Governance Problems Research Articles

Research on the Law Enforcement Power of Township Governments from the Perspective of Constitution

The issues on the law enforcement power of township governments has always been an important research topic of grass-roots governance and is of great significance to realize the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. As a vertical allocation of administrative power, low enforcement power sinking to towns and villages can effectively solve long-standing problems such as "those that are visible cannot be managed, and those that can be managed cannot be seen" in practice. In view of the theoretical and practical difficulties faced by law enforcement power sinking to township governments, focusing on the predicament of the law enforcement power of township governments in practice, in this thesis, the current situation and problems of township governments’ law enforcement power were deeply discussed, and corresponding improvement measures were proposed to improve the law enforcement efficiency of township governments and promote the construction of grassroots rule of law.

Horror and Solidarity: Collective Health During the COVID-19 Emergency in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

In 2020, Ecuador was among the most affected places in the world in the context of the COVID-19 emergency. Serious problems of structural inequality and governance resulted in corpses lying in the streets of Guayaquil-Ecuador's largest city-while local communities resisted in different ways. We interviewed 18 participants who engaged in actions of solidarity during this context, critically analyzed their discourses, and generated relevant themes. There was a structural scheme of (pandemic) brutality that determined embodied experiences of horror, conditioned by a governance of abandonment and its related problems. To confront such horror, solidary community resistance focused on food, physical and mental health, management of corpses, community-led communication, online education, and political participation. We interpret that this was a process of social determination of collective health and discuss important theoretical, methodological, and ethical-political implications.

Research on the Public Service Capacity of Township Government in Laibin City under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

In the comprehensive promotion of the rural revitalization strategy, township governments, as the core force of grassroots governance, have important public service capabilities for the realization of rural revitalization. This article takes Laibin City in Guangxi Province as the research object, analyzes the current situation and problems of township governments in public service capacity building, and proposes corresponding optimization paths to provide decision-making references for achieving comprehensive rural revitalization.

The Village Fund, Village Tourism Development, and Its Impact on Income Inequality in Rural Indonesia: How do Village Elites Shape It?

ABSTRACT In Indonesia, the central government is implementing the Village Fund Program to alleviate rural poverty through, among others, developing village tourism under the village-owned enterprise scheme (Badan Usaha Milik Desa/BUMDes). However, income inequality has been increasing severy year. Existing studies have highlighted the problems of the village government's management of village funds and its impact on poverty alleviation. The understanding of income inequality remains restricted. This research investigates the impact of the implementation of the Village Fund on village tourism development and its impact on income inequality. Using mixed methods, this research was conducted in one of the pilot villages nationally acknowledged as the best in implementing the program and found that village elites earned six times more income than non-elites. From the political economy approach, this article demonstrates how village elites implemented the Village Fund in developing a BUMDes-based tourism village and how they contribute to income inequality.

Are Intercultural Situations a Problem? A Strenght and Self Readiness Provisioning in Penang, Malaysia

Population growth is very high and is not balanced with the availability of jobs, resulting in uncontrolled poverty. Until now, unemployment is still a crucial problem for the Indonesian government. With minimal levels of education and skills, these job seekers have to compete with each other. This condition ultimately became the trigger for mass labor mobilization between countries carried out by the government. To alleviate poverty, the government implemented a program to place Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) abroad. The government's role in this program is focused on aspects of training, protection and providing various conveniences to related parties, especially TKI and Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Services Companies (PJTKI). The aim of this community service is to empower informal workers and learning sector facilitators by strengthening the individual potential of the Indonesian Community Association (PERMAI) Pulai Pinang with a differentiated learning approach that favors the informal sector workers themselves, as well as an effort to adapt the adjustment process to the work community which exists. In Malaysia, adjustment includes interest, strengthening one's potential, and individual readiness to achieve increased productivity results. The solution is to strengthen individuals and/or facilitators in differentiated learning with a learning pattern approach that focuses on increasing productivity levels, through several stages. Stage 1: Map and collect data on initial partner conditions; Stage 2, Socialization through discussions with partners regarding implementation preparations, implementation time, members involved and service topics at Partners; Stage 3: Training and empowerment of differentiated learning and learning pattern approaches that focus on increasing productivity levels; Stage 4: Assistance in implementing learning approaches to learning patterns that favor increasing productivity levels; Stage 5: monitor and evaluate all partner activities; Stage 6: Follow-up on program implementation.

