies the different models of community foundations, points out the advantages of their development, and finally points out some existing problems.

The Proposed Strategy of Democratic Management in University Internal Governance

Democratic management is an important form of university internal governance, which is conducive to improving the management efficiency of universities and promoting the development of universities. However, there are some problems in university internal governance, such as insufficient democratic management and low decision-making efficiency. To solve these problems, this paper puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures, including strengthening democratic management and optimizing decision-making mechanism. It is hoped that these countermeasures can provide useful reference for the further development of democratic management in university internal governance.

The Impact of Vanke Equity Incentive on Business Management

The problem of internal governance in modern enterprises is prominent. In order to stimulate the vitality of company organizations and managers, improve company performance, establish a hub between managers and shareholders, implementing equity incentive systems can help to achieve long-term value improvement and reduce agency costs. This article takes the current situation of Vanke Group from the first implementation of the equity incentive plan in 1993 to the present situation of Vanke Group, and the changes that have occurred in Vanke as the object of this article's case study. Combined with the perspective of corporate management, this article summarizes the role and impact of the equity incentive system on Vanke corporate governance, obtains inspiration from it, and puts forward suggestions for improvement, providing reference for the design and improvement of the equity incentive system for listed companies in China.

ESG scores and cash holdings: The role of disciplinary trading

Investors increasingly use ESG information for their investment decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether investors practise disciplinary trading using the ESG scores provided by rating agencies to influence firms’ cash holdings. Employing a larger sample of US listed firms, we find that stock liquidity acts as a channel between ESG scores and cash holdings. ESG scores carry vital information on the effectiveness of firms’ governance and agency problems. Hence, investors respond to ESG information through stock trading that send signals to management, resulting in changes in firms’ cash holdings. Consequently, investors use stock trading as a mechanism to create the necessary push for insiders to resolve agency problems.

Application of stochastic ranking based evolutionary strategy in environmental management of microgrids

The microgrid environmental governance problem is a single objective function, and the biogeography algorithm traditionally used for the calculation has significant shortcomings. The algorithm has a limited search range at the beginning of the iteration and tends to fall into a local optimum at the end. In addition, it is slow to converge and poor in finding the best solution when solving microgrid scheduling optimization problems. In this paper, we adopt a typical microgrid environmental management framework model and use a stochastic ranking evolutionary strategy algorithm with high performance. The objective function is to minimize the ecological management cost and optimize the rational dispatch of electricity to gas and energy storage devices. The case study proves that the stochastic ranking evolutionary strategy algorithm is more efficient and converges faster. This algorithm can effectively solve the energy dispatching optimization problem in microgrids.

저출산 및 노동력 부족 위기의 우리나라 공무원 겸직정책에 대한 시론적 연구

Korea and Japan are facing labor shortage problems in the circumstance of low fertility and an aging population. In particular, problems associated with an aging population is getting much worse in rural areas than in cities, which can be considered as a crisis threatening the foundations of local communities such as local key industries. Earlier than Korea, Japan has experienced the problem of declining and aging population in the provinces, and it is implementing long-term policies as well as short-term policies that allow local government employees to hold more than two offices in order to address labor shortage problems in local governments. As in Korea, Japan's law and policies on local public employees strongly prohibit public employees’ dual office holdings, but recently, some local governments allow their public officials to hold dual office holdings. Relevant cases in Japanese provinces are reviewed and implications for Korea are discussed.

Moral Hazard Problem in Public Policymakers

The moral hazard problem in government organizations is very recurrent due to weak compensation system (i.e., take-home salary) and non-existence of any additional premium (e.g., ownership of stocks) for public policy makers compared to their counterparts in private firms, which weakens the proprietorship of their organization. Since there is a principal-agent relationship between citizens and public policymakers, a loss in public goods and services to citizens signals a meaningful level of moral hazard problem in public policymakers as agents. The menace of moral hazard problem can be lessened through a proper Reward Punishment Approach (RPA). Under existing setup, a weak compensation system with severe punishment mechanics indicates flaws in PRA which needs improvement through reforms in its existing structure. This paper focuses on bringing the compensation system (i.e., take-home salary in terms of cash and a provision of additional premium) at par with market-based package along with various perquisites. The study expects a bare minimum financial implication which may be affordable for the government and decrease moral hazard problem, at least to some extent, leading to a better delivery of public goods and services for the citizens of the country.

