Systematic Problems Research Articles

A Comparison of Neural-Network-Based Intrusion Detection against Signature-Based Detection in IoT Networks

Over the last few years, a plethora of papers presenting machine-learning-based approaches for intrusion detection have been published. However, the majority of those papers do not compare their results with a proper baseline of a signature-based intrusion detection system, thus violating good machine learning practices. In order to evaluate the pros and cons of the machine-learning-based approach, we replicated a research study that uses a deep neural network model for intrusion detection. The results of our replicated research study expose several systematic problems with the used datasets and evaluation methods. In our experiments, a signature-based intrusion detection system with a minimal setup was able to outperform the tested model even under small traffic changes. Testing the replicated neural network on a new dataset recorded in the same environment with the same attacks using the same tools showed that the accuracy of the neural network dropped to 54%. Furthermore, the often-claimed advantage of being able to detect zero-day attacks could not be seen in our experiments.

Microgeographic population structuring in a genus of California trapdoor spiders and discovery of an enigmatic new species (Euctenizidae: Promyrmekiaphila korematsui sp. nov.).

The recognition and delineation of cryptic species remains a perplexing problem in systematics, evolution, and species delimitation. Once recognized as such, cryptic species complexes provide fertile ground for studying genetic divergence within the context of phenotypic and ecological divergence (or lack thereof). Herein we document the discovery of a new cryptic species of trapdoor spider, Promyrmekiaphila korematsui sp. nov. Using subgenomic data obtained via target enrichment, we document the phylogeography of the California endemic genus Promyrmekiaphila and its constituent species, which also includes P. clathrata and P. winnemem. Based on these data we show a pattern of strong geographic structuring among populations but cannot entirely discount recent gene flow among populations that are parapatric, particularly for deeply diverged lineages within P. clathrata. The genetic data, in addition to revealing a new undescribed species, also allude to a pattern of potential phenotypic differentiation where species likely come into close contact. Alternatively, phenotypic cohesion among genetically divergent P. clathrata lineages suggests that some level of gene flow is ongoing or occurred in the recent past. Despite considerable field collection efforts over many years, additional sampling in potential zones of contact for both species and lineages is needed to completely resolve the dynamics of divergence in Promyrmekiaphila at the population-species interface.

Child Q, School Searches and Children’s Rights

The troubling case of “Child Q”, regarding a black girl who was strip-searched at her school while on her period in 2020, highlighted the discriminatory and often brutal treatment experienced by young people at the hands of the police. This commentary considers the response to the incident, focusing on the local authority’s use of a children’s rights framework to assess the actions of both police and schoolteachers. It compares the scrutiny of police powers to stop and search minors in public with the lack of focus on powers to search pupils in schools, noting the potential for disproportionality and the need for systematic data collection. It draws attention away from the focus on individual police failures and towards systematic problems with disciplining school pupils, focusing on suspicions about drug use—and the smell of cannabis specifically—as a potential source of inequitable outcomes. Keywords: drugs; racism; education; policing; exclusions.

Dynamic visual servo control methods for continuous operation of a fruit harvesting robot working throughout an orchard

Fruit-picking robots are crucial for achieving efficient orchard harvesting. To genuinely meet the commercial production needs of farmers, the new generation of fruit-picking robots must be capable of demonstrating complete and continuous observation, movement, and picking behaviors throughout complex orchards, akin to real human employees. This poses systematic challenges, as many prior researches have focused solely on a part of the continuous operation of the entire orchard, such as fruit positioning, navigation, path planning, or grasping. These isolated basic functions are important but insufficient for fulfilling operational requirements on a macro scale and continuous situation. Developing an efficient control method for each basic module and constructing their internal coordination is vital for transitioning a harvesting robot from a functional prototype to a practical machine. In this context, this study tackles the visual servo control problem for efficient locomotion, picking, and their seamless integration. A set of vision algorithms for locomotion destination estimation, real-time self-positioning, and dynamic harvesting is proposed. Additionally, a solid coordination mechanism for continuous locomotion and picking behavior is established. Each method offers distinct advantages, such as improved accuracy, adaptability to varying conditions, and enhanced picking efficiency, enabling the robot to operate autonomously and continuously. Comprehensive field experiments validated the soundness of the methods. The primary contribution of this study lies in addressing the challenge of continuous operation in an entire orchard as a systematic problem and providing new insights into control methods for the future development of highly autonomous, practical, and user-oriented fruit harvesting systems.

