Coherence Problem Research Articles

Metamaterial shields for inner protection and outer tuning through a relaxed micromorphic approach.

In this paper, a coherent boundary value problem to model metamaterials' behaviour based on the relaxed micromorphic model is established. This boundary value problem includes well-posed boundary conditions, thus disclosing the possibility of exploring the scattering patterns of finite-size metamaterial specimens. Thanks to the simplified model's structure (few frequency- and angle-independent parameters), we are able to unveil the scattering metamaterial's response for a wide range of frequencies and angles of propagation of the incident wave. These results are an important stepping stone towards the conception of more complex large-scale meta-structures that can control elastic waves and recover energy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)'.

ALLIANCE OF UNIVERSITIES WITH VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS USE IN KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the study is to study the possibilities of forming an alliance of higher education (HE) and technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Kazakhstan, as well as the problems associated with this process.Methodology. As research methods, a generalization of world and Kazakhstani literature on the issues of integration of various forms of education and directly HE and TVET, comparative analysis, observation and critical analysis of problems were used.Originality / value of the research. In recent decades, the issue of forming alliances of higher education and vocational education has become particularly relevant. The main aspects of the issue are the problems of coherence of curricula, a smooth transition from one level to another within the framework of a single concept of education, the formation of uniform professional competencies among graduates in order to increase their demand in the labor market.Findings. This article discusses the need and opportunities for the formation of an alliance between HE and TVET in Kazakhstan, as well as the problems that educational institutions may face when creating such alliances. The advantages and possible models of forming alliances between levels of education are also presented.

Doing ‘our bit’: Solidarity, inequality, and COVID-19 crowdfunding for the UK National Health Service

The expanding phenomenon of crowdfunding for healthcare creates novel potential roles for members of the public as fundraisers and donors of particular forms of provision. While sometimes interpreted as an empowering phenomenon (Gonzales et al., 2018), or a potentially useful communication of unmet needs (Saleh et al., 2021), scholars have predominantly been critical of the way in which crowdfunding for healthcare normalises unmet needs and exacerbates entrenched inequalities (Berliner and Kenworthy, 2017; Igra et al., 2021; Paulus and Roberts, 2018). We report a thematic analysis of the text of 945 fundraising appeals created on JustGiving and GoFundMe in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, where the recipient was NHS Charities Together's dramatically successful COVID-19 Urgent Appeal. Unlike in existing accounts of individual healthcare crowdfunding, we identify the relative absence of both coherent problem definition and of a fundable solution within the pages. Instead, appeals are dominated by themes of solidarity and duty during the UK's ‘hard’ lockdown of 2020. A national appeal reduces the risks of crowdfunding exacerbating existing health inequalities, but we argue that two kinds of non-financial consequences of collective crowdfunding require further exploration. Specifically, we need to better understand how expanded practices of fundraising co-exist with commitment to dutiful, means-based funding of healthcare via taxation. We must also attend to how celebration of the NHS as a national achievement, might squeeze spaces for critique and challenge. Analyses of crowdfunding need to explore both financial and non-financial aspects of practices within different health system and historical contexts.

Cache Coherence issues and Solution: A Review

Computer systems are extensively being used in today’s era and the advancement in computer systems has led to the evolution of various technologies. As the efficiency of the computer systems is to be enhanced, the usage of cache memory becomes a must. The cache memory problems occur when multiprocessor systems are used. When multiple processors are processors share a common memory pool, the problem of cache coherence occurs. Cache coherence is a state in which the cache memories of the processors must stay in coherence with each other. The data should be updated in all the cache systems. Various protocols are used to ensure cache coherence. This study delineates the cache memory architecture, cache coherence, and the issues that arise due to non-consistent data in the cache of multiprocessor systems. Moreover, this study also delineates the protocols of the cache coherence and also describes in detail the MISE protocol. This study will provide an in-depth review of cache, cache coherence, and the issues associated with cache coherence along with the solution.