Multicultural Education as an Alternative to Countering Radicalism in the Era of Globalization: Thoughts of Prof Muhammad Tholchah Hasan

This research discusses multicultural education as an alternative to counter radicalism in the era of globalization based on the ideas of Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan. This study aims to explore Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan's ideas and identify multicultural education concepts that can be a solution to counter radicalism in the era of globalization. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing Prof. Hasan Mohammad Tolchah Hasan's writings and related literature. The results show that Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan emphasizes the importance of multicultural education as a solution to counter radicalism in the era of globalization. Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan emphasized multicultural education concepts, including understanding differences, respecting diversity, and strengthening national identity. In addition, multicultural education can enhance critical thinking skills, tolerance, and empathy. However, implementing multicultural education in Indonesia still needs to overcome various obstacles, such as a lack of support from the government and society and problems in the curriculum and teaching. Therefore, joint efforts from the government, educational institutions, and society are needed to strengthen the implementation of multicultural education as an alternative to counter radicalism in the era of globalization.

MENGANALISIS DAMPAK SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PENCEMARAN PESISIR PANTAI MASYARAKAT DUSUN NAMANDOI

The problem in this research article raises the issue of the household waste of the Namandoi hamlet community which pollutes the coast. Garbage is one of the opportunities for environmental pollution accompanied by a decrease in aesthetic quality. Garbage is not only a government problem but must also be a personal problem for the residents who produce the waste . The number of residents can also affect the increase in the amount of waste. In addition, the behavior of the community to dispose of garbage on the coast is also a habit that can have a negative impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of household waste that pollutes the coast due to people's behavior in disposing of household waste in the coastal area of Namandoi Hamlet. This study uses a qualitative method with descriptive research. Methods of data collection through literature study, field observations, interviews and documentation in Namandoi hamlet, Nanahale village, Talibura district. The results in this study indicate that the community has good knowledge about the behavior of disposing of garbage, but is constrained by the availability of landfill facilities so that many people dispose of household waste in coastal areas. Therefore it is necessary to have village autonomy (according to Law Number 6 of 2014) villages have the autonomy to manage their own households, including managing waste into goods that have economic value for its citizens. Therefore it is necessary to form a special institution based on autonomy villages that can manage waste and provide benefits (such as health insurance and other guarantees) that can stimulate the residents of Namandoi Hamlet to be willing to manage waste.

Non-Financial Factors in Creation and Preservation of Company Value in Telecommunication Industry

This paper investigates the impact of financial and non-financial factors on the value of companies in the telecommunications industry. Such variables as the debt ratio, tangibility, return on assets, etc. were selected as financial factors. ESG indicators were used as non-financial factors. The research topic is relevant for decision-making and the development ofrecommendations for companies, as it assesses the level of companies’ involvement in solving environmental, social, and governmental problems. The work uses data from two databases (Bloomberg and Capital IQ) for 94 companies in the telecommunications industry between 2011 and 2021. The results suggest that the companies’ disclosure of information aboutthe overall ESG ratio and the “G”indicator has a positive effect on the company’s value, while the disclosure of “E” and “S” indicators does not affect the value of a business.

COVID-19: Exacerbating Pakistan's economic problems – a critical analysis using the dependency paradigm

Pandemics have been a recurrent phenomenon throughout the course of history. However, the levels of fear and hysteria brought by the COVID-19 outbreak, forcing regimes across the globe to impose stringent lockdowns, had never been witnessed before. While these lockdowns proved beneficial in reducing both the infection and mortality rate, they created an impossible environment for governments across the globe to effectively and efficiently govern, which in turn gave birth to numerous economic challenges, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan, where the common person was already finding it very difficult to makes ends meet, the pandemic incurred tremendous economic hardships like unemployment, poverty and decline in per capita income. Consequently, Pakistan's economy struggled as it experienced a negative economic growth rate, inflation and a significant reduction in exports. As a by-product of the economic crunch, the flawed Pakistani governance system came under the spotlight, as it found itself struggling to tackle the day-by-day worsening situation. Strikingly, due to the infamous longstanding province–centre rift, Pakistan was neither able to promulgate an effective unified lockdown strategy nor to provide basic necessities to its citizens. This article analyses the governance and economic problems faced by Pakistan due to the COVID-19 outbreak from the prism of the dependency paradigm, which highlights the exploitative nature of developed–developing/underdeveloped states. Also, it provides policy prescriptions to strengthen Pakistan's economic system to deter future pandemics.