Political Spaces Beyond the Nation State: The Global Commons in International Security Studies

Abstract The global commons have come to play an increasingly prominent role in the field of international security as scholars seek to better understand the causes and consequences of interstate cooperation, competition, and conflict in political spaces that lie beyond sovereign jurisdiction. In this piece, we make the case that by grouping all extraterritorial spaces into a single, not further differentiated conceptual category, the notion of the “global commons” as it is presently employed obscures important variation in the way these spaces are governed. Specifically, we argue that there exist two distinct types of spaces that legally do not belong to any one state: those that all states are effectively able to freely use for their own strategic purposes; and those that are de facto dominated and thus defy the ideal of universal accessibility their status as a global common supposedly entails. The updated conceptual framework we develop in response—which explicitly distinguishes between two distinct types of extraterritorial spaces—promises to advance security studies research on the global commons in several ways: it helps scholars avoid the issue of causal heterogeneity which current conceptual foundations introduce into causal analysis; it facilitates normative discussions about the global commons and their political future; and it produces novel insights into the governance problems policymakers will confront when seeking to maintain states’ access to extraterritorial spaces in the new age of great power competition.

The Pandemic Era of COVID-19: Reflection on The Regional Government Budget Sustainability for The Optimism of National Economic Recovery

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many local governments experienced economic disruption as businesses closed or scaled back operations, unemployment rose, and government revenues decreased. This led to budget challenges for local governments as they worked to address the needs of their communities and support economic recovery efforts. Therefore, local governments should prioritize funding for healthcare, social services, economic recovery initiatives, and infrastructure projects in their budgets during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to support the national economy recovery and address the needs of their communities. The government decided that the village funds budget could be used for a wide range of things, such as giving money directly to the village's poor and working to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which local governments' budget structures prioritized managing the COVID-19 pandemic in the region to deal with consequences in the form of threats to the national economic system and financial system stability, with a particular emphasis on health spending, social safety nets, and economic recovery. The technique used qualitative research conducted through a document look at (desk studies). The data is sourced from secondary information in developmen t plans files, central government budgets, local government budgets, and amendments. The data was obtained through direct access to government websites, particularly the COVID-19 task force website, the Ministry of Finance website and the Ministry of Home Affairs website. The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has significantly impacted the country's economy and socio-economic situation since the second quarter of 2021. People's purchasing power is going down, unemployment is going up, and poverty will worsen. These are all current and future government problems. The implications and recommendations of the findings of this study are explained further.

Zero-leverage and firm performance – Evidence from Taiwan

This study sets out to explore the influence of a zero-leverage policy on firm profitability and value. The results suggest that zero-leverage policy exhibits significant and positive effects on firm performance. This study also considers the potential mechanism of the zero-leverage variables and firm characteristics. The results proved that the zero-leverage policy can reduce the negative impact of corporate governance problems on the firm and further improve firm performance. Additionally, the zero-leverage policy can help firms lower their risk and enhance their overall performance. The zero-leverage is more effective in the improvement of firm performance if there are high financial constraints. This study obtains the results of robustness after controlling the endogeneity problem and testing for the industrial adjustment.

CSR Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development in the Emerging Market: An Analytical Study

Business can now address significant social environmental and economic issue under the framework of corporate social responsibility (CSR) this is especially true as corporate ethics and sustaianbility become more widely recognized. With rapid technological advancement, economic expansion and urbanization frequently accompanied by environmental degredation, social inequality, and governance problem, corporate social responsibility is crucial to fostering sustainable development in emerging economies. A weak regulatory structure, scarce resources and the stakeholder participation are some of the particular difficulties this sector faces. Years are covered in this study to examine how multinational corporations are implementing CSR initiatives in emerging economies in order to match them with the sustainable development goals ( SDGs) of the UN. They will focus on issues including social justice environmental sustainability, and poverty alleviation. Using case studies from the emerging economies, the article thoroughly examines the unique opportunities and problems associated with the application of CSR in emerging markets, where striking a balance between responsible corporate practice and economic success is crucial. This article gives useful insights into how CSR can be effectively used to promote long term economic growth, boost public wellbeing and assure environmental sustainability creating innovation, establishing strategic networks, incorporating CSR into core company strategy and promoting sustainable development. They also emphasize how crucial it is to boost stake holder participation in order to improve results.

