Migration Problem Research Articles

Category‐related attention domain adaptation for one‐stage cross‐domain object detection

AbstractCross‐domain object detection aims to generalize the distribution of features extracted by an object detector from an annotated domain to an unknown and unlabelled domain. Although one‐stage cross‐domain object detectors have significant advantages in deployment than two‐stage ones, they suffer from two problems. First, neglect of category features and inaccurate alignment between multiple category features would lead to decreased domain adaptation efficiency. Second, one‐stage detectors are more sensitive to imbalance of samples and negative samples severely affect the alignment process of domain adaptation. To overcome these two problems, an innovative category‐related attention domain adaptive method that refines discrimination for each category's feature has been proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, a group of domain discriminators is assigned to each category to refine the fine‐grained features between categories. The discriminators are trained via an adversarial discriminant framework to align the fine‐grained distributions cross different domains. A category attention alignment (CAA) module is proposed to navigate more attention to the foreground regions in instance‐level, which effectively alleviates the negative migration problem caused by the positive and negative sample imbalance of the one‐stage detector. Specifically, two sub‐modules in the CAA module are developed: a local CAA module and a global CAA module. These modules aim to optimize the domain offsets in both the local and global dimensions. In addition, a progressive global alignment module is designed to align image‐level features, offering prior knowledge of migration for the CAA module. The progressive global alignment module and CAA module collaboratively engage in benign competition with the backbone network across various levels. Extensive transferring experiments are conducted among cityscapes, foggy cityscapes, SIM10K, and KITTI. Experimental results show that the proposed method has much superior performance than other one‐stage cross‐domain detectors.

Synchronous preparation and modification of LDH hollow polyhedra by polydopamine: Synthesis and application

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) have irreplaceable advantages in the field of polymer flame retardancy, but their thermal stability and compatibility with matrix still need to be improved. In this paper, the bottom-up method is adopted, and the phosphorus series flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was first encapsulated inside ZIF-67. On this basis, ZIF-67 was etched to produce LDH while modified by polydopamine (PDA) concomitantly. An organic coated polydopamine hollow cage lamellar LDH microstructure loaded with TPP was constructed, and its structure-performance relationship was verified. When 2 wt% TPP@LDH@Co-PDA was added to the epoxy resin, the LOI value of the composite was increased to 29.4 %, the peak heat release was reduced by 43.1 %, and the smoke release was significantly reduced. The unique microstructure endows epoxy composites with good flame retardancy, improves mechanical properties, and provides a new solution to the migration problem of phosphorous based flame retardants.

Demographic History of Khakassia

The monograph is devoted to the study of the formation of the population of Khakassia from the end of the 19th century to modern times. The article notes that rapid population growth was associated with periods of industrial development of the region, primarily with the beginning of the creation of the Sayan territorial-production complex and its industrial hubs. Population dynamics show that the formation of the population was mainly due to the migration flow from the regions of Eastern Siberia. The author analyzes the age-sex structure of the population and notes a constant decrease in the number of men. The article pays much attention to the issues of the natural movement of the population of Khakassia, stating the low birth rate and high mortality rate of the population. Based on numerous statistical data, the author examines the problems of migration of the population of the republic, including in recent decades, and analyzes the sources of the migration process of population growth. In the finale, the author raises the question of the demographic security of the republic and proposes the use of individual indicators to assess its level.

Influence of rice husk ash and wollastonite on plasticizer migration in polyvinyl chloride system

AbstractThe influence of rice hull ash and wollastonite on the migration problem of plasticizer EDOS from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been studied. The methods of optical interferometry, IR spectroscopy, viscometry, SEM and EDX were used to study the mutual solubility and diffusion mobility in the PVC‐EDOS system in the presence fillers and without them, as well as the phase structure of plasticized filled systems. It is shown that in a fully compatible PVC‐EDOS system, a diffusion mixing mechanism is observed, and the interdiffusion coefficients increase from 10−8 to 10−6 (cm2/s) with increasing plasticizer concentration. The introduction of a dispersed filler somewhat reduces the interdiffusion coefficients. The sorption of the plasticizer on the surface of the dispersed filler has been established, which leads to a decrease in the migration of EDOS from the composition. It was found that the introduction of wollastonite leads to a smaller increase in viscosity and an improvement in the technological properties of the system. And the introduction of environmentally neutral rice husk ash reduces the migration of the plasticizer and improves the stability of the composition during operation, which also has a positive effect on the environmental friendliness of this system.

