Systematic Problems Research Articles

Pentingnya Berpikir Komputasional dalam Pembelajaran Matematika

Computational thinking is a way of thinking that refers to the ability to solve problems using the concepts used in computing. These concepts include systematic problem solving, data analysis, algorithms, abstraction, and information representation. The method used in this research is library research. Computational thinking not only helps us acquire computer-related skills, but can also enhance our ability to solve problems in other domains. Several studies have found that computational thinking is beneficial for improving mathematical abilities, reasoning abilities, and creative thinking.

Database in the Study of the History of Estates in the Moscow Region: Filling, Enrichment and Analytics

This article deals with the problem of accumulation and systematization of information in studies devoted to 3D reconstructions of objects of historical and cultural heritage. In the presence of a large number of heterogeneous sources, the researcher may get confused in the accumulated data, which significantly complicates his work. Since in research, the results of which are virtual reconstructions, text sources are used together with graphic, scientific and technical documentation, as well as physical objects undergoing preliminary digitization, the accounting and cataloging of sources cannot be neglected. The solution to this problem allows the most complete and efficient use of all the materials available in the study, which ultimately affects the quality of the reconstruction result obtained. In this article, using the example of a project for the reconstruction of estate complexes in the Moscow region, the author demonstrates the developed system of accumulation and enrichment of source information using modern database management systems and software tools for working with data. The information aggregated and described in the MySQL database is supplemented with information from open sources using web scraping technology in the Python programming language, acquires end-to-end identification and acquires usability in various studies. Standardized information allows you to quickly find the right source from the very top level, and its enrichment provides additional opportunities for analysis and synthesis of all aggregated material.

Athlete Perceptions of Governance-Related Issues to Sexual Abuse in Sport

Cases of abuse in sport have emerged with frightening regularity over the past two decades. Scholarship has identified risk factors that can help facilitate abuse in sport and has explored athletes’ experiences with sexual abuse. However, less is known about athletes’ perceptions of the systematic organizational-level problems that fail to curtail sexual abuse. This article, therefore, explores what athletes believe to be the key issues in governance that facilitate sexual abuse in sport. An analysis of the lawsuits that athletes filed against US sport organizations and the testimonies they provided to the US Congress from 2017 to 2022 show four primary ways in which organizational culture, decisions and policies helped permit misconduct in sport. Athlete perspectives suggest governance issues related to monopolistic power structures, a lack of athlete representation, conflicts of interest, and commercialization facilitated an abuse-prone culture within Olympic and Paralympic sport in the United States. These findings show that athletes feel that the adjudication mechanisms that remain connected to sport bodies do not always curtail abuse.

Межотраслевой характер терминологии таможенной деятельности (на материале английского языка)

This article deals with the issues of the terminological system formation as a set of professional knowledge terms on the example of English customs activities. The terminology of this field of knowledge plays a key role in the formation of a professional language. It is possible to use different approaches in the study of the problems of systematization and classification of lexical units. Firstly, the composition of the customs dictionary should be considered as a unique, integral structure, including separate components – thematic groups of terms. Secondly, the close relationship of customs concepts with other professional fields should be analyzed. The study is conducted on the English legislative acts material, including customs, periodicals, dictionary entries, etc. The variant of the customs term system structure proposed by the author of the article includes six comprehensive semantic and thematic groups: customs management, customs procedures, customs nomenclature, customs duties and taxes, customs statistics, customs control. Each group contains a list of customs concepts, which, in turn, are related not only to each other, but also to other groups. This confirms the fact that the term system of customs activities functions as an integral mechanism. On the other hand, the development and formation of the term system of customs activity is greatly influenced by the term systems of spheres related to that of customs. It seems possible to trace the relationship between the terminological systems of customs activity and the legislative branch, criminal law, international law, administrative law, IT-technology, transport logistics, office management, economics, foreign trade, medicine and many other spheres, which once again confirms the interdisciplinary nature of the field of knowledge under consideration.