Local communities of Eurasia: geocultural aspect

The development of society in the context of globalization determines the need to search for the possibility of combining the universalization and localization of geoculture. These processes of globalization have an impact on the content and forms of transformation of the Eurasian geocultural space. The problem field of research is connected with the objective need to analyze the evolution of geoculture, to understand geoculture as a system characterizing the relations of general civilization universals and local specifics. The application of the civilizational approach makes it possible to identify trends in the socio-cultural development of local communities in the geocultural space, to solve the problems of coherence of locality and globality. Local communities are in a transitional stage of their development due to industrial, economic, institutional and socio-cultural processes, changes and the introduction of unusual patterns of life attitudes. It is shown that local communities in the process of transformation unite into a specific socio-territorial location. On the one hand, in their development, local communities are subject to the general laws of transformation in the context of global and regional restructuring. On the other hand, models of socio-cultural behavior are formed depending on the resources and technologies available to the community, expressed in an attempt to preserve the traditional way of life. Assimilation of local cultures is accompanied by polarization of geocultural space, which contributes to the development of isolation and diversification of sociocultures. Geocultural processes influence the transformation of value-normative attitudes, contribute to the growth of social stratification, and increase social inequality. The socio-cultural tradition on which the life of local communities is built legitimizes the primacy of the community over the individual. Closed society, resists modernization processes. In geoculture, consensus about the foundations of life and the goals of the community is disappearing. The development of a multicultural world exacerbates the problem of understanding and preserving the socio-cultural identity of local communities. The study of the emerging geocultural models of the development of local communities determines the possibilities of theoretical substantiation of alternative scenarios for modeling the transformation of socio-cultural identity.

Semantics modulo satisfiability with applications: function representation, probabilities and game theory

AbstractIn the context of propositional logics, we apply semantics modulo satisfiability—a restricted semantics which comprehends only valuations that satisfy some specific set of formulas—with the aim to efficiently solve some computational tasks. Three possible such applications are developed.We begin by studying the possibility of implicitly representing rational McNaughton functions in Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic through semantics modulo satisfiability. We theoretically investigate some approaches to such representation concept, called representation modulo satisfiability, and describe a polynomial algorithm that builds representations in the newly introduced system. An implementation of the algorithm, test results and ways to randomly generate rational McNaughton functions for testing are presented. Moreover, we propose an application of such representations to the formal verification of properties of neural networks by means of the reasoning framework of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic.Then, we move to the investigation of the satisfiability of joint probabilistic assignments to formulas of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic, which is known to be an NP-complete problem. We provide an exact decision algorithm derived from the combination of linear algebraic methods with semantics modulo satisfiability. Also, we provide an implementation for such algorithm for which the phenomenon of phase transition is empirically detected.Lastly, we study the game theory situation of observable games, which are games that are known to reach a Nash equilibrium, however, an external observer does not know what is the exact profile of actions that occur in a specific instance; thus, such observer assigns subjective probabilities to players actions. We study the decision problem of determining if a set of these probabilistic constraints is coherent by reducing it to the problems of satisfiability of probabilistic assignments to logical formulas both in Classical Propositional Logic and Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic depending on whether only pure equilibria or also mixed equilibria are allowed. Such reductions rely upon the properties of semantics modulo satisfiability. We provide complexity and algorithmic discussion for the coherence problem and, also, for the problem of computing maximal and minimal probabilistic constraints on actions that preserves coherence.Abstract prepared by Sandro Márcio da Silva Preto.E-mail: spreto@ime.usp.brURL:https://doi.org/10.11606/T.45.2021.tde-17062021-163257

Deep Learning-Based Hexrep Neural Network for Convergence Free with Operator’s Efficacy in Hexagonal Image Processing

The field of hexagonal image processing is concerned with the creation of image processing systems that combine the advantages of biological model-based evolutionary motivated frameworks. The structure and functionality of artificial neural networks were inspired by biological processes. The fundamental framework of recording and output devices limits their present state of the art. Prior neural networks have used square or hexagonal style input to completely connected layers, which resulted in a high coherence problem between two adjacent hexagonal kernel layers due to pooling. Previous research does not design the self-data structure to support convolution to increase computational efficiency, so it violates the convolution and pooling operator, which greatly degrades the image process performance. This paper introduces a novel paradigm Proficient Deep Learning-based Hexrep Neural Network that overcomes major significant problems in image operations structure constraint, coherence problem, and violation of convolution and pooling operator and achieves hexagonal image processing.