The Rise of Global Health Emergency Governance

AbstractIn this paper I shed new light on contemporary developments in global health governance, policymaking, and knowledge production. Specifically, by investigating the historical roots and emergence of global health emergency governance. Drawing on the Foucauldian notion of “problematisation” and on Science and Technology Studies of disaster, I trace, examine, and elucidate three main axes through which, I argue, health emergencies became a problem of global governance. I show, first, the formation of emergency management as a distinct professional field. Second, the migration of emergency management into global health governance and its proliferation within it. And third, the move from global health emergency management to the global governance of health emergencies. Overall, I suggest the rise of global health emergency governance provides crucial context for understanding social, political, and epistemic tensions and controversies in health emergencies such as COVID-19. Through the analysis, I identify a particular rationale that is rooted in emergency management and had become embedded in global health emergency governance. A rationale that involves “temporal compression” and “structural plasticity.” I discuss possible implications of this rationale for global health governance, policy, and knowledge.

Why Good Governance Implementation in the Post-Taliban Administration in Afghanistan Failed?

The article examines the obstacles and issues that led to good governance failure in Afghanistan in the past two decades. Afghanistan received considerable aid from the West in general and the USA in particular. Despite two decades of international community support, democracy and good governance were not institutionalised. Politics continues to be dominated by big money, goons and people with little background and training in informal politics. Power and authority were concentrated at the top echelons of government. Corruption has become so endemic that it has engulfed the entire society. President Karzai and President Ghani ethnicised the government and missed several opportunities to achieve democracy, good governance and economic growth in the past two decades. Lack of independence of the judiciary, accountability and transparency in the affairs of the State is a significant impediment to good governance implementation. The human rights situation remains unsatisfactory. One of the pressing problems of governance is the politicisation of the public bureaucracy, which adversely affects states performance. Notably, President Ghani failed to provide the country with a vision mission or to serve the nation with commitment and dedication. Bad leadership style led to the state collapse on 15 August 2021, as President Ghani fled the country and Taliban fighters captured the political power in Afghanistan.

Assembling governance in São Paulo's "Cracolândia"

This article explores current governance arrangements in “Cracolândia” (“Crackland”), a heterogeneous area in central São Paulo where large numbers of crack cocaine users occupy public spaces. The territory has long been subject to public interventions in the fields of security, social assistance, health and housing, but is also shaped by the activities of an array of nonstate governance actors, including community associations, NGOs, and organised crime. We present four ethnographic case studies of women who vary markedly in terms of their social characteristics, living conditions, and relationships to the territory to explore the diverse ways that they define and seek to address governance problems. We find that each uses the resources and relationships available to them to individually “assemble governance”, by developing problem-solving strategies and interacting with different combinations of state and nonstate actors. However, these contrasting cases also shed light on broader governance arrangements. They reveal how, even in the context of normative ruptures and everyday tensions, a range of situated and provisional mechanisms of mutual accommodation partially integrate distinct governance actors into a broader territorial governance assemblage.

The current policy focus shift from a sectoral to a territorial governance of wildfire reduction is aligned with forest owners’ preferences

Land management for wildfire reduction has been said to require new governance arrangements that ensure the coordination at the local level among landowners and between them and other relevant private and public actors. To promote a shift in the policy approach to wildfire mitigation from the current focus on fuel management, within the forestry sector, to a more effective cross-sectoral landscape transformation, this governance problem takes on even greater importance. Given the diversity of owners within a territory, our main goal is to identify a governance arrangement that match the heterogeneity of owners’ preferences for alternative governance options.Based on a face-to-face survey of 497 owners in a fire-prone region, four types of owners have been identified using a cluster analysis based on management practices and socioeconomic context. Our results show that the type of owner helps explaining their preferences for alternative governance options. Owners that are more active (e.g. regular forest interventions) and have stronger links to the forestry sector, through regular timber sales and participation in forest owner organizations, favor the keeping of individual management over the delegation of management on others or the renting or selling of the land. Although many of these owners see forest organizations alone as the best entities to promote wildfire mitigation, the majority would prefer solutions that also integrate local authorities. Owners that are less active (e.g. no forest interventions) and have weaker links to the sector (no timber sales and no enrollment in forest organizations) consider renting or selling the land, and view a combination of both local authorities and forest organizations as the best solution to promote wildfire reduction at the local level.We conclude that a multi-actor (public-private) territorially-based governance model fits both the required transition in the policy approach and the diverse preferences of different owner types.