Presenting the diagnostic background of gender dysphoria from a psychological and criminological perspective in a sexually exploited adolescent living in a children’s special foster care home

Aim: We present an extremely rare case in this article. A transgender adolescent was admitted to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Heim Pál National Institute of Pediatrics in September 2021 due to delusional pregnancy and peer relationship conflicts. The 17-year-old child was convinced she was pregnant with twins, although she was born as a boy. The psychopathological and criminological aspects of the case are outlined.Methodology: The psycho-diagnostic background was based on traditional Hungarian diagnostic protocol. It consisted of projective tests. Criminological characteristics were explored by analysing the most recent international literature. In both aspects we used our own clinical and victim protection experience.Findings: We concluded that the psychological and criminological development pathways of the adolescent in the case study intersected at several points, and that these issues escalated along the child’s victimization.Value: We highlighted that child sexual exploitation is a systematic problem. Not only the cohesion of society is threatened, but the effectiveness of social care institutions and law enforcement can be also damaged. At the end of our article,we outlined a hypothesis that the indirect causes of transgender violence can be found in sexual exploitation and the immanent harms of institutionalisation.

THE COMPLEX OF CONTRACTUAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL FORMS OF THE END OF A CRIMINAL CASE

The article is devoted to the problem of systematization of criminal procedural forms of termination of criminal cases on a number of non-rehabilitating grounds, which are called dispositive or conciliatory-compensatory, form a certain system. Its goals are to promote the shift of the doctrine towards the recognition of the contract as a completely normal way of resolving criminal procedural issues, as well as the development of the foundations of the author's concept of contractual criminal procedural forms of ending a criminal case. The main methods of legal cognition were used: deduction, induction, analysis and others. As a result of the research, the general provisions forming the basis of the author's concept were derived. These included provisions on the accomplices of the agreement on the termination of the criminal case with the accused on the termination of the criminal case by the prosecution, the subject of the agreement, the principles of the agreement. It is proposed to strengthen the role of the prosecutor in contractual procedures for the termination of criminal cases and to make the participants from the prosecution responsible for drafting the terms of the agreement and overseeing their execution. The range of grounds for contractual criminal procedural proceedings is currently provided for in Articles 25, 25.1, 27 Part 3, 28 Part 2, 28.1, 427 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The author suggests expanding it with the basis of a change in the situation or loss of social danger to the accused in the course of his cooperation with the investigation and the prosecutor.

