Problem Of Corruption Research Articles

Agama, Pendidikan dan Tantangan Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia

This article seeks to elaborate on the contribution of education in fighting corruption in Indonesia. By using the literature study method, this study found that the problem of corruption can be minimized through education because education is a human need. The concept of anti-corruption education is all efforts to reduce and eradicate corrupt behavior through programs in learning to provide awareness to individuals about the causes and consequences of corrupt behavior and encourage future generations to develop a firm resistance to any form of corruption. Learning programs that contain anti-corruption values are carried out in a meaningful manner so that they will remain strong in the minds of students so that they will firmly reject various forms of corruption.

Strategies of Combating Corruption in Nigeria: The Islamic Perspective

Corruption has become a pandemic and a moral burden that bedeviled the world. Corruption is a practice that permeates all societal segments, sectors, activities and it takes various shapes, forms, dimensions, classifications and manifestations. Nearly all countries of the world are affected by the endemic of corruption albeit, in different magnitude with some having lower incidence while others a high rate of occurrence. Corruption has constituted itself as a political and socioeconomic problem worldwide because it leads to misgovernance, deprivation, inequality and squander of scarce public resources which have the concomitant repercussions of poverty, insecurity, joblessness, hunger and malnutrition, poor healthcare services delivery and low quality education. The problem of corruption took a new dimension when it continuously defies various strategies and alternatives proffered by nation-states, international organisations and agencies. One of the outstanding measures that permanently proves workable is the Islamic model which forbids the practice of corruption and ties it with moral burden and spiritual integrity. Hence, this study presented an alternative model with reference to Nigeria as the area of study. The study utilised a conceptual descriptive approach where documented sources were consulted and analysed. The study discovered that despite the existence of various anti-graft agencies, corruption continues in Nigeria unabated which portrays the need for adopting a different approach and that has been provided as the Islamic perspective. The study recommends among several others that the Islamic ethics and morals of detesting corrupt practices and the accompanied sanctions should be integrated in the crusade against corruption.

Theoretical Perspectives and Explanations of Political Corruption in Ghana

Ghana is brandished as one of the most politically stable democracies in Africa. The country has conducted seven successful elections without any upheaval. There have been various policies and strategies to combat corruption since the country assumed its democratic status. Corruption has been one of the significant developmental challenges to democratic stability and legitimacy, social and economic development of the country. Undoubtedly, somewhat attempt to understand completely the development problems facing democracy especially in emerging countries (including Ghana), must confront squarely with wanton corruption problems. Efforts to tweak the budding contagion by successive administration have become moribund. With hindsight, practically, and with no exception, political heads who have assumed office and claiming as surgeons have left the office as patients. What are the dynamics triggering unbridled political corruption and why becoming pervasive and intractable? The article grills political corruption in Ghana in the context of Soft State theory, clientelism, Prebendalism, and Patrimonialism. The paper contends that these theories are not only credible for understanding the predicaments of African countries however it also provides relevant justifications for the ravaging and unbridled political corruption, particularly in Ghana. The paper clinches that to address the problem of political corruption in Ghana concrete actions which is probably one of the ways to go is to strengthen legislation -working according to the stipulations of the constitution with regards to avoiding conflicting legislation, and stopping the appointment of cronies to head business institutions and this will go a long way to reduce corrupt tendencies.

An empirical investigation of court users’ encounters with bribery, judicial extortion and corruption victimisation in Lagos State

This article examines the problem of corruption in the judicial system of postcolonial Nigeria using Lagos State Judiciary as a case study. The study is informed by the fact that, despite several decades of justice sector reforms in the country, some judges and court staff are still found culpable of abuse of the oath of their office. The study adopted direct encounters of court users to measure judicial corruption using a total sample of 827 litigants selected across the High and Magistrate Courts in Lagos State. The quantitative method of data collection was adopted. The study found that regularity at the court, type of court case, and category of litigant were significant predictors of vulnerability to judicial extortion, bribery and corruption victimisation in the court. Specifically, the study found that litigants with criminal cases were three times more likely to be asked for bribes and denied justice than those with civil cases. The implication of these findings for justice sector reform in Nigeria is that, the government, National Judicial Council and State Judicial Commission must deliberately block avenues and opportunities for bribery in criminal prosecution so as to protect the rights of the less privileged in the justice system.