Governance Developments in Challenge Situations: A Case Study of the Governance in Aceh after 2005 Helsinki Memorandum of Agreement

This study explored about the Governance Developments in Challenge Situations in Aceh after 2005 Helsinki Memorandum of Agreement. The 2005 Helskinki Memorandum of Agreement brings promise into welfare and better governance for Aceh people. However, there are problems such as welfare and governance (corrupt leaders). First, the problem of socio-economic development in Aceh after the Helsinki agreement apparently occurred not at the stage of regulation and budget support, but at the leadership stage. Second, leadership problems have persisted even though elections have been held. This is an indication of elite problems in governance in Aceh. These two backgrounds form the basis for this article to discuss the main issue of Why Aceh's Governance after Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding in 2005 has not run optimally in providing for the needs of the Acehnese people. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this article provides the relations between political elites on good public governance. Academically, this article will be able to provide a new dimension of form of relations between political elites on good public governance. Practically, this article can provide recommendations on the form of relations between political elites that affect good public governance in the success of the Aceh Government's development programs.

Risk Assessment and Recommendation Strategy Based on COBIT 5 For Risk - A Case Study of an Internet Service Provider Company

Information technology governance is part of organizational management that includes leadership and ensuring that information technology has a broad scope to meet needs. The concept of IT Governance is a method of managing technology users in. The company, in this case, provides IT needs and solutions to customers ranging from hardware, software, and services. A good business case will include the problem in information technology governance, especially when it comes to maintenance related to POP or Post Office Protocol which is the internet protocol used on TCP/IP networks such as the internet. In this study, the framework used as a reference in IT development is COBIT 5. The domain processes studied are EDM02 – Ensure Benefits Delivery, APO07 – Manage Human Resources, and APO10 – Manage Suppliers, who can evaluate IT governance at this Company. The research method used is Gallego's Theory starting from planning, field inspection, reporting, and follow-up. The results of this study were obtained from the evaluation of information technology governance in the Company got to level 1 capability with fully achieved achievement but could not move up to the next stage, that is, level 2, resulting in a gap analysis of 1 level from the target level expected by the Company.

Citizens, elites, and the legitimacy of global governance

Assume that a citizen wants to write a postcard to public authorities about a global governance problem. Where exactly should it be posted? Should it be sent to one of the several international organizations (IOs) formally in charge of financial stability, development, health and security? Citizens, elites, and the legitimacy of global governance demonstrates that many individuals are aware of the activities of IOs, and it explores whether they are satisfied with how these institutions address transnational problems. It is often argued that IOs are underfinanced and have little political authority, yet they are burdened with responsibilities that they can hardly manage. The book tries to identify and quantify the expectations of the final users of IOs: the citizens of the world. Its findings will be relevant for scholars and students of global governance, IOs and social movements. The novelty of the book is that it moves away from advocacy to provide fresh quantitative evidence. To do that, the authors use two coordinated surveys. The first gathered responses from a sample of respondents in five countries: Brazil, Germany, the Philippines, Russia and the United States. The second survey, carried out by the book's authors themselves, focused on elites, which are defined as ‘people who hold leading positions in key organizations in society that strive to be politically influential’ (p. 13). Using the same questionnaire as in the first survey, the authors were able to compare the perceptions of elites and those of the broader public. The book offers key insights on the share of the relevant populations that is actually aware of the existence of IOs. This question is far from trivial: while it can be assumed that the public of each nation is familiar with the actions of their national governments, it is less probable that the same level of awareness exists about IOs, especially in countries with less developed information channels.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE INCORPORATION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION INTO THE SERVICE IN THE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern historiography on the problem of the process of co-optation of the local population into the system of administrative governance in the national regions of the Russian Empire (Kazakhstan, Siberia, Poland and Ukraine) through the study of monographic studies and research papers by scholars from various regions. The article uses a comparative method that allowed us to show the tools and mechanisms used by the imperial authorities in the process of integrating the local population into the empire and how Russian officials implemented new governance models in the national regions. In modern Kazakhstan historiography attention is focused on the formation of a corps of officials, methods of attracting local nobility to the service to the empire. In modern Russian historiography on the problem of governance in Siberia, works on the history of governance, the formation of officialdom and the incorporation of local nobility into the imperial system of governance are highlighted. Modern Polish researchers in their works explore the service, activities of Polish officials and their political career in the system of imperial power structures. In the modern historiography of Ukraine, issues on the negative consequences of imperial administrative reforms, the specifics of an implementation of the imperial governance model and the loyalty of the local nobility to these innovations are highlighted. In addition, the article reflects the main problems that require further study and application of new scientific methods, including interdisciplinary approaches. Keywords: historiography, incorporation, officials, bureaucracy, empire, regions, local government, imperial governance model.