I. DÜNYA SAVAŞI YILLARINDA SİVAS DARÜLMUALLİMİN-İ İBTİDAİ MEKTEBİ VE MEKTEPTEN MEZUN OLANLARIN DURUMU

Eğitim bir toplumun veya bir devletin gelişebilmesi ve ilerleyebilmesi için en önemli araç niteliği taşımaktadır. Nitelikli eğitim olmadan başarı sağlanması, refah düzeyinin artması, üretim yapılması veya güç kazanılması oldukça zordur. Keza eğitim insanların hayatında tarihin başlangıcından bu yana her zaman ehemmiyetini korumuştur. Farklı coğrafyalar, farklı etnik gruplar ve inanışların bulunmasından dolayı eğitimde hiçbir zaman tek sistem veya birlik düşünülemez. Bu sebeple her toplum kendi inançlarıyla bağdaşan bir eğitim metodu uygulamaya gayret göstermiş ve böylece birçok eğitim modeli teşekkül etmiştir. Eğitimin önemini kavrayan ülkeler gelişim sağlamış ve diğer ülkeler tarafından eğitim modelleri örnek alınmaya başlamıştır. Türk Devletleri de genel olarak inanılan dine uygun olarak eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerini sürdürmüştür. Eğitim alanında yapılan yenilikler bazı zamanlar büyük fayda sağlasa da bazı zamanlar topluma ciddi anlamda zararlar vermiştir. Özellikle 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ikiliklerin çıkması, eğitim sisteminin köklü değişikliklere uğraması ve bu süreçte savaşların da yaşanmasıyla Türk Toplumu ciddi anlamda yıpranmıştır. 
 Osmanlı Devleti’nde eğitim sistemi ve müesseseleri cumhuriyet dönemine kadar birçok kez değişime uğramıştır. Bilhassa 19. yüzyıldan itibaren önemli ıslahatlar yapılmış ve modern anlamda birçok mektep açılmıştır. İlk ve orta okul düzeyinde mekteplerin çoğalmasıyla acilen öğretmene ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Nitekim 19. yüzyıldan önce resmi olarak öğretmen yetiştiren kurumlar mevcut değildi. Öğretmen ihtiyacı genel olarak Medrese mezunlarından karşılanmaktaydı. Zamanla medrese sistemindeki bozulmalar ve talebe sayısının artmasıyla nitelikli öğretmen bulmak zorlaşmaya başladı ve yetersiz kaldı. Bu eksikliği gidermek maksadıyla 1848 yılında resmi olarak ilk öğretmen okulu açılmıştır. Öğretmen okulları kısa bir zaman içinde vilayetlerde de tesis edilmeye başlamış ve zamanla sayıları artmıştır. Bunlardan bir tanesi de ilkokula öğretmen yetiştirmek üzere Sivas’ta açılmıştır. Ancak 20. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı Devleti’nin girdiği savaşlar yeni yeni kurulan ve gelişmeye başlayan mektepleri ciddi anlamda etkilemiş bulunmaktaydı. Özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla seferberlik ilan edilmiş ve mali sıkıntılar yaşanmıştır. Ayrıca birçok geçici kanun çıkarılmış, talebe ve muallimlerden bazıları askere çağrılmış, bazı eğitim kurumları kapatılmış veya ara vermek zorunda kalmıştır. Sivas Darülmuallimin Mektebi’nde öğrenim gören talebeler ve mezun olan öğretmenler de bu savaştan etkilenmiştir. Kimisi silah altına alınmış, kimisi vefat etmiş, kimisi de esaret altına düşmüştür. Ancak yaşanan olumsuzluklara rağmen faaliyetlerini devam ettiren bir mektep profili çizmiştir. Savaş başlamadan önceki yıllarda mezun olan öğretmen adaylarının da birçoğunun öğretmenlik mesleğini icra edemeden cephelere çağrılması ve sonrasında bu öğretmenlerin yaşadıkları, eğitim tarihimiz açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. 
 Bu çalışmada, Sivas’ta öğretmen yetiştirmek üzere açılan Darülmuallimin-i İbtidai Mektebi’nin, I. Dünya Savaşı öncesindeki genel yapısı ve işleyişi hakkında özet olarak bilgi verildikten sonra, I. Dünya savaşı yıllarındaki faaliyetleri, talebeleri, mezunları ve önceki yıllarda mektepten mezun olan birçok muallimin akıbeti hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlanmaktadır. Söz konusu dönem ile ilgili Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri ve diğer yardımcı kaynaklar kullanılarak bilgiler sunulacaktır.

Analysis of Strategic Variables for the Development and Sustainability of Fos-Food Restaurant Business in the Pandemic Era; MICMAC Approach

Talk about smart cities, the community's independence to open a business and drive the local economy is a concrete form in the community, which is useful in the current state. Even though in this Covid-19 pandemic condition, the life of a business is not easy, especially the seafood culinary business. A restaurant business requires a business development strategy that will determine the business's long-term future—this culinary tourism development and sustainability strategy. The MICMAC method functions analytically to solve systematic problems by developing sustainability strategies in industrial areas. So in this study, researchers will research Strategic Variable Analysis for the Development and Sustainability of the Fos-Food Restaurant Business in the Pandemic Era; MICMAC approach. This study uses primary and secondary data and uses the MICMAC method. The results of this study are: (1). The strategic factor analysis of Fos-Food Restaurant development has 11 strength variables, seven weakness variables, six opportunity variables, and eight threat variables. Based on the weighting and scores carried out, the total score for internal factors was 3.17 and for external factors was 3.07. (2). The research analyzed Fos-Food's development strategies and programs from the SWOT diagram, SWOT matrix, SWOT quadrant strategy analysis, and MICMAC analysis. The strategy analysis shows that the position of this restaurant is currently still in quadrant IV. Then the MICMAC analysis shows that judging from the indirect influence graph of each relationship between variables, the variables that have the greatest value are the variables: Financial and Accounting, Technological Environment, and Buyer/Customer Power.