El sistema de administración de justicia en el Perú bajo la perspectiva filisófica de los derechos humanos

At present, one of the problems that the protection of human rights suffers from a philosophical perspective focuses on the corruption that exists and the poor administration of justice. We must understand that the protection of human rights must not only be limited to the fundamental rights of man, but also to opt for an optimal justice system that can guarantee the safety and protection of citizens. Just as the legal system must guarantee the effectiveness in the application of the norms and in the courts, the problem of corruption must try to diminish so that it is possible to begin to speak not only of a correct administration of justice, but of a correct application from the human rights.

КОРРУПЦИя В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ СЛУЖБЫ В ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОЦЕНКАХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ)

The subject matter of the article is the study of public attitudes in Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass in relation to the problem of corruption which manifests itself in various areas of social relations, in particular, in the system of the state civil service. The aim of the study is to consider the current views on the problem of corruption and countering it in public assessments of the population of Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass. To solve this task statistical and monitoring data from federal research centres have been used, as well as the results of a regional sociological survey conducted by the authors in the municipal divisions of Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass. The methodological basis of the research has been formed by the systemic and neoinstitutional approaches along with the sociological survey. The article presents statistical data of federal sociological institutions (All-Russian Centre for the Study of Public Opinion, Public Opinion Foundation) for the past few years in assessing the problem of corruption by the population. In addition, Transparency International’s 2020 data on the level of perceptions of corruption in the Russian Federation are presented, which make it possible to draw attention to the problems in combating corruption and propose recommendations for improving the state anti-corruption policy. In designing the research questionnaire for their sociological survey, the authors adhere to the principle of problem-based assessment of the current situation regarding the issue of corruption, which has made it possible to evaluate the subject of the research from different angles and to focus on the most challenging issues. It is noted that the understanding of the term “corruption” in the civil service system is associated with the concept of “bribery”, the appropriation of resources and taking advantage of official position. Among the recommendations proposed, the authors would highlight the necessity to continue activities to strengthen measures of countering corruption, to make the work of officials more transparent, to enhance the information campaign among the population to provide information on the responsibility for illegal actions

International experience in the functioning of anti-corruption judiciary

The article highlights the experience of foreign countries in organizing anti-corruption proceedings. In particular, the experience of countries such as Croatia, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Uganda, the Philippines and Slovakia was studied. The key features of regulating the activities of anticorruption courts are analyzed and the shortcomings of their activities are presented. The problem of corruption in Ukrainian society and the negative consequences it can lead to are highlighted. Thus, as of 2020, Ukraine ranks 117th in the world in the corruption perception index. This characterizes Ukraine as one of the most corrupt countries in Europe, and, at the same time, points to the cause of the crisis in society today. In our study, we analyzed key errors in determining the jurisdiction and organization of anti-corruption courts in foreign countries, which are likely to be repeated in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the rating of a country's corruption perception index and the presence of an anti-corruption court in its judicial system. Thus, the authors emphasize the expediency of introducing the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court in Ukraine as a way to introduce European standards in Ukraine. At the same time, the article emphasizes the need to implement ways to overcome such shortcomings. Based on the fact that such courts are the most responsible - they also have very high risks. Thus, we propose a way to eliminate all possible risks by deriving the most optimal aspects of the organization of anti-corruption proceedings in foreign countries. The paper pays special attention to the structural change of the domestic model of combating corruption offenses. The introduction of foreign experience in Ukraine will create an effective state mechanism for detecting and combating corruption, which, in turn, will significantly improve not only the financial and economic situation of Ukraine, but also restore public confidence in the domestic legal system and public authorities.