FAMINE IN KAZAKHSTAN AND “KAZAKH REFUGEES”

At the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries, an active study of the policy of Stalinism and the problem of hunger in Kazakhstan began, while in contrast to the 80-90 years, interest in the migration of Kazakhs in the aftermath of famine, punitive actions of the state and various violent actions of the authorities during the period of political repression in 1916-1930 increased. The proposed article is devoted to the migration of Kazakhs, based on the analysis of archival documents and research, which, in our opinion, fill in the existing gaps. Therefore, we consider addressing this multidimensional problem in the field of national history to be a timely and relevant scientific problem. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.K. Tokayev dated November 24, 2020 №. 456, the decree “On the State Commission for the full rehabilitation of victims of political repression” was signed. In accordance with this, members of the State Commission at the republican, regional and city levels within the framework of the designated research topic are successfully working to identify victims of Soviet policy, declassify documents, publish collections of documents based on the collected materials. The topic of our 4th group of the State Commission for Atyrau region is the study of punitive actions of the state and various violent actions of the authorities during the period of political repression in 1916-1930, is the preparation and submission of proposals for the rehabilitation of Kazakh refugees forced to leave Kazakhstan during political campaigns and famine, forced refugees that took place after the national liberation uprising of 1916. XX century, due to forced collectivization, confessional politics and famine of the 20-30s, the problems of internal migration within the country, as well as to neighboring, border states and abroad (Iran, Turkey, Mongolia, the Russian Federation).

Optimal Service Migration for Data and Reasoning Fabric

In this paper we consider migration problem for Data and Reasoning Fabric (DRF)-enabled airspace operations assuming a fixed cloud/edge infrastructure with allocated computing, storage, and power resources, where cloud/edge servers and communication stations are in a wired connected network, while vehicles use a wireless network for communication. The objective is to automatically select the best location for the requested service execution, which achieves minimum cost while satisfying the user quality of service (QoS) and available resources constraints. To this end, estimates of the response time, consumed energy, and total cost are defined for each potential compute location. A mixed-integer linear program is then formulated and solved to identify optimal compute locations given QoS constraints and network infrastructure limitations, with worst-case vehicle positioning. The approach is applied to trajectory replanning use case to avoid a collision with an emergency vehicle in real time.

Demographic and migration processes in the Far East of Russia (on the example of Primorsky Krai)

This article highlights the features of demographic and migration processes characteristic of the Far Eastern Federal District (hereinafter referred to as FEFD) in general and Primorsky Krai in particular. Based on materials of official statistics, the resident population dynamics of all Russia’s subjects that are part of the FEFD is considered. In this region, the development specifics’ of modern period migration processes are revealed; differentiated indicators of migration increase/decrease in the population are analyzed. A number of implemented state initiatives are outlined, to some extent contributing to the improvement of the socio-economic situation of the FEFD, as well as the normalization of its demographic situation. However, it is noted that despite the adoption of special measures/conditions, it is not possible to overcome the negative demographic trend of the macroregion. The paper emphasizes that in the Far East external labor migration has become a valuable source of compensation for the shortage of local labor resources. Thus, according to the author, the foreign labor force of this macroregion should be considered as the most important element of its socio-economic development, putting forward the problems of international labor migration among the most priority issues.

MSM: Mobility-Aware Service Migration for Seamless Provision: A Data-Driven Approach

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a promising approach to support high-quality time-sensitive applications. With the increasing number of mobile devices, achieving efficient service migration management has become non-trivial in MEC. In addition, the service migration issue is difficult to be solved in real-time due to user mobility and dynamic network conditions. In this paper, we investigate the mobility-aware service migration problem in MEC by introducing a data-driven framework. Firstly, service migration is formulated as an optimization problem for minimizing the long-term system delay that consists of computing, communication, and migration delays. Secondly, we propose a Mobility-aware Service Migration scheme, named MSM, consisting of three layers: 1) the data collection layer; 2) the association patterns analysis layer; and 3) the service migration layer. Specifically, we first collect users’ historical Wi-Fi traces to mine the association patterns. We then design a user management mechanism to reduce the complexity of decision-making by using user association patterns. Finally, we formulate the service migration as a 2D-Markov decision process and devise a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based algorithm to obtain service migration decisions in a large-scale MEC scenario. Extensive data-driven experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of MSM in reducing the system delay.