Професійне судження бухгалтера у реалізації завдань бухгалтерського обліку

The implementation of accounting activities is carried out by accountants with a sufficient level of education and professional skills needed to solve the problems of registration, systematization, generalization and presentation of information based on generally accepted principles and assumptions. The methodological basis of such a solution is forming a set of professional judgments by an accountant. The accountant's professional judgment can be recognized as a way of communication between the enterprise and users regarding the content and results of its activities by the applied conceptual framework. This study aims to identify the role of the accountant's professional judgment and formalize its main elements. It was established that the accountant's professional judgment is the main element of implementing the accounting methodology. It was revealed that the main elements of the accountant's professional judgment are the purpose of its formation, the subject and expected application results. Their parameters are formed under the influence of external objective circumstances, among which the information needs of stakeholders, the nature of the enterprise's economic activity, its scope, as well as the judgment of specialists of the divisions that form the primary data are identified. A professional accountant assesses the impact of the specified circumstances on the purpose, subject and expected consequences of judgments based on his subjective understanding of the relevant data and his attitude to their characteristics. Such assessment is based on theoretical knowledge and experience of the practical work of a professional accountant. This determines the presence of a subjective component in forming, justifying and implementing the professional judgment. Thus, the combination of objective and subjective elements conditions the functioning of the mechanism of professional judgment in the context of providing interested persons with adequate information that can be used to achieve their goals.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОГО СЕКТОРА В МЯСНОМ СКОТОВОДСТВЕ

In 2009 Russia initiated the development of the new manufacturing sector - beef cattle breeding. By 2022 the production of the sector has shown a positive trend, however a separate industry is not formed, and its sustainability raises questions. The aim of this article is to identify systematic organizational, economic and structural problems in the beef cattle breeding. The article analyses the influence of the state regulation measures on the development of the industry in 2009–2022 in order to find some new methodological approaches of management.

Design and Application of Human resource management system Based on Data Mining Technology

In order to solve the problem of low efficiency of human resource management in the traditional mode, the author proposes a research on data mining technology. The author applies the technology of data mining to human resource management, and designs the employee performance appraisal algorithm based on the analytic hierarchy process, human resource flow algorithm based on Markov model, human resource management system based on ID3 decision tree employee satisfaction algorithm, and use actual data to test the system. The result shows, in the personnel composition prediction experiment, the system prediction error is less than 0.031, and the prediction accuracy rate is over 95%. The system can predict the future personnel flow of the enterprise; In the actual use experience, the satisfaction with the system is above 75%. Data mining methods are all based on examples, so each enterprise needs to use different methods to analyze the data, and then compare the analysis results, according to the analysis results, find out the method suitable for your enterprise in the follow-up human resource management work. The method adopted by the author integrates data mining into human resource management, it provides a reasonable reference for the changing trend of enterprise personnel structure, but there are systematic and complex problems in actual use, which need further improvement.

КЛАСТЕРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЗАКОНОВ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ЛОГАРИФМИЧЕСКОЙ ДОХОДНОСТИ АКЦИЙ РОССИЙСКИХ КОМПАНИЙ

The problem of systematization of the laws of distribution of the logarithmic profitability of shares according to the data on stock quotes of 216 companies on the Moscow Exchange is considered. For each company, the "distance" (used in Kolmogorov's fit test) is calculated from its sample to 12 symmetrical distribution laws. According to the results of cluster analysis of the obtained data array, 5 relatively homogeneous clusters were identified. Python language tools are used to fit the distribution law and perform cluster analysis.

Митохондриальная филогения и систематика орлов Палеарктики

The eagles sensu lato are a polyphyletic group of large raptors represented in the Palearctic realm by 13 species belonging to two subfamilies: Aquilinae (true Eagles) and Haliaeetinae (Sea Eagles). Phylogenetic position of this group taxa at species level and above based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers is currently clarified (Mindell et al., 2018), while intraspecific variability and genetic differences between subspecies are generally not well understood. This study examined the available mitochondrial DNA sequences from GenBank and BOLD databases, also unpublished sequences obtained by the authors were added. Three markers for which sufficient data is available were selected for analysis: cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) used for DNA-barcoding, cytochrome b (Cyt b), popular in phylogenetic studies, and the hypervariable control region of mtDNA. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-joining methods, haplotype networks were also constructed. Genetic distances between taxa and time of its divergence were calculated. The obtained results are being discussed in a comparative context at the inter – and intraspecific levels. The possibility of its application and the use of particular genetic markers in general to solve problems of systematics of these species, as well as recent taxonomic changes are considered. The questions of the formation of taxa in the evolution process and their modern distribution in the Palearctic are discussed.