«Constitutional Values» as a Scientific Category: Problems of Definition, Formalization, Systematization

The paper is devoted to the issues that include academic research of constitutional values, namely, their doctrinal definition, establishment of legal forms (formal sources) and systematic generalization. The author provides arguments in favor of attributing constitutional values to the categories of the science of constitutional law. The paper consists of several blocks devoted to certain problems. In the first block, the author examines the problems of defining constitutional values, refers to various academic standings, and offers his own doctrinal definition. In the second block, using structural and logical analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that constitutional values are embodied (formed) in three types of sources: normative, normative-doctrinal, doctrinal. The third block examines the problems of classification and systematization of constitutional values, analyzes approaches to generalizing their diversity. In conclusion, the author elucidates the system of constitutional values based on axiological analysis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

A New Post‐Hoc Method to Reduce the Energy Imbalance in Eddy Covariance Measurements

AbstractLatent and sensible heat flux observations are essential for understanding land–atmosphere interactions. Measurements from the eddy covariance technique are widely used but suffer from systematic energy imbalance problems, partly due to missing large eddies from sub‐mesoscale transport. Because available energy drives the development of large eddies, we propose an available energy based correction method for turbulent flux measurements. We apply our method to 172 flux tower sites and show that we can reduce the energy imbalance from −14.99 to −0.65 W m−2 on average, together with improved consistency between turbulent fluxes and available energy and associated increases in r2 at individual sites and across networks. Our results suggest that our method is conceptually and empirically preferable over the method implemented in the ONEFlux processing. This can contribute to the efforts in understanding and addressing the energy imbalance issue, which is crucial for the evaluation and calibration of land surface models.

Anatomical structure of vegetative organs of Artichoke Green gold variety (in medium saline soil conditions)

For the first time, the anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of Artichoke Green gold variety, grown in medium salinity area of Bukhara region, has been studied. The following adaptive features were revealed: xeromorphic and mesoxeromorphic characters appeared, i.e., the size of leaf epidermis cells decreased, the number of stomata increased, the bark parenchyma of the stem thickened, the diameter and number of conducting tubes increased, and lignification increased. Changes in plant organs are not only related to their systematic condition, but also to the features of adaptation to living conditions in the process of evolution. Therefore, it can be used as important diagnostic signs in the study of the anatomical structure of plants to solve some problems in systematics, ecology, and morphology.

Environmental legislation of Kyrgyzstan problems and solutions

In the field of systematization of legislation, special attention is paid to environmental regulations. Since the emergence of independent branches of law, the scope of legal regulation gives rise to the legislator to streamline certain relations through systematization of legislation. In modern conditions of legal reality, the volume of regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental legislation is huge. Timely response of the legislator makes it possible to timely use the regulatory body, convenience, saving labor resources and streamlining social relations. As well as resolving internal and external conflicts of norms in the field of environmental legislation. The purpose of the study is to determine the main problems of systematization of environmental legislation and ways to solve them, the most important task of legal science in the national legislation of Kyrgyzstan. Determination of general trends in the development of environmental legislation in Kyrgyzstan in modern conditions in the national legal system. Designation of the most optimal directions and methods of legal regulation of environmental relations. During the research process, materials from theorists in the field of environmental legislation, regulations of the Kyrgyz Republic, and international treaties were used. The research used general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive methods, as well as particular scientific methods - systemic, systemstructural, formal logical, grammatical methods of cognition. Based on the analysis of the development of legislation in the field of regulation of relations, the main development trends and the influence of objective factors in the regulation process are identified, the main problems of systematization and ways to solve them in law-making and law enforcement activities are identified. The scientific novelty of the study lies for the first time on the basis of an integrated approach, the current state of the array of environmental legislation. The problems of systematization and ways to solve them in national legislation are identified.

К ВОПРОСУ О ВНЕДРЕНИИ СКВОЗНЫХ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СФЕРУ РОЗНИЧНОГО БАНКОВСКОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ

The article analyzes the features of the use of end-to-end digital technologies in modern banking, the uncontrolled introduction of which is associated with serious risks to the security of the state, business and citizens. At the same time, the author reveals the problem of systematization of end-to-end digital technologies, gives a brief description of each type of such innovation, and describes the mechanism of its application by credit institutions in the field of retail services. The author focuses on the risks that the process of uncontrolled introduction of end-to-end digital technologies entails. The importance of scientific research in this area is also emphasized.