Cohesive Connectivity in Arabic-English Translated Texts by English as Foreign Language Students

This research aimed to examine cohesive connectivity in Arabic-English translated text by English as foreign language students at the University of Tabuk for the academic year 2022/2023. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) theory of coherence and cohesion shifts in translation. This qualitative study included 15 participants in their third-year English as foreign language students from the Department of Languages and Translation at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected purposively. Translated texts were the instrument used to collect data in this study. Results showed that students encountered cohesion and coherence problems in achieving written texts’ unity, particularly in assigning their concepts and implementing appropriate cohesive signals, punctuation, and spelling issues in their Arabic-English text.

Proof Theory of Skew Non-Commutative MILL

Monoidal closed categories naturally model NMILL, non-commutative multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic: the monoidal unit and tensor interpret the multiplicative verum and conjunction; the internal hom interprets linear implication. In recent years, the weaker notion of (left) skew monoidal closed category has been proposed by Ross Street, where the three structural laws of left and right unitality and associativity are not required to be invertible, they are merely natural transformations with a specific orientation. A question arises: is it possible to find a logic which is naturally modelled by skew monoidal closed categories? We answer positively by introducing a cut-free sequent calculus for a skew version of NMILL that is a presentation of the free skew monoidal closed category. We study the proof-theoretic semantics of the sequent calculus by identifying a calculus of derivations in normal form, obtained from an adaptation of Andreoli's focusing technique to the skew setting. The resulting focused sequent calculus peculiarly employs a system of tags for keeping track of new formulae appearing in the antecedent and appropriately reducing non-deterministic choices in proof search. Focusing solves the coherence problem for skew monoidal closed categories by exhibiting an effective procedure for deciding equality of maps in the free such category.

PyWolf: A PyOpenCL implementation for simulating the propagation of partially coherent light

We present PyWolf, an open-source software capable of performing numerical simulations of partially coherent light propagation from two-dimensional light sources. PyWolf computes the evolution of a user-defined cross-spectral density function in the Fresnel and far field approximations, which enables the retrieval of second-order optical quantities of interest such as the spectral degree of coherence and spectral density for a given frequency. The open-source tool kit PyOpenCL is used to increase the computation speed. We present examples of propagation of different source models and optical systems to validate our implementation. Performance results for the computation speed when using parallel computation through PyOpenCL is shown. Source models and propagation systems can be easily added to PyWolf, which has a graphical user interface built with PyQt5. This software can be of great utility for partially coherent light simulation problems that are difficult to treat analytically. Program summaryProgram Title: PyWolfCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/frjscxypkd.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/tiagoecmagalhaes/PyWolfLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: PythonExternal routines: NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib, PyOpenCL, PyQt5Nature of problem: Numerical simulations of the propagation of partially coherent light from planar sources in the Fresnel or far field approximations. Computation time can be improved by using optimized versions of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, but other calculations can only be increased through parallel computation.Solution method: We use the open-source toolkit PyOpenCL to perform parallel computation on time-consuming calculations. The user can easily modify and add more features to the software, such as source models and propagation methods. A graphical user interface is also built using PyQt5 which enables the user to set input parameters, including the user's custom models, view the simulation results, export data, and save and load sessions.