The key technology of 3D seismic data contiguous processing and its application: Taking the northern slope area of Zhahaquan in Qaidam Basin as an example

The surface conditions in the northern slope area of Zhahaquan in the Qaidam Basin are complex, and the underground is affected by tectonic extrusion movements, resulting in the development of faults and fractures. The existing six blocks of 3D seismic data in this area have a significant time span in acquisition and varying data quality. The existing single-block processing results indicate a low signal-to-noise ratio in the 3D seismic data connection area, along with substantial differences infrequency, phase, and energy. The fracture imaging is poor, making it challenging to accurately identify and track layer positions and fault planes in space, thereby restricting further exploration in this region. Based on a detailed analysis of the characteristics and existing problems of the original data, we conducted key technical research on continuous static correction, pre-stack noise purification, consistency processing, data regularization, and anisotropic pre-stack time migration for continuous processing of six blocks of 3D seismic data in this area. The processing results demonstrate good consistency in frequency, phase, energy, and other aspects, highlighting prominent reflection characteristics and clear imaging of complex structures in the middle and deep layers. Clear breakpoints and fault planes are also evident, solving the inconsistency of frequency, phase, energy, and incomplete coverage in the block connection section. Additionally, this processing has resolved the problem of inaccurate migration positioning caused by inconsistent migration velocity fields, providing high-quality data for subsequent structural interpretation and reservoir prediction.

The dual pretreatment of phytate-molybdate for corrosion resistance of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution

In this study, phytic acid conversion film and molybdate corrosion inhibitor were combined using the dual pretreatment method. The main purpose was to make up for the deterioration of corrosion resistance caused by the cracking of the phytic acid conversion film. Electrochemical analysis showed the corrosion resistance of the dual pretreatment was increased by 99.0% and 102.3% respectively compared with the single phytic acid and molybdate pretreatment. In addition, the rapid corrosion initiation time was 96 h and 108 h later than that of single phytic acid and molybdate pretreatment, respectively. The corrosion protection mechanism of dual pretreatment was investigated by means of morphology and composition analysis. Phytic acid and iron substrate were combined by chelating, and molybdate corrosion inhibitor reacts with iron substrate to form Fe2(MoO4)3/FeMoO4 through phytic acid film cracks to form corrosion protection, which showed excellent synergistic effect. On the one hand, the dual pretreatment makes up for the shortcomings caused by cracks in the phytic acid conversion film itself, and on the other hand, it also reduces the amount of corrosion inhibitor by using the pretreatment method, and effectively avoiding the problems of difficult migration and easy leakage of corrosion inhibitor.

Immobilized hindered amine radical scavenger for durability enhancement of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane in PEMFCs

Membrane durability is one of the crucial considerations that restrict the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The widely used and inexpensive stabilizer hindered amine 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP) was selected as the free radical scavenger and tethered onto the skeleton of carboxyl-functionalized metal-organic frameworks for addressing its migration problem. The resulted inorganic-organic hybrid dopant (UIO-66-TEMP) was then incorporated into the Nafion matrix to alleviate the attacks of free radicals on the membrane in the fuel cell working circumstances. Besides the improved mechanical strength and oxidative stability, and restricted water swelling and hydrogen crossover, the resulted hybrid membranes also possess excellent proton conductivity up to 176 mS cm−1, endowing them with high power density up to 612.78 mW cm−2, 1.5 times higher than recast Nafion. After accelerated durability testing for 120 h, the OCV decay rate of the hybrid membranes decreased to 0.74 mV h−1, only 40% of recast Nafion (1.89 mV h−1). Meanwhile, the optimized hybrid membrane still maintained a high peak power density of 463.62 mW cm−2 and a low hydrogen crossover density of 4.44 mA cm−2, which were superior to recast Nafion after OCV durability tests. Hindered amines can be “regenerated” by the “Denisov cycle” to ensure that they can be used sustainably in the fuel cell. The results demonstrate that the novel UIO-66-TEMP decorated with hindered amine radical scavengers are promising nanofillers for mitigating the membrane degradation and improving the proton conductivity, thereby significantly enhancing the performance and durability of PEMFCs.

A Network Fault Prediction-Based Service Migration Approach for Unstable Mobile Edge Environment

How to perform efficient service migration in a mobile edge environment has become one of the research hotspots in the field of service computing. Most service migration approaches assume that the mobile edge network on which the migration depends is stable. However, in practice, these networks often fluctuate greatly due to the fault of edge devices, resulting in unexpected service interruptions during the migration process. Besides, most of the existing solutions do not consider the migration cost and path selection in the event of edge network fault. Aiming at the above problems, we propose a service migration approach based on network fault prediction (SMNFP) for mobile edge environment. The SMNFP method first introduces the software-defined network as a global controller, which is used to monitor and collect the changing of the edge network and schedule the migration tasks. Second, a network fault prediction model based on Wide&Deep model is proposed to predict the upcoming faults in the network according to the alarm information of network equipment. Finally, the service migration problem is constructed as a Markov decision process, and a fault penalty function is introduced to avoid faulty nodes, together with the deep Q-learning method to solve the migration strategy. Simulation experiments are conducted on the public metro network fault dataset, and results show the proposed method can effectively predict network faults and complete service migration.