Linguistic models of abusive language

ABSTRACT Abusive language and hate speech that incites violence is a growing problem for governments trying to manage social media posts on the internet. Such language incites civil disorder by angering target individuals and groups, and tends to reinforce the identity and cohesiveness of those who use it. Abusive language is an intelligence target because it can be a leading indicator of violence. Black box predictors can achieve high accuracy but they reveal nothing about the structures, both social and technical, that underlie abusive language. We build a set of abusive language predictors leveraging both social constructs such as otherness, and linguistic properties. A stacking predictor then determines the most significant component predictors. We achieve prediction accuracy of 96.5%, with an 88% accuracy for abusive documents. This is an improvement of more than 16% points in detecting abusive documents compared to a popular empirically derived predictors, and provides insights into the mechanics of abusive language.

A Review on EcoBinSense: Smart Waste Management System for Urban Area Using IOT and Android

Continuous urbanization and industrialization has to led to increase in volume and type of waste generated. It is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report 2007). This poses a problem for local and national governments to ensure sustainable and effective waste management. Technology always helps mankind in making life easier. In public places, proper disposal of waste is not being followed which causes overflow of waste in dustbins that has become a threat to the environment. Segregation, management, transport and disposal of waste plays an important role to minimize the risk to the public and environment. The economic value of waste is best realized when it is segregated. Currently there is no such system of segregation of dry, wet and metallic wastes at a household level. This paper is an innovative way to revolutionize the waste management system using sensors. Segregation is achieved using respective automated sensors and the level of dustbins are monitored simultaneously. Presently there's no such system for segregation of dry and wet wastes at domestic level or social unit level. This paper proposes an automated sensor based waste management and segregation system. It is designed to sort the refuse into 2 categories: wet and dry (metal).

Problems of Good Governance in Managing Indonesia’s Borderland: The Case of Entikong Subdistrict

The present study explores the good governance processes of border management in Entikong Subdistrict. The Entikong Subdistrict in West Kalimantan is a priority district that receives special attention from Indonesian central and local governments. The Entikong border post started operating in 1989, making it the first land border in Indonesia. Nevertheless, despite its aged history and many development efforts within the area, the economic growth and welfare of the border community remained stagnant. The data for this article were collected through a field work in Entikong for four months in 2022 in which we conducted observation, interviews, and focus group discussion with local residents and government officers. This study reveals that good governance became the focal issue explaining Entikong’s lack of development by providing two problems in the border development at Entikong: 1) the government’s inconsistency on the road widening project and 2) the complexity of governance and bureaucracy. This paper further elaborates on the essence of locality in good governance practices while simultaneously addressing the authority division problems and communication towards the demands of the local community. This study argues that better public communication patterns should be implemented to avoid misunderstandings within the community and increase the participation of local citizens, government, and civil society in the development process of the border area.

Edge Computing with Deep Learning and Internet of Things for Recognising and Predicting Students Emotions and Mental Health

A person's Mental Health (MH) dramatically influences their complete evolution in life, including their cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor components. A person with good MH is content with life and can be creative, learn new things, and take risks to accomplish more significant objectives. Currently, college students are dealing with MH concerns for various causes, which affect their academic performance and significantly contribute to poor academic results. Therefore, encouraging MH in college students presents a significant problem for educators, parents, teacher educators, and governments. Adolescence is a crucial and delicate time characterized by considerable physical, emotional, social, and religious changes. The physical, social, and psychological facets of an individual's growth are laid out in this period, with mental health as a crucial factor in promoting these gains. Therefore, it becomes crucial for researchers to use Deep Learning (DL) algorithms to study the association between MH and vital psychological characteristics, such as emotional intelligence, personality traits, and intelligence. The personal aspects, namely personality, emotional intelligence, and MH are all related ideas that influence one another. Individuals must have mental well-being and emotional harmony to have a good personality. The current study uses DL techniques to investigate the relationship between college students' MH, emotional intelligence, and personality features. To perform a thorough study on emotion identification and Mental Health Prediction (MHP) among college students, this project investigates the integration of edge computing enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of intelligent systems. Innovative treatments are urgently needed due to this population's rising prevalence of MH issues. This paper aims to continuously monitor and predict college students' MH using Edge Computing (EC) and IoT technology.