CORRUPTION OFFENCES IN MEDICATIONS CIRCULATION: INVESTIGATION PROBLEMS

The aim: The article aims to focus attention on the pressing problems of corruption in the field of pharmaceutical activities at the stage of medicines sale. Possible ways to solve the problems are elucidated. Materials and methods: The research has been carried out using the results of analysis and generalization of different countries’ regulation acts governing pharmaceutical activity implementation, also of legal practice, including author’s private practice, interviewing investigators, interviews, and questionnaires of pharmaceutical companies and professionals. General scientific and special scientific methods (dialectical, logical-normative, system-structural, comparative-legal, etc.) were used. Results: As a result of the study, the main problems of corruption that exist in the pharmaceutical activity sphere at the stage of medicines sale have been outlined. One of the most widespread corrupt manifestation are a relationships between a doctor and a pharmacist and sale medicine which contain drugs without doctors prescription. Proposals are formulated regarding possible ways to solve the problems, including other countries experience such as introduce digital control tools when concluding contracts. Conclusions: Investigation problems of pharmaceutical corruption offences deals with the absence of forensic investigation methodic of such crimes. It is caused by high latency of this category of criminal offenses. Among the main problems of the existence of corruption in the field of pharmaceutical activities at the stage of medicines’ sale can be those: insufficiency and imperfection of the legislative regulation of medicines circulation; lack of professional relations regulation between medical institutions, doctors, and pharmaceutical entities; lack of an electronic database of prescribed prescriptions, etc.

CORRUPTION BETWEEN DOCTORS AND PHARMACISTS: CRIMINAL LAW PROBLEMS OF COUNTERACTION

The aim: To draw the attention of the scientific community to the problem of corruption between doctors and pharmacists and to find out the available possibilities to counteract it via criminal law measures. Materials and methods: The sources of this research include international legal acts and Ukrainian legislation; official reports of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and other countries; NGO “Transparency International” studies; media materials; the results of a survey conducted using the Google Forms service; reports of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine; judicial statistics data and materials of judicial practice in Ukraine, as well as special anti-corruption studies of Ukrainian and foreign scholars. The main methods used in the study are the legal-dogmatic method, the method of extrapolation, some methods of formal logic and open-source analysis of law-enforcement practice, as well as the survey method. Results: The problem of corrupt relationships between doctors and pharmacists is urgent both in Ukraine and abroad, and accordingly, requires an adequate legal assessment. Ukraine has the necessary criminal law tools to combat this negative phenomenon but uses them ineffectively. Conclusions: A corrupt relationship between a doctor and a pharmacist may occur at three levels. Corrupt forms of unlawful interaction between medical and pharmaceutical workers at all these levels are covered by the existing norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; there is no need to single out a special norm that would reflect the corrupt relationship between a doctor and a pharmacist.

SOME FEATURES OF INSPECTION TACTICS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES COMMITTED IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES

The article is devoted to the study of the tactics of inspection in the investigation of corruption crimes committed in local government bodies. The problem of corruption in the world is quite relevant for Ukraine. Therefore, forensic science faces an important task of providing investigative practice with useful and effective recommendations for the implementation of the investigation of corruption crimes in local government bodies. The article considers the main tasks of the inspection, the peculiarities of preparation and conduct of this investigative action. It was determined that during the investigation, the investigator should conduct a general inspection of the scene, as well as an inspection of objects and documents. An important role in the investigation of this category of crimes is played by inspection and seizure of documents, which should include official documents (contracts, extracts, reporting documents, inspection reports), various notebooks, diaries, notebooks, business and personal notes, drafts and more. Quite often, a specialist in the field of accounting is involved in reviewing documents in the investigation of corruption crimes committed in local government bodies.

Consultation on the Draft South African National Infrastructure Plan: Comments on ICT Networks

The government of South Africa has adopted a National Infrastructure Plan (NIP) with ambitious targets, including for telecommunications. This is only partly aligned with its adoption of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), the subject of a recent lengthy report. The telecommunications part of NIP set targets in terms of old technologies, while its implementation is already badly delayed. In particular it is a decade late in digital migration and much longer in releasing spectrum to mobile operators for 4G and 5G services. The problems lie with ministers, rather than the regulator. Consequently, the call to benchmark the regulator is misguided, what is needed is a review of the system, including ineffectual or outdated legislation. There is a lack of granular data on which to base public policy and regulatory action. Equally, given problems of corruption and state capture, there is a lack of transparency data of donations, gifts and meeting between business, ministers and officials.