Thermophoresis migration of an aerosol spherical particle embedded in a Brinkman medium at small non-zero Péclet numbers

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to investigate the problem of thermophoresis migration of an aerosol spherical particle immersed in a porous medium saturated by a viscous fluid at a small non-zero Péclet number Pe. A uniform temperature gradient is imposed on the system parallel to the diameter of the particle in the opposite direction of z axis. It is assumed that the Knudsen number is in the range of the slip fluid flow through the pores of the porous medium and is compatible with the assumption of the continuum model. The porous medium is modeled by the Brinkman equation and is assumed to be homogenous and isotropic, and the solid matrix is in thermal equilibrium with the fluid through the voids of the medium. In the analysis of motion, the thermal stress slip is considered in addition to the temperature jump, the thermal creep, and the frictional slip. The thermophoretic velocity of the particle is obtained in the closed form up to order Pe3 as a function of the thermal properties of the system and the permeability of the porous medium. The present asymptotic analytical solutions can be viewed as an effective method for checking the numerical schemes for future work on arbitrary values of the Péclet number. The limiting case of the thermophoretic velocity for the Stokes clear fluid is recovered.

Velocity Slip in a Deep-sea Slurry Pump and Its Effect on Particle Transportation

The slurry pump, which forms the core equipment of the deep-sea mining (DSM) system, provides lifting power for the ore from the seabed to the sea level, which is crucial for the safety of coarse ore particle transportation. Velocity slip plays a significant role in revealing the migration of the pump particles. Therefore, this study analyzes the velocity slip in a slurry pump using the computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) for the first time. The relationship between the pump head and velocity slip was proposed and verified in this study based on the velocity triangle and Euler equation of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in the impeller. The effects of different particle sizes on the velocity slip are compared in detail. According to the computational results, the head depends on the larger velocity slip of the impeller outlet and lower velocity slip at the inlet. The peak value of the velocity slip was significantly reduced, and the peak position of the velocity slip and zero-point position moved backward for particle sizes ranging between 5-15 mm. This study provides a reference for the problems of particle migration and velocity slip in slurry pumps.

Feasibility research on mars colonization by 2060

Exploring the immense cosmos is not just the fundamental survival urge for humans, but also the inescapable final aim of human civilization. Mars exploration will be the first step that human civilization takes to explore this universe because, for one thing, Mars and Earth are the two close planets; for another, Mars is located in the habitable zone in the solar system. This research is aimed to analyze the main problems of human migration to Mars with the current state of technology in a timeframe of a few decades. The research is conducted based on three basic factors for humans to live: water, shelter, and food, with the addition of law to support a colony. The result indicates more research to be conducted due to many unknown factors that will happen in a new environment.

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНДАҒЫ КӨШІ-ҚОН ҚАТЫНАСТАРЫН ҚҰҚЫҚТЫҚ РЕТТЕУ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ

Abstract. The article examines the totality of public relations that have a legal impact on the part of the state. The analysis of patterns and trends in the development of the mechanism of legal regulation of migration of legal relations that ensure the functioning of the migration system of society, as well as the directions of migration policy and security of public authorities. This article reveals the theoretical and practical problems of the state, and differentiates the legal regulation of migration relations. Currently, all countries, one way or another, face migration problems. Migration flows around the world are changing in the direction of an active increase. One of the urgent issues is ensuring the rights of the fight against migration, improving the migration regulation of relations. According to the author, the problems of migration relations can be attributed to the problems of global humanity. The article presents a general description of the migration situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is concluded that the Republic will become a major transit and migration hub. According to the migration policy, internal challenges, demographic imbalances, an imbalance in labor productivity, as well as the growth of illegal migration are differentiated. With the use of foreign information, the formation of diasporas and associations on an ethnic and other basis is differentiated. Keywords: migration, illegal migration, labor migrants, migration, population activity, challenges and threats

Preparation of Surface-Active Hyperbranched-Polymer-Encapsulated Nanometal as a Highly Efficient Cracking Catalyst for In Situ Combustion of Heavy Oil.