Tax Aversion and the Social Contract in Africa

AbstractDespite the low levels of taxation and public good provision in Africa, I provide evidence that a large proportion of Africans prefer lower taxation and fewer public goods. This cannot be explained by standard arguments about problems of accountability, governance or state capacity. Instead, I argue that it reflects deeply seated ideas about the nature of the state and its potential threats to the autonomy of society. I show the historic social contracts in Africa rarely featured taxation and kept the state to limited jurisdictions. These social contracts have in many ways reproduced themselves and influence the way Africa is governed today.

Spatial interaction effects on the relationship between agricultural economic and planting non-point source pollution in China.

Solving the contradiction between agricultural economic growth and agricultural environmental problems is a difficult problem in regional environmental governance. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2000 to 2019, spatial Dubin model (SDM) is used to analyze the influence of agricultural economic growth and other factors on planting non-point source pollution. Innovate from the perspective of research objects and research methods, and the research results show (1) In the past 20years, the amount of fertilizer applied and crop straw yield increased continuously. Through the fertilizer and farmland solid waste discharge of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), calculation of the equal-standard discharges of planting non-point source pollution shows that China's planting non-point source pollution is serious. Among the investigated areas in 2019, the equal-standard discharges of planting non-point source pollution in Heilongjiang Province were the highest and have reached 24.35 × 1010 m3. (2) The global Moran index of 20years in the study area shows obvious spatial aggregation and diffusion characteristics, and has a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation, indicating that planting non-point source pollution discharges of the study area have potential interdependence in space. (3) SDM time-fixed effect model showed that the equal-standard discharges of planting non-point source pollution had a significant negative spatial spillover effect, and the spatial lag coefficient was - 0.11. Among the influencing factors, agricultural economic growth, technological progress, financial support to agriculture level, consumption capacity, industrial structure, and risk perception have significant spatial spillover effects on planting non-point source pollution. The results of effect decomposition show that the positive spatial spillover effect of agricultural economic growth on adjacent areas is greater than the negative effect on the local area. Based on the analysis of significant influencing factors, the paper provides direction guidance for the formulation of planting non-point source pollution control policy.

Challenges of CSR in Sub-Saharan Africa: clarifying the gaps between the regulations and human rights issues

This paper discusses the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main purpose is to highlight and clarify the gaps between CSR regulations and human rights abuses caused by business organizations.From a historical perspective, natural resources have been recognized as a common reason for pushing the CSR agenda in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially with the presence of big businesses in the outcome of globalization. However, despite a development-oriented CSR agenda and therefore on African local needs such as hospitals, housing, and roads, big businesses that have embarked on CSR activities are often involved in human rights violations. This is despite the insertion of human rights in some African state regulations, the UN Global Compact, and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in which those businesses are signatories. This is the case in Gabon, Nigeria, and South Africa whose regulations were established by the respective states indicate business’ broader societal priorities directed towards stakeholders (local communities in particular) but in terms of corporate obligations, ‘Human Rights appear to be a blind spot in CSR’.The reasons for that are indicated in the findings of this qualitative inquiry, which reveals deep problems of corporate governance and little understanding of corporate human rights in domestic legislation. According to international law, human rights fulfillment focuses on nation-states as sole bearers. This means other non-state actors have indirect human rights responsibilities. Therefore, the challenge remains to extend and interpret existing domestic and international frameworks to include CSR alongside traditional state obligations. This could make corporate human rights more ‘applicable’ to businesses.Previous research by Visser and Amodu has focused on proposing models to respond to the challenges of CSR in Africa. This paper clarifies the challenges of CSR with human rights issues and suggests an extension of the current legislative framework covering CSR. The article is qualitative and has used a Desk Research study approach that includes published academic papers, government documents some secondary data such as case studies, interviews, and discussions.