Институциональное обеспечение противодействия коррупции: постановка проблемы

According to the position taken by the author of the article, the main condition for achieving systematic and effective measures to combat corruption is to bring them to the level of specific social systems (state power, education, health, science, culture, etc.). Although the problem of corruption is of national and even global importance, but the prevalence of general measures among anti-corruption practices is an obvious source of formalization, companionship and inefficiency. This position is linked in the article with the provision that a corruption is not a separate social system. At its core, a corruption of social institutions is a violation of their normal functioning and the production of results that are not suitable for society, including economic and social ones. The normality of the institutional functions implementation involves maintaining the necessary correspondence between the elements or institutions that make up the institution. They are divided into formal and informal institutions that have legal significance and do not have one. According to the author, it is due to the lack of the necessary correspondence between institutions in the institutional structure of specific social systems that the latter begin to systematically produce mass violations of formal norms, including corruption, to which the state and society respond first of all. At the same time, even more large-scale violations of norms that capture the micro-level of society remain in the shadows. In conclusion, the article highlights the main problem in the institutional ensuring anti-corruption. If formal norms are largely subjected to administrative influence, then the informal institutional space of the social system is formed culturally and historically and mainly by the forces of the public. Therefore, without the productive interaction of the state and society, which are the main forces that form the institutional structure, neither the necessary systemic institutional support in combating corruption, nor the desired and resulting consistency in this counteraction, is achievable.

MVTLR-HCFS: Density Peak Algorithm Based on Multi-View and Tensor Low Rank Expression

With the rapid development of hardware and software technology, modern industry has produced a large amount of high-dimensional unlabeled data, such as pictures and videos. As clusters of these data sets may exist in some subspaces, traditional algorithms are no longer applicable. The related algorithms based on sparse subspace can find clusters in the subspace, which solves the problem of high data dimension. However, their clustering process based on only one single feature, which results in their performance being particularly sensitive to this single view. Affected by the integrated algorithm, a large number of multi-view methods began to emerge. These methods improve the clustering performance by integrating the subspace expressions of multiple views, but the problem is that the complementary information of multiple views cannot be fully considered. In addition, the problem of non-uniform distribution in clusters also exists in high-dimensional data sets. In this paper, based on the multi-view subspace clustering method, a clustering algorithm based on tensor low rank expression is proposed to solve the clustering problem of high-dimensional datasets. On the one hand, this paper solves the problem of noise and data corruption by combining the method of $\ell _{2,1} $ norms, which transform the optimization problem of solving multi-view subspace expression into a low-rank expression problem of tensor to fully consider the complementarities between views. On the other hand, the proposed scheme solves the problem of non- uniform distribution in clusters in high-dimensional data by combining with the density peak algorithm based on hierarchical strategy. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the algorithm.

КОРУПЦІЙНА СКЛАДОВА В ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ: РОЛЬОВИЙ СЕГМЕНТ ТА ПОНЯТІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Domestic railway transport suffers from a number of problems that hinder its development. At the same time, the manifestations of corruption intensified, which resulted in the violation of the planned development plans for the future. As a rule, railway transport must function safely, combine the interests of the country with the interests of persons using transport services, promote competition, ensure equal access to its strategic infrastructure, as well as sustainable operation in a special period. However, every year the problems of transport industry development deepen, on the one hand, low level of fixed assets renewal, high level of rolling stock wear, low density of railways, low coefficient of electrification of railways, low speed of cargo delivery, technical and technological backwardness of infrastructure; on the other hand - a high level of transport capacity of GDP, transport services, low share of wages in the provided transportation service, air pollution and a high level of final energy consumption. Only these factors indicate the need for immediate implementation of measures that can ensure the reform of the system of organization of operation and management of the railway transport sector. One of the rather influential factors in slowing down the process of renewing the transport sector is corruption, which reduces cash flows for this type of work, as well as a certain level of imperfection of the legal framework, which should provide tools for anti-corruption actions. Studying the problem of corruption, scholars have drawn attention to different positions on the interpretation of it as a conceptual category. The research emphasizes the expediency and need to clarify the conceptual framework from the standpoint of corruption, which will allow politicians, scientists, top management of large, medium and small businesses operating in the railway sector to make decisions on a more substantive basis. Attention is drawn to the existing scientific positions on the interpretation of the definition of “corruption” with coverage of existing regulations aimed at overcoming it. The author's vision of the essential characteristic of the definitions “corruption in the field of railway transport” and “corruption event on the railway” is offered.