Formation of an information retrieval system of visual programming scenarios for information modeling software complexes

This article discusses the process of creating an application based on a specialized database for working with a variety of scripts – visual programming scenarios. The SQL query Language (Structured Query Language) was used as a key tool for implementing the application, data for systematization was presented from the file system for storing scripts of the organization in question. In view of the popularization of the use of visual programming tools in information modeling software complexes, there is a problem of systematization of a regularly increasing number of scripts both in a specific organization and in the market as a whole. The purpose of this work is to develop an information retrieval system for working with visual programming scripts, the tasks are to analyze the file structure of script storage, form database requirements, develop algorithms for database formation and dynamic SQL query formation to filter the necessary scripts. Automation of the implementation of all the above tasks is performed on the basis of the high-level programming language C++ with the integration of SQL queries in the cross-platform development environment Qt Creator. As a result, an information search engine is presented in the form of an application "Script Manager".

A New Record of Panulirus homarus homarus (Panulirus spp.) from Malaysia Waters with its Molecular Phylogeny

Spiny lobsters Panulirus spp. of the family Palinuridae Latreille, 1802 occupies the shallow tropical and subtropical waters (<100 m depth). These species are ubiquitous and abundant, yet knowledge of its range, biodiversity, and population abundance in Malaysia is limited. Panulirus homarus is listed as “Least Concern” along with other 11 species out of 21 spiny lobster species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) red list in 2022. A total of five species were reported from Malaysia waters. Whilst, this study reports the sixth spiny lobster species, Panulirus homarus homarus, with morphology and molecular genetic information (Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene) provided. The p-distance within P. h. homarus was 0.2 – 0.6%, n = 12; between P. h. homarus with P. h. rubellus and P. homarus “Brown” was 6.4 – 6.8%, n = 12 and 0.8 – 3.3%, n = 12, respectively. Intra-species p-distance within Panulirus spp. was below 3%, while inter-species was above 10%. This validates the collected specimen as P. h. homarus and P. h. rubellus is the subspecies, but leaving P. h. “Brown” taxonomic status unclear. Thus, genetic information is important in solving many of these systematic and taxonomic problems, because often these species are difficult to distinguished based on morphological criteria. A key to all Panulirus spp. identified in Malaysia waters was constructed. This study updates the marine biodiversity list in Malaysia, where the acquisition of biological knowledge is vital to the protection of the world’s natural resources as well as to the sustainable management of spiny lobster fisheries.

Pravo na povahu do pryvatnoho i simeinoho zhyttia dlia zasudzhenykh do dovichnoho pozbavlennia voli u svitli praktyky Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny shchodo Ukrainy: stan doslidzhennia problemy v ukrainskii naukovii literaturi

Guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the right to respect for private and family life for those sentenced to life imprisonment, in terms of its implementation and scope, differs from this right for free individuals. But it is undeniable that those sentenced to life imprisonment are not deprived of this right in full. This is consistently emphasized in its practice by the European Court of Human Rights. In addition to private and family life being a natural need of every individual, its realization, particularly in forms such as maintaining and supporting connections with the outside world, is a means of re-socialization for individuals undergoing punishment in the form of life imprisonment. The benchmark for the development of Ukrainian legislation and law enforcement practice is the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to respect for private and family life for those sentenced to life imprisonment should be studied and generalized. The precondition for the further development of any scientific direction is the comprehension of what has already been done by previous researchers. The conducted research has shown that Ukrainian scientific literature has addressed the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding various aspects of the right to respect for the private and family life of prisoners, broadly understood (including those in custody, sentenced to a certain term of imprisonment, and those sentenced to life imprisonment): 1) the conclusion that the restriction of the right to respect for private and family life for persons deprived of liberty, provided it is lawful, is not incompatible with the Convention; 2) the conditions/criteria for the legality of such restriction, implemented by national authorities; 3) the systematic identification of the main types of violations of the right to respect for family life recorded in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding convicted persons and persons in custody; 4) special protection of correspondence between an inmate and their lawyer; 5) differentiation of the spheres of application of Article 8 with other articles of the Convention, primarily Article 3; 6) determination of the main trend in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights «in the penitentiary sphere and in the criminal justice system as a whole,» which consists of constantly raising the standards of human rights by the Court; 7) ignoring the need for an individual approach in applying restrictions on the rights of persons deprived of liberty. The analysis of the existing body of scientific literature shows that existing studies are mainly based on the analysis of the European Court of Human Rights practice regarding foreign states and, with one exception, do not distinguish the legal status of those sentenced to life imprisonment among other deprived individuals. Since the publication of the analyzed monographs, 9–10 years have passed. During this time, the European Court of Human Rights has developed a significant body of practice regarding Ukraine, taking into account the Ukrainian context. Therefore, the analysis of the European Court of Human Rights decisions specifically regarding Ukraine should be a priority. Additionally, they should be analyzed in full. Such an analysis will allow, in conjunction with demonstrating the Convention’s standards regarding the right of those sentenced to life imprisonment to respect for their private and family life, to show the systematic and partial problems in this area identified by the European Court of Human Rights in its practice regarding Ukraine.