Accurate modeling and coherent integration method for weak maneuvering target with oblique movement

Prolonging the integration time is a widely used method to enhance the detection performance for weak targets, whereas range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) might occur when the target moves with high speed and high maneuverability. Although various algorithms have been proposed to solve the migration problem and realize coherent integration, they are based on the assumption that the target is moving radially relative to radar, i.e., the instantaneous slant range from radar to target is expressed as a finite order polynomial with respect to slow time. However, the target in the practical scene is probably moving obliquely relative to radar, thus modeling error will exist between the polynomial range expression and the target’s actual instantaneous slant range from radar. We focus on the accurate modeling and coherent integration problems for the weak maneuvering target with oblique movement, where the oblique movement model (OMM) of target echo is established. Subsequently, the OMM-generalized Radon–Fourier transform method is proposed to coherently accumulate the target’s energy via correcting the complex RM and DFM. Both simulation and real data processed results have been provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Performance modeling for I/O‐intensive applications on virtual machines

AbstractModels for virtual machines running on cloud computing systems. Modeling system behaviors of clouds is a grand challenge because the resource utilization in VMs is heterogeneous due to variability in workload conditions. We address this challenging issue by uniquely (1) objectifying the usage prediction of virtualized resources and (2) predicting the performance trends of programs running on clouds. At the heart of the modeling system, we pay particular attention to CPU cores, disk size, main memory space, and input data volume, which serve as important factors for the developed prediction module. We devise two resource‐utilization prediction algorithms driven by two distinctive sets of I/O and CPU intensive benchmarks, where one algorithm deals with execution time and the other one revolves around input data size. We investigate the correlation between CPU/disk utilization and VM live migrations. Our system aims at not only providing performance optimization for virtualized resources but also ensuring service level agreement (SLA) and Quality of Service (QoS). The model fits the curve quite well, thereby advocating for the efficiency of the algorithm. The case studies conducted in this project draw the comparisons between the performance of striped and monolithic disks as well as bringing forth the problem of cache coherence that causes hindrance to the experiment. We also deal with the cache‐coherence problem to improve the accuracy of our prediction algorithms

The Impact of Place of Residence on the Sense of Coherence of Population Aged 60–89: Evidence from Poland

Place of living is one of the most important socio-demographic factors which characterizes the lives of older people. The importance of with whom and under what conditions older adults live to a large extent determines their health and standard of living. The goal of the study was to find the relationship between the place of residence and housing condition of older adults in Poland and their sense of coherence and health problems. The 29-item Antonovsky SOC questionnaire was used. In the research 303 people (76% women and 24% men) aged 60–89 were evaluated: 158 lived in their own houses/flats, while 145 resided in Daily Homes of Social Assistance (DPS). The overall result for the sense of coherence was 129.65 for older adults living in their own homes and 126.48 for these living in DPS. Statistical dependence between the place of residence and sense of manageability and meaningfulness was found. There is no dependence between gender and the overall score, nor the three components of the sense of coherence. Statistical dependence was determined in the criterion of age. A higher level of meaningfulness was observed in people aged 60–74. Taking into account the place of residents, 52% of the respondents living in their own houses/flats experience loneliness and among the people living in Daily Homes of Social Assistance, 46% experience loneliness. The type of place of residence is one of the most important personal factors affecting the sense of coherence, chronic health problems, and sense of loneliness. The last factor, especially, can adversely affect community sustainability and undermine social cohesion.

Digitalization of politics and biopolitics: The problem of coherence

Within the framework of this article, a consistent analysis of the main characteristics of modern biopolitical knowledge was made (general rationalization and transition from the individual level of control to the level of population’s control, and consequently, the development of the data policy strategy; the transition from biopower to the strategy of neuropower, the development of the biopolitics of emotions, etc.). Accordingly basic principles of the traditional bipolitical approach shift to inductive, i.e. hidden, control over human mind and behavior. Some basic trends in the digitalization of politics are also discussed in the article (the emergence of a dilemma between transparency and total control, control as a manipulation over the interpretation of events, the development of management mechanisms through the use and transformation of the daily canons, etc.). The development and implementation of modern digital technologies affects the psychology of individuals and transforms it through the modification of perception. The development of technologies to manage individuals' perceptions and needs is also an important trend in the digitalization of politics. In addition, specific principles of these two areas of political science researches’ implementation in the organization of urban space are explored (creation of a mentally supporting physical environment, the use of the so-called "Square of Nine" in urban architectural design, etc.). Urban architecture and space design can have both a positive impact on human psychology and emotions (promoting the release of neurochemicals responsible for happiness) and a negative one (provoking sensory deprivation that causes stress). The purpose of this article is to form a scientific understanding of various strategies of conduct, in particular neuropower and data politics, as well as specific ways to implement these strategies in the context of population management (for example, through the organization of planning and construction of urban architecture).

REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE CASE OF WALES: THEORY AND PRACTICE AND PROBLEMS OF STRATEGY AND POLICY

AbstractThe article assesses economic development strategy in Wales since devolution. It considers theoretical views on success or failure of devolution to realise economic benefit, and reviews existing explanations of Wales’ lack of success in changing its position relative to other UK territories. The article develops a novel critique first of overall economic development strategy, suggesting problems of coherence, consistency and methods of implementation. It then critiques three policies that have had the potential to realise development strategy - transport, renewable energy and public procurement - again revealing problems of coherence, consistency, implementation and governance.

Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet

This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.

Coherent Integration for Maneuvering Target Detection at Low SNR Based on Radon-General Linear Chirplet Transform

This letter considers the coherent integration problem for a maneuvering target in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) circumstances. Focusing on the range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) problems caused by the motion of the target, we propose a new method called Radon-general linear chirplet transform (RGLCT). Jointly motion parameters search is employed to obtain the trajectory of the maneuvering target and the coherent integration is achieved via general linear chirplet transform (GLCT). Because of the non-sensitive-to-noise feature of the GLCT, RGLCT can realize weak target coherent integration in very low SNR environments. Multi-target detection can be achieved successfully because the GLCT is not influenced by the cross-term components. Finally, simulations and real data experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The results show that the proposed method has superior detection ability than methods including Radon-Fourier transform (RFT), and Radon-Lv’s distribution (RLVD). Both theory and experiments have fully proved that the proposed method can effectively realize coherent integration in low SNR environments.

Time Travelers: Victorian Encounters with Time and History, edited by Adelene Buckland and Sadiah Qureshi