Коррупция и природа человека: опыт экосистемного анализа

The global problem of corruption needs an integrative understanding from psychology, sociology, jurisprudence, and cultural approaches. Corruption threatens national and global security, leads to the degradation of humanistic, moral values, and significantly reduces the level of social capital and the effectiveness of governance in a wide range of areas. The article considers the origins of corruption and its motivating factors based on ideas concerning the nature of man, the human psyche, based on an analysis of the relationship between the conscious and unconscious levels of consciousness and subconscious, instinctive impulses. The author discusses the possibility of preventing corruption in an ecosystem approach to civil service, which would allow a holistic presentation of internal and external factors that determine the essence of the civil service, the prerequisites, and conditions for its harmonization with the social environment. By understanding civil servants’ behavior, internal motives, and external incentives, it is possible to define a public service ecosystem that will ensure a symbiosis between the civil service, society, and the State. The creation of such an ecosystem can contribute to the qualitative improvement of public administration.

Towards Attaining Sustainable Development Goals in a “Fantastically Corrupt” World: Issues in International Legal Framework on Mutual Legal Assistance for Recovery of Proceeds of Corruption and the Nigerian Act

Pervasive corruption is a global phenomenon which remains a major obstacle to development in various climes. The United Nations agenda 2030 recognizes the need to solve the problem of corruption as key to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In response to this problem, the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) was adopted in 2005 as an international instrument targeted at facilitating Mutual Legal Assistance in combating corruption, by aiding recovery of looted funds, seizure, confiscation and repatriation of stolen assets abroad. Nigeria has a history of leadership deficit and institutional failure accounting for numerous cases of corruption and siphoning of funds by the political class. To aid recovery of looted funds, Nigeria signed and ratified UNCAC, and signed into law the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act in 2019. Against this backdrop, this study will analyse the provisions of UNCAC in comparison to the provisions of the Nigerian MLA Act. The aims are to ascertain limitations in the UNCAC provisions which might prevent realization of its set objectives, determine the extent to which the Nigerian MLA Act incorporates the underlining principles of UNCAC and to identify the effectiveness of both laws in addressing the various challenges of recovering stolen assets and funds prior to their advent. The study was based on comparative case study and inductive method. It was found that UNCAC has several limitations which the Nigerian MLA Act failed to remedy. It was also found that the Nigerian MLA Act has a relatively narrow scope. It limits the scope of MLA crime generally without paying particular attention to corruption. Lastly, the Act failed to capture country specific challenges such as lack of political will and poor inter-agency coordination undermining domestic anticorruption efforts which might spread to the international level. The study therefore concludes that there is need for a review of the Nigerian MLA Act to affect obvious and necessary improvements that will mitigate the current challenges bedeviling it from producing the desired outcome in Nigeria.

Korupcija kao negativna društvena pojava

This paper analyzes the problem of corruption as a phenomenon, a negative and illegal social phenomenon, which is contrary to the rules of normal functioning of the society. It implies to very serious consequences which can produce a real threat and the possibility of adopting corruption as a negative model of life and activity, that is, the functioning of the society, personified in several corrupt individuals and groups. The state continuously applies anti-corruption mechanisms. However, a phenomenon that is difficult to eradicate is the multitude of individual cases of offering, giving, or soliciting bribes in certain everyday life circumstances. We are worried about the researches indicating that a large number of the state institutions are exposed to corruption, including the officials employed in these institutions using corrupt actions during the performance of their regular work. The basic question that arises is whether a certain number of citizens who do not accept corruption over time become "antisocial" in relation to the individuals representing a part of the society which accepts it as an adopted model, or a way of living and normal functioning being contrary to law and the commitment of the state in the fight against corruption. The aim of the research is how to prevent the adoption of the corruption model as a "value", by reporting it to the competent authorities in Republic of Serbia, including the fight against corruption through the so-called "Romanian model", proved to be very effective in fighting corruption.