Morphoanatomic description of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds

The color and anatomical structure of the seed kernel are different. For the seed to ripen, it is necessary to go through certain processes, that is, it takes time. It depends on many external and internal factors. Morphological signs of fruits and seeds are different in each species, but at the same time, these signs are relatively constant at the level of the genus, therefore, the importance of these signs in systematics is increasing now. The morpho-anatomical study of angiosperms fruit and seed kernel was of great interest both practically and theoretically. The study of the morpho-anatomy of seeds and fruits of representatives of different taxa provides great material for solving controversial problems of systematics and phylogeny. That is why it is necessary to study the morphology, anatomy and biology of the seeds of this plant and this is the demand of the time. The following diagnostic signs were determined and the anatomical structure of seeds in the conditions of the Tashkent oasis during introduction was analyzed. The presence of densely arranged parenchymal cells, 50% of the volume of the embryo seed. These identified diagnostic signs can be used in the process of seed identification.

Автоматизированная система учёта плавсредств подразделений МЧС России

Introduction. The problem of systematization of the element of office work of the profile environment - keeping records of the floating vehicles of EMERCOM of Russia has been studied. The urgency of the problem of linking existing information systems with the practical activities of departments is confirmed. The problem of classifying a floating vehicle to the appropriate category according to a multifactorial criterion - technical condition is described. Proposals have been formed to clarify the conditions for categorizing the technical condition of floating vehicle available in the subdivisions of EMERCOM of Russia. A variant of calculating the coefficient of technical readiness of units of EMERCOM of Russia operating floating vehicle is proposed. An information system has been developed to support the management of floating vehicles of units of EMERCOM of Russia, which implements the practice-oriented theoretical approaches to the categorization of floating vehicles considered in the study. Goal and objectives. The aim of the study is to model the processes of accounting for the availability and use of technical means available in the subdivisions of EMERCOM of Russia in order to prepare proposals that help reduce labor costs and increase the validity of decisions made by officials who account for and dispose of floating vehicle of the subdivisions of the EMERCOM of Russia. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the fleet of floating vehicle and existing approaches to accounting for floating vehicle was carried out, existing problems were identified, and an information system was developed to support the management of floating vehicle of the departments of EMERCOM of Russia. Methods. To achieve the goal and solve the problems of the study, methods of control theory, mathematical statistics, and data systematization were used. Results and its discussion. The authors proposed a description of the conditions for selecting categories according to the technical condition of the water craft and an algorithm for calculating the coefficient of technical readiness of units, which makes it possible to automate the process of analyzing the readiness of units to solve professional problems. The development of a data model and a model of an information system for supporting the management of floating vehicle allows you to automate the process of forecasting the operation and maintenance of equipment, as well as manage the repair, replacement, decommissioning of floating vehicle in units, thereby increasing the level of readiness of units for operational activities. Conclusion. An information system has been developed to support the management of floating vehicle of the units of EMERCOM of Russia, which makes it possible to validate the solutions used. The results obtained in the course of the work are recommended to be used in the improvement of information and analytical systems used in the system of EMERCOM of Russia in order to account for and control the use of technical means. Keywords: floating vehicles; technical condition category; management support information system; readiness assessment.

Conceptual framework for systematic problem solving: a roadmap for root cause discovery

Conceptual framework for systematic problem solving: a roadmap for root cause discovery

Research on Optimization of Warehousing System Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Order Index Method

This paper discusses the issues of how to improve the systematic problems such as unreasonable warehouse layout, non-standard warehousing operation, incorrect inventory counting method, and imperfect warehousing information. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is adopted to analyze the factors affecting the picking efficiency, while the Cube-Order Index (COI) is for optimizing the storage location, which is planned according to the turnover rate of the goods. It tries to figure out the future development trend of the warehouse management and how to improve the efficiency of the warehouse operation for improving the competitiveness of enterprises.