Genomic and Cytogenetic Analysis of Synthetic Polyploids between Diploid and Tetraploid Cotton (Gossypium) Species.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important natural fiber source in the world. The genetic potential of cotton can be successfully and efficiently exploited by identifying and solving the complex fundamental problems of systematics, evolution, and phylogeny, based on interspecific hybridization of cotton. This study describes the results of interspecific hybridization of G. herbaceum L. (A1-genome) and G. mustelinum Miers ex Watt (AD4-genome) species, obtaining fertile hybrids through synthetic polyploidization of otherwise sterile triploid forms with colchicine (C22H25NO6) treatment. The fertile F1C hybrids were produced from five different cross combinations: (1) G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens × G. mustelinum; (2) G. herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum × G. mustelinum; (3) G. herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum f. harga × G. mustelinum; (4) G. herbaceum subsp. africanum × G. mustelinum; (5) G. herbaceum subsp. euherbaceum (variety A-833) × G. mustelinum. Cytogenetic analysis discovered normal conjugation of bivalent chromosomes in addition to univalent, open, and closed ring-shaped quadrivalent chromosomes at the stage of metaphase I in the F1C and F2C hybrids. The setting of hybrid bolls obtained as a result of these crosses ranged from 13.8-92.2%, the fertility of seeds in hybrid bolls from 9.7-16.3%, and the pollen viability rates from 36.6-63.8%. Two transgressive plants with long fiber of 35.1-37.0 mm and one plant with extra-long fiber of 39.1-41.0 mm were identified in the F2C progeny of G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens × G. mustelinum cross. Phylogenetic analysis with 72 SSR markers that detect genomic changes showed that tetraploid hybrids derived from the G. herbaceum × G. mustelinum were closer to the species G. mustelinum. The G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens was closer to the cultivated form, and its subsp. africanum was closer to the wild form. New knowledge of the interspecific hybridization and synthetic polyploidization was developed for understanding the genetic mechanisms of the evolution of tetraploid cotton during speciation. The synthetic polyploids of cotton obtained in this study would provide beneficial genes for developing new cotton varieties of the G. hirsutum species, with high-quality cotton fiber and strong tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress. In particular, the introduction of these polyploids to conventional and molecular breeding can serve as a bridge of transferring valuable genes related to high-quality fiber and stress tolerance from different cotton species to the new cultivars.

Immanuel Kant’s idea of radical evil as a systematic and terminological problem

The paper investigates the systematic connection between Kantian concept of radical evil and radical indeterministic idea of freedom. According to the presented thesis the systematically relevant interpretation of the radical evil concept requires considering not only philosophical ideas Kant`s but also the historic background in which they were formulated. Particularly the specific situation of German philosophic terminology in the 17th and early 18th Century will be acknowledged as one of the most significant factors influencing the development of the radical evil concept. For the sake of methodological precision of the presented analysis, the differentiation between thick and thin concept of evil will be introduced.

Contribution to the knowledge of the Romanian Sphodrina (Order Coleoptera, Family Carabidae, Subfamily Platyninae, Tribus Sphodrini)

The taxa included in Subtribus Sphodrina (Tribus Sphodrini) were very rarely mentioned in articles or faunal catalogues published for the Romanian fauna, some of them being recorded in underground environments (natural or artificial cavities). Other taxa were erroneously recorded for the Romanian fauna (Laemostenus capitaus, L. janthinus coeruleus), and others were omitted to be cited for the Romanian fauna (Taphoxenus gigas) in recent faunal catalogues. The presence of other species, which must be confirmed for the Romanian fauna (Laemostenus janthinus), or recorded in new geographical regions (L. janthinus, L. euxinicus) is discussed. In this article we made a brief analysis of the Romanian Sphodrinae fauna in a zoogeographical context, trying to highlight the systematic, faunal and protection problems raised by this interesting taxonomic group.