The Politics of Differentiated Integration: What do Governments Want? Country Report - Hungary

This paper evaluates the salience of differentiated integration (DI) and the positions of successive Hungarian governments since the country’s EU accession. It finds that DI has a low-salience and tends to come up in relation to specific events or policy debates. DI-related discussions rarely cross the bounds of the parliamentary arena and references to DI in government programmes, prime minister speeches and European Council statements are rare. At the conceptual level, DI salience peaked in 2017, which can be attributed to the debates on the future of Europe, even though Hungary did not officially participate in this process. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office has been the most important DI-related issue in the Hungarian context, linked also to broader problems of corruption and democratic backsliding in the country. In terms of DI positions, these tend to reflect a government-opposition pattern. More specifically, the opposition vocally rejects the concepts of ‘two-speed Europe,’ ‘multiple-speed Europe’ and most of all ‘two-tier Europe’ for fear that Hungary may be ‘left out’ or ‘left behind’ in Europe. On the other side, while successive Fidesz-governments have not embraced the concepts of two-speed or multiple-speed Europe per se, they have not completely rejected them either. Top government officials are particularly supportive of enhanced cooperation, which they view as a mechanism that empowers the Member States.

Defining corruption and fraud in professional sport

The first step in systemic addressing the problem of corruption is the comprehension of its scale and nature. This paper explores the extent of fraud and corruption in professional sport. In addition to exploring the forms of legal response, one should mention the improper coverage of the issues of counteracting corruption in professional sport. Fraud and, specifically, corruption in sport is difficult to assess. Most of all-Russian and regional sports federations, physical culture and sports associations tend not to recognise the existence of corruption or fraud in particular sports, or claim that fraud and corruption are under control. Purpose of the study: to explore the extent of corruption and fraud in professional sport. We present a systematic review of literature that explores corruption and fraud, identifying the factors of corruption and fraud in professional sport. To search for relevant studies, the published literature was identified as based on Scimagojr, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Sage Open, in search of relevant studies. Results and novelty: Some sports federations recognise that corruption and fraud are detrimental to fair play and integrity of the professional sport. It is a good practice to develop guidelines for sportsmen in relation to a particular professional sport, which outlines the deeds recognised as corruption and fraud, sets the procedure for their registration, assessment and measures to mitigate and counteract such threats. We have outlined the specifics of motivation for corruption and fraud in professional sport, which differs from the ways of corruption in other segments (like health, education, public service). Professional sports are not characterised by such traditional stimuli for corruption and fraud as poor working conditions and low wages, due to the fact that professional sportsmen are highly paid and their work conditions and social guarantees are much better than those of most ordinary people.

Противоречия восприятия коррупции населением России и ее презентации в официальном дискурсе

Introduction. The problem of corruption continues to be relevant in Russia. More research is needed to effectively combat corruption. Studying corruption in the context of general issues of contemporary Russian politics is particularly relevant in this regard . Purpose. The article is aimed at disclosing contradictions associated with perceiving corruption by the population of Russia and its representation in the official discourse. Methods. The author uses the following methods: analysis of statistical data, analysis of the results of public opinion polls, and discourse analysis. Scientific novelty of the research. The article demonstrates the discrepancy between citizens’ perceptions of corruption and their attitudes regarding power and the political regime. The author shows the inconsistency of the official discourse on corruption in Russia. Results. The article reveals the peculiarities of perceiving corruption by the population of Russia. Citizens’ perceptions of corruption correlate with their attitudes towards power and political regime. The author shows the key features of depicting corruption in the official discourse. Conclusions. Widespread perceptions of high levels of corruption have little impact on public support for the Russian political regime. In the mass consciousness, there is no understanding of the connection between corruption, an ineffective economy and a low standard of the population’s living. Corruption is not a significant factor in protest moods, although many causes of social discontent are somehow related to corruption. Reflections of corruption in official discourse are incomplete and internally inconsistent. The approaches to combating corruption proclaimed in the official discourse are not fully implemented in the current anti-corruption policy.