Ceramics in total disc replacements: A scoping review.

Ceramics are used in Total Disc Replacements (1) in articulating surfaces for their wear resistance and biocompatibility and (2) on endplates to promote osseointegration. They furthermore exhibit MRI and CT compatibility. These properties address main challenges associated with non-ceramic Total Disc Replacements i.e. wear, migration and postoperative imaging. While brittleness of ceramics caused fear of fracture in the past, improvements of ceramic materials were made and considerable clinical experience with ceramic Total Disc Replacements was gained. This review aims to assess the evidence on the use of ceramics in Total Disc Replacements and compare safety and effectiveness of ceramic Total Disc Replacements to spinal fusion and Total Disc Replacements in general. We conducted a scoping review on the use of ceramics in Total Disc Replacements using Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes 36 clinical, ex vivo and nonhuman in vivo, tribological and mechanical studies and case reports. Ceramics are used in cervical Total Disc Replacements, with safety and efficacy confirmed in clinical studies, with up to 10 and 3.3years follow-up, for articulation and osseointegration applications, respectively. Clinical evidence shows that ceramic Total Disc Replacements (alike non-ceramic ones) restore segmental motion and result in non-inferior and possibly superior outcomes to spinal fusion. In vivo studies show osseointegration comparable to non-ceramic devices. Tribological studies suggest appropriate wear properties. We found no indications of systematic problems with the use of ceramics in Total Disc Replacements. Ceramics are suitable materials for Total Disc Replacements.

Albinism in the largest extant amphibian: A metabolic, endocrine, or immune problem?

Pigment regression is an intriguing phenomenon that can be caused by disorders in melanin metabolism or endocrine regulation, or by autoimmune disorders. Albino animals serve as excellent models for the study of the genetic determination of morphology, particularly the evolution of and molecular mechanisms underlying chromatophore-related diseases in animals and humans. The artificial culture of Andrias davidianus, the largest extant amphibian, is flourishing in China due to the great ecological and economic value of this animal. Approximately 0.1% of individuals express an albino phenotype accompanied by delayed somatic growth and mortality at early developmental stages. In this study, brain and skin transcriptomics were conducted to study the underlying molecular basis of the phenotype. The results indicated decreased transcription of genes of melanin synthesis. Interestingly, MHC I isotypes and immune-related pathways accounted for the primary transcriptional differences between groups, suggesting that the albino phenotype represents a systematic immune problem to a far greater extent than a pigmentation defect. Albino individuals exhibited shifted transcription of MHC I isotypes, and the albino-specific isotype was characterized by increased charges and decreased space in the antigen- binding pocket, implying a drastic change in antigen specificity and a potential risk of autoimmune disorders. These results suggest an association between the albino phenotype and MHC I variants in A. davidianus, which could serve as a convenient model for vitiligo or other autoimmune diseases.

Ultrastructure of Diophrys appendiculata and new systematic consideration of the euplotid family Uronychiidae (Protista, Ciliophora).

The ultrastructure of ciliates carries important cytological, taxonomical, and evolutionary signals for these single-celled eukaryotic organisms. However, little ultrastructural data have been accumulated for most ciliate groups with systematic problems. In the present work, a well-known marine uronychiid, Diophrys appendiculata, was investigated using electron microscopy and a comparison with, and a discussion considering, phylogenetic analyses were made. The new findings primarily show that: (i) this species lacks the typical alveolar plate, bears cortical ampule-like extrusomes, and has microtubular triads in the dorsal pellicle, and thus exhibits some ultrastructural features in common with most of its previously studied congeners; (ii) each adoral membranelle before the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains three rows of kinetosomes and each membranelle after the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains four rows, which might be related with morphogenesis and could be considered as a distinctive character of Diophrys; (iii) some structural details of the buccal field, such as the extra-pellicular fibrils, pellicle, pharyngeal disks and microtubular sheet, were documented. In addition, based on the ultrastructural comparison of representatives, we discuss the differentiation between the subfamilies Diophryinae and Uronychiinae. A hypothetical systematic relationship of members in the order Euplotida based on a wide range of data is also provided.