In situ combustion of heavy oil is currently the most suitable thermal method that meets energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission requirements for heavy oil recovery. The combustion catalyst needs to perform multiple roles for application; it should be capable of catalyzing heavy oil combustion at high temperatures, as well as be able to migrate in the geological formation for injection. In this work, a hyperbranched polymer composite nanometal fluid was used as the injection vector for a heavy oil in situ combustion catalyst, which enabled the catalyst to rapidly migrate to the surface of the oil phase in porous media and promoted heavy oil cracking deposition at high temperatures. Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles encapsulated with cetyl-hyperbranched poly(amide-amine) (CPAMAM), with high interfacial activity, were synthesized by a facile phase-transfer method; the resulting material is called Pt@CPAMAM. Pt@CPAMAM has good dispersion, and as an aqueous solution, it can reduce the interfacial tension between heavy oil and water. As a catalyst, it can improve the conversion rate during the pyrolysis of heavy oil in a nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst structure designed in this study is closer to that exhibited in practical geological formation applications, making it a potential method for preparing catalysts for use in heavy oil in situ combustion to resolve the problem of catalyst migration in the geological formation.

Deep learning-driven multi-objective dynamic switch migration in software defined networking (SDN)/network function virtualization (NFV)-based 5G networks

This paper investigates the problem of switch migration in software defined networking (SDN)/network function virtualization (NFV)-based fifth generation (5G) networks in which SDN controllers are deployed as virtualized network functions (VNFs). The problem of switch migration is how to properly transfer the traffic of some SDN switches to one or multiple other virtualized SDN controllers in order to cope with the traffic fluctuations and the changing network topology. The highly dynamic environment of 5G networks requires the simultaneous consideration of multiple conflicting objectives in this problem including controllers load-balancing and network stability. In this paper, this multi-objective problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear program (MINLP) which is computationally expensive to solve. Therefore, a mathematical-based solution method is first provided based on the successive convex approximation (SCA) technique for the single-objective problem in which preference parameters are given to describe associated importance of the objectives. Taking into account the time restrictions for practical developments, an extended deep learning (DL) approach is then proposed to produce multiple mappings over multiple objectives. The verification results show that the proposed multi-objective DL algorithm can generate high quality Pareto Fronts close to those of the state-of-the-art algorithms based on optimization with orders of magnitude speedup in the computational time.

Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Coating Technologies: A Review.

Food security has continued to be a topic of interest in our world due to the increasing demand for food. Many technologies have been adopted to enhance food supply and narrow the demand gap. Thus, the attempt to use nanotechnology to improve food security and increase supply has emerged due to the severe shortcomings of conventional technologies, which have made them insufficient to cater to the continuous demand for food products. Hence, nanoparticles have been identified to play a major role in areas involving food production, protection, and shelf-life extensions. Specifically, metal-based nanoparticles have been singled out to play an important role in manufacturing materials with outstanding properties, which can help increase the shelf-life of different food materials. The physicochemical and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles, such as the large surface area and antimicrobial properties, have made them suitable and adequately useful, not just as a regular packaging material but as a functional material upon incorporation into biopolymer matrices. These, amongst many other reasons, have led to their wide synthesis and applications, even though their methods of preparation and risk evaluation remain a topic of concern. This review, therefore, briefly explores the available synthetic methods, physicochemical properties, roles, and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles for food packaging. Furthermore, the associated limitations, alongside quality and safety considerations, of these materials were summarily explored. Although this area of research continues to garner attention, this review showed that metal-based nanoparticles possess great potential to be a leading material for food packaging if the problem of migration and toxicity can be effectively modulated.

Patients Encounter with Diagnoses and Illness in Transcultural Perspective

The world of today is full of diversity. With migration problems, religious groups and many conflicts in this world it is important to bring into our focus the different world-views of understanding illness and treatment in different cultural and religious settings. In my article three cases are presented to explain exactly how different Traditions treat patients with diverse sicknesses and their approach to establish the diagnosis of organic and psychic problems. The object of this expose is to explain the way and manner of encounter when one visits a country with some sort of illness. These cases are experiences of my clients in interaction with Therapists in their cultural settings. Importantly, as a Positive Psychotherapist, this information helps to accommodate all aspects of interaction needed to give a safe background for clients. My method is more or less analytic and descriptive. Many illustrations in this work portrays my many years of experience working with people of different cultures and clients. Moreover, it is very important for our understanding of our clients always to see beyond our horizon.