Ethical attitudes of the future Russian officials and businessmen: Comparative analysis

Introduction. In accordance with the Bucharest Declaration of Ethical Values and Principles of Higher Education (2004), modern universities cannot be considered only as scientific and technical “factories” in isolation from values and ethical norms. In accordance with their mission in society, they should “contribute in every possible way to the establishment and inculcation of the highest moral standards”.In this article, the problem of training future government and municipal employees in the Russian universities of the country is actualised based on the analysis of the research results of their ethical attitudes in order to indirectly assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption training of students of specialised educational programmes in the areas of “Government and Municipal Administration” and “Law”.Aim. The present empirical study aimed to identify the ethical attitudes of future officials in comparison with future entrepreneurs, as well as with the employees of commercial companies and government officials.Methodology and research methods. The authors conducted an online research. The research involved 874 people. The main test sample (134 students) consisted of two groups: students of the speciality “Government and Municipal Administration” and “Law” (70 people), and students of business education programmes (64 people). The background sample consisted of the government and municipal employees (39.0% of the total sample) and the employees of commercial companies (36.5%), as well as the representatives of NGOs (6.8%). In the course of a comparative study, using the questionnaire “Moral Views (Amoralism)-2” by E. A. Bulgakova, and the scale of the “Dark Future” by Z. Zalessky, the authors tested the hypothesis on the samples of future officials and future business representatives. The tested hypothesis was based on some works of foreign authors and consisted of the fact that future Russian entrepreneurs were expected to have a higher degree of relativism (than future officials), supporting personal moral standards and rejecting universal moral principles.Results. The tested hypothesis was not confirmed by the research results. Compared to future entrepreneurs, future officials are significantly more likely to justify the act of appropriation, deception due to omissions, and revenge within the law. Future officials turned out to have higher indicators on the scales of cynicism, aggressiveness and hostility than students in the field of business education. In addition, future civil servants have more uncertainty about whether they will be able to take place in life, fears about possible collisions with life crises and difficulties, as well as anxiety for their future. Existing university ethics training programmes often only strengthen relativistic views and form deviant behaviour in the future.Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the authors carried out theoretical analysis and empirical research, which consisted in the study of ethical attitudes among the representatives of two professional groups.Practical significance. As part of the development of training programmes, it is advisable to increase the emphasis on structurally mature ethical attitudes of professionals, especially state and municipal employees.

Governance of interdependent ecosystem services and common-pool resources

Environmental governance is recognized as a key issue in many natural and social sciences. It is highly relevant for ecosystem services and common-pool resources as well. Both fields overlap yet have typically been studied separately. Therefore, this study aimed a) to examine the emerging body of literature that incorporates concepts from both fields of research and considers governance challenges, and b) to identify policy tools and recommendations presented for addressing those challenges. The analysis of thirty-nine selected peer-review papers revealed the multiplicity of interacting governance challenges with three major categories: environmental, socioeconomic, and problems of governance itself. Governance is impeded by institutional mismatches, exclusion of local actors, corruption, and perverse policies. The proposed policy recommendations most often suggest changes in institutional arrangements and increasing scientific understanding. Meeting human needs, and increasing social equity and justice were recognized broadly as integral for improving governance, yet correlations among governance problems and solutions appear elusive. These findings extend theoretical reasoning, while carrying practical implications for policy, governance and environmental stewardship. The analysis implies that policies to improve human conditions will be key for improved environmental governance, but more research is needed to learn which types of policy recommendations prove successful given diverse local contexts.