Перспективи розвитку транскордонного співробітництва на рівні місцевого самоврядування в Україні

The irreversible course of Ukraine’s accession to the European Union is vividly demonstrated every day in the media by the unwavering support of our country by international partners and organisations, as well as by the top officials of foreign states. The key task is to adapt the acquis communautaire into the national legislation of Ukraine. All reforms are taking place in parallel with the Ukrainian government’s accession negotiations, starting with the ratification of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014. An integral attribute of EU accession is the implementation of decentralisation reforms, including the development of cross-border cooperation of territorial communities. This is an important tool for the development of regions, cities and territorial communities, especially those bordering on neighbouring countries or having partnerships with territorial partners in other countries. Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the EU countries have virtually unanimously expressed political support for our country. The EU candidate status granted to Ukraine allows us to create the best conditions for the development of cross-border cooperation. Regardless of the duration of Ukraine’s accession process, the prospect of Ukraine’s membership in the EU has become a political reality and will sooner or later mean its integration into the EU single market and the Schengen area. Cross-border cooperation of subnational actors should be seen as a tool for territorial development of regions and communities, which ultimately benefits the whole country and should be in the public interest. State support for the development of cross-border cooperation at the regional and local level should be understood as a necessary investment that brings mutual benefits to all its partners. They will be able to use the opportunities offered by EU programmes for cross-border cooperation through various funding projects. In addition, such cooperation is of public interest to every European country. The state is obliged to be interested in this and provide opportunities to develop such cooperation. Therefore, in June 2024, the Law of Ukraine ‘On International Territorial Cooperation of Ukraine’ was recently adopted, which addresses a number of shortcomings and problems of local government functioning within the framework of international cooperation between territorial communities and regions of foreign countries.

Corporate governance and quality of profits in industrial enterprises

Methods. This study is one of the field studies in which a descriptive-analytical approach is applied to study the impact of corporate governance laws on the quality of earnings. The study was conducted in industrial public joint-stock companies listed on the Oman Stock Exchange. As part of the study, the opinions of accountants and internal auditors of these organizations were also evaluated from the point of view of directors. The SPSS statistical program was used to analyze the obtained data. Results. In the modern economy, corporate governance is one of the most important factors that determine not only the level of economic development of the country, but also the social and investment climate. Therefore, adherence to the principles of corporate governance, compliance with legal requirements and the effectiveness of the existing corporate governance system has become one of the important conditions for the attractiveness of business investment. Today, many researchers show an interest in the problems of corporate governance. The goal of this study was to determine the role of corporate governance in achieving profit in industrial enterprises. To meet the study's goals, a set of 78 Jordanian industrial businesses were chosen, with a total of 120 managers, assistant directors, and department heads as the study population. With 60 data, a random sample of 50% of the study population was taken, and the total of 204 data was valid to be processed and analyzed after that using the statistical program (SPSSv.20) in the statistical analysis of these data. Various methods were used for statistical analysis, including: arithmetic averages, standard deviations, multiple regression analysis, stepwise regression analysis, inflation coefficient of variance, alpha-Kornibach coefficient. Novelty. The study reached the following perceptions, which are the most important perceptions. The managers’ visions about the dimensions of governance systems and their visions about the dimensions of achieving profits in independent Jordanian companies came to a high degree, and there is an effect of governance in achieving profits, as it shows a degree of 62.3% of variation in achieving benefits. Practical value. The study recommends adopting the concept of high-performance systems and working in all its dimensions in all Jordanian communications and various activities, to achieve profits, by adopting rules of governance that may contribute to a broader understanding of governance in Jordan. This will contribute to a deeper understanding of management practices in Jordan and the selection of effective applications and skills to ensure profitability.

Feline Encounters Down Under: Investigating the Activity of Cats and Native Wildlife at Sydney's North Head.

Cats (Felis catus) are widespread across Australia, including within natural and protected areas, and in many areas, cats, including owned domestic cats, are not restricted in where or when they can roam. In Australia, cats have contributed to the decline of many native species and continue to be a problem for governments. North Head, Manly, is home to an endangered population of Long-nosed Bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) and the only mainland breeding colony of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) in New South Wales (NSW). Camera traps were installed for a 5-week period across North Head to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of cat activity. As well as capturing instances of cats, the cameras detected native animals such as birds, possums, Long-nosed Bandicoots and other small mammals. An analysis of the camera images showed cats could be found within protected areas of the headland (where cats are prohibited) and along the boundary with the adjacent suburban area of Manly. Cats were mostly detected during the night. There were high occurrences of overlap between cats and Long-nosed Bandicoots (Dhat 0.82), possums (Dhat 0.88) and other small mammals (Dhat 0.67). These findings indicate that cats are active across the Manly headland at the same time as native animals, both within protected areas where cats are prohibited and in adjacent residential areas, and this could have implications for these populations.