Tardigrade Augean stables—a challenging phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Ramazzottiidae (Eutardigrada: Hypsibioidea)

Abstract Tardigrade taxonomy is most often hindered by prevalent outdated species descriptions, lack of integrative redescriptions, scarce genetic information, and fragmentary sampling. Here, we diagnose the problems obscuring phylogenetic inference and the taxonomy of the cosmopolitan family Ramazzottiidae. We carried out the most extensive phylogenetic analysis of this family to date, with a considerable influx of new genetic data from poorly sampled regions of the world. We found two new distinct evolutionary lineages defined by distinct morphological traits (dorsal cuticular sculpturing and/or body shape), characterized by restricted geographic distributions, and we delineated them as new species complexes: the Neotropical Ramazzottius baumanni complex and the Afro-Oriental Ramazzottius szeptyckii complex. Nevertheless, we could not confidently ascertain the taxonomic status of both complexes due to: (i) the current state of the ramazzottiid taxonomy, with outdated and/or imprecise species descriptions with heterogeneous terminology and, in many cases, without accounting for intraspecific variation; (ii) the missing genetic information for key taxa; and (iii) the possible lack of monophyly of Cryoconicus and Ramazzottius as suggested by our results. In addition to diagnosing the problems of ramazzottiid phylogeny and systematics, we also propose possible solutions that could accelerate the progress in our understanding of the evolution of this group.

On Some Issues of Codification of Administrative Procedural Legislation

The article is devoted to the problem of systematization of administrative procedural legislation regulating the procedure for consideration and resolution by the courts of cases of administrative offenses, which is currently one of the priority areas in science and at the legislative level. Proceeding from the integrative approach to the administrative process, understanding the essence of codification, its principles, as a possible solution to the problem, the author proposes to gradually structure the legal regulation of the legal relations under consideration in a single codified act.

Techniques and advances in mammalian chromosome identification

Cytogenetics, through the study of the karyotype, with its characteristics such as diploid number (2n), chromosomal morphology of autosomes (fundamental number – FN), and sexual system, constitutes an important tool that can help clarify the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of several taxa, receiving the name cytotaxonomy. In addition to conventional staining, there are several classical techniques of chromosomal bandings, such as GTG, CBG, and Ag-NORs bandings, which help in species comparisons to search for homologies and understand chromosome structure, function, and behavior. Systematic and taxonomic problems, as well as chromosome structure and behavior, have been elucidated in some groups of mammals with these banding techniques. In this study, we present the procedures for direct chromosomal preparations from bone marrow and peripheral blood used in the field and laboratory to obtain suspended mitotic metaphase cells. We also describe the main techniques of conventional staining and chromosomal banding for analyzing karyotypes in mammals.

MASALAH EKSEKUSI PUTUSAN HAKIM PENGADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA

Indonesia as a democracy has a constitutional system that divides power into three parts, namely the legislative, executive and judicial branches to fulfill the principle of checks and balances. The form of control possessed by the judiciary is through a judicial institution which is empowered to provide legal protection and certainty. The State Administrative Court was established as a judicial institution based on Law Number 5 of 1986 with the aim of carrying out a prosperous, safe, peaceful and orderly state life, ensuring the position of citizens before the law and being able to maintain harmony. Balance and Harmony between State Administration Apparatus and Citizens. This research uses normative legal research which is carried out with descriptive analysis methods and uses a qualitative approach. The implementation of judicial proceedings has systematic problems related to the implementation of judicial decisions. Regarding the decisions of the PTUN judges, the problems faced are the enforcement of executions by revoking the KTUN, enforcement problems with forced money, administrative sanctions and problems sending decisions, which are social networks. announced. Currently, the implementation of the Administrative Court judge's decision faces several obstacles, which arise because the implementation of the decision is in the hands of the TUN officials. Some of the problems that arise are not clearly regulated and have a clear legal framework.

A method for the spatiotemporal correlation prediction of the quality of multiple operational processes based on S-GGRU

Predicting quality indicators is essential in process production, process production often involves multiple processes. However, modeling the prediction model for quality indicators faces challenges due to frequent fluctuations in raw material composition and the control system's automatic adjustment of process parameters. Additionally, due to the mutual influence between processes, the problem of predicting quality indicators in process production is a systematic prediction problem. In order to deal with the challenges, firstly, the physical control relationships are transformed into graph data, which is input into GNN to calculate the spatial characteristics of process parameters on quality indicators under physical information constraints. GRU captures the temporal features of quality indicator data. Based on above study, a combination network GGRU integrating quality indicators' spatial and temporal characteristics was proposed. Finally, each GGRU is then connected based on the material flow between each process, and path information between processes is converted to the calculation flow between GGRU models to form the S-GGRU prediction model. Experimental results show that the proposed S-GGRU model, a multi-process prediction model based on GRU and GNN, outperforms the recurrent neural network model and the graphical neural network model in solving the quality prediction problem for multi-process and multi-metrics in-process production. Therefore, both the time-series information of quality metrics and the influencing factors among variables should be considered to achieve better predictions, and the S-GGRU performance better in predicting quality indicators for a 5-process process line.