Reviewed by: Time Travelers: Victorian Encounters with Time and History ed. by Adelene Buckland and Sadiah Qureshi Norman Vance (bio) Time Travelers: Victorian Encounters with Time and History, edited by Adelene Buckland and Sadiah Qureshi; pp. xxvii + 285. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2020, $82.50, $27.50 paper. Time Travelers: Victorian Encounters with Time and History is exciting and scholarly. This edited collection by Adelene Buckland and Sadiah Qureshi shows how the Victorians could travel in imagination through time and space, above and beneath the earth and under the sea. They could draw on the work not just of historians but of geologists, geographers, oceanographers, anthropologists, archaeologists, paleontologists, and more-or-less well-informed fantasists such as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. The twelve chapters travel widely across different disciplines, using ideas of time to illuminate many facets of the Victorian knowledge explosion, from the age of the earth to the ambivalences of the new machine age, from Anglo-Saxon poetry and biblical scholarship to submarines and deep-sea cables. Verne's 20,000 Leagues under the Sea (1876) is used in Clare Pettitt's chapter "At Sea," and Wellsian fantasy is briefly mentioned by Daniel Wilson in the concluding chapter on "How We Got Here," but Wells's The Time Machine (1895) and the time traveler who uses it are oddly absent. So is Verne's Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1864), which was inspired by geology and paleontology, which brought prehistoric creatures back to life and paved the way for later dinosaur fantasies such as Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1912) and Steven Spielberg's film Jurassic Park (1993). Despite some helpful cross-referencing, the sheer range and diversity of encounters with time and history described in the book present problems of coherence. Rachel Bryant Davies's "Through the Proscenium Arch," an entertaining chapter on children's toy-theater focused on a cheerfully jumbled version of "The Siege of Troy" (a popular 1833 equestrian re-enactment), is interesting in itself, but it is a long way from the seemingly grown-up science and apparent high seriousness of other chapters. At first sight the four sections labelled "Narratives," "Origins," "Time in Transit," and "Unfinished Business" do not seem to have very much to do with each other. But Romanticism, particularly the Romantic quest and the Romantic cult of mystery and gothic strangeness, provides an understated continuity or common thread, even if the quests of scholars, scientists, and spiritualists were often inconclusive and the dawning awareness of complex antecedents and of unimaginable antiquity disconcertingly eroded earlier certainties. As Michael Ledger-Lomas observes in his chapter "On Pilgrimage," "the venerable urge to be a pilgrim shaped how Victorians thought about the passage of time and the scholarly investigation of time" (157). This extended to geological time. Well-travelled Lord Byron in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18) read about geology and made imaginative use of it, as Clare Pettitt observes. The influential geologist Charles Lyell, a contemporary of the younger Romantics, read his Byron, while Victorians such as the Tennyson of In Memoriam (1850) read their Lyell and found no comfort in the abysses of geological time that he disclosed. Simon Goldhill makes a valiant attempt to hold things together in an ambitious chapter on the quest for origins, "Ad Fontes." His title invokes Erasmus and, behind him, the Latin Bible. Goldhill contrasts humanist delight in Greek culture as the source or fountainhead of all knowledge with the sadder and wiser Victorian acceptance of the [End Page 585] elusiveness of their quest for ultimate sources and the destabilizing nature of the enterprise. A classical scholar himself, he draws on the history of textual scholarship, both classical and biblical, to illustrate the point. Special textual authority attaches to the original manuscript, but the original manuscripts of ancient texts have not survived. One of the great discoveries in nineteenth-century biblical scholarship was Codex Sinaiticus, now in the British Library, a fourth-century manuscript containing the earliest surviving text of the entire New Testament. Its scholarly primacy is indicated by identifying it as "aleph," the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, though the manuscript was a...

AN INVESTIGATION OF MACROLINGUISTIC ERRORS IN INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS’ ESSAYS

Abstract
 This present study tries to investigate macrolinguistic errors and to know the possible causes of the errors committed by Indonesian EFL Learners in their essay writing. This study employed qualitative approach with content analysis method. The data were taken from 40 university students’ essay and interview in one public university located in Banten province. The result of the data analysis reveals that the students commit seven types of error at the discoursal level and two types of error at the pragmatic level. In the discoursal level, the students committed run-on sentences, unawareness of logical relation, poor paragraph development, cohesion problem as well as coherence problem, improper use of discourse markers, and absence of parallel structure. In the pragmatic level, the researchers found miss-selection of lexical item and violation of the cooperative principles. Moreover, the possible causes of the errors included students have lack interest in writing; inadequate grammatical mastery; arranging ideas in a meaningful and logical order; lack of vocabulary and formulating their idea of writing. It is hoped that the result of this study can be the consideration for both the teachers when they design the material, and students to recognize their weaknesses in doing the writing and find the best solution to cope with this problem.
 Keywords: macrolinguistic error; students’ essay; Indonesia EFL Learners

Cluster-based WSA method to elicit expert knowledge for Bayesian reasoning—Case of parcel delivery with drone

The elicitation of expert knowledge in a Bayesian model is a big challenge. Elicitation requirements increase exponentially with the size of the model, making the expert’s task more difficult and generating problems of quality or coherence of the elicited result. In this paper, we develop an extended Cluster-WSA method using several clusters as an elicitation method. A general formula to calculate the number of information to elicit and a generic algorithm for this method are developed. A selection procedure of some elicitation methods is established and the usefulness of the Cluster-WSA method is verified. The case study of parcel delivery with a drone is used to apply our method, to build a decision support system for diagnosis and prediction, and to make a performance indicator system.