Problem Of Climate Change Research Articles

Geospatial identification of possible rainwater harvesting locations within a high-altitude Gilgit River basin, Pakistan

The management of water resources is no longer an option but a necessity especially in countries with a high rate of population growth like Pakistan. Pakistan has a high-water scarcity, an extremely varying topography, and is also one of the countries encountering the problem of climate change. Therefore, prudent utilization of available water resources is a matter in the plains of Pakistan as in its high-altitude regions. Instead of wasting water which is a valuable resource, rainwater harvesting is a way of saving rainwater as an alternative source of fresh water for better use. The aim of this study was to search for potential rainwater-harvesting areas in a high-altitude Gilgit River basin. This research employed the SCS-CN technique in estimating surface runoff in the GIS environment. The geospatial study used four input parameters: slope of the land, land covers, surface runoff and drainage density. The research concluded that some lands, especially those that are deserted in dry area and agricultural lands, can serve as the sites of rainwater harvesting, with only 4% of area that was highly suitable for the purpose. Nevertheless, 37% of the investigated area was shown as totally unviable for rainwater collection installations because of steep slopes and substantial volume of snow. Simultaneously, the rainwater storage design solutions suggested were check dam, percolation tank, and agricultural ponds with the area of 3.5%, 1%, and 0.75% of the given land area, respectively, for rainwater harvesting. The locations of potential catchment and planned rainwater harvesting structures would assist the local authorities and the policy makers to provide plans and design on the construction of water storages and also the optimization of water use.

Biophysical Resource Characterization, Identification and Prioritization of Major Constraints and Potentials of Gara Ebanu Community Watershed in Sululta District, Ethiopia

Baseline characterization helps to understand the initial livelihood condition of the people in the watershed before and after the intervention of the project to measure the amount of change attained by the project. The objective of the study was to characterize baseline information on the existing biophysical resource used as benchmark for planning and impact monitoring and to identify and major constraints and potential in the watershed. The watershed was selected depending on agro-ecological representation, prevalence of resource management and land degradation problems and accessibility for intensive follow-up. Based on the preliminary outlet identified during the watershed selection process, the watershed boundary was delineated using GPS data and the map of watershed was geo-referenced and digitized for its contour, roads, rivers, and other features. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study and primary data was collected through field observation, household survey, focus group discussion and interview of the key informants. From the total 103 household heads living in the watershed, 62 household heads were selected as a respondent for the study. The collected data was managed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel 2010. The results of the study showed that about 29.4% of the watershed slope was characterized by flat lands, 45.7% moderate slope and 24.9% steep lands. As well as soil fertility status of cultivated land in the watershed were 33.9% low, 55.9% moderate and 10.2% high. The results of the study showed that the major constraints identified by sampled household heads were decline of soil fertility, soil erosion, climate change, land shortage, and deforestation were significantly contributed to the low crop yield in the watershed. About 27.4% of the sampled households had encountered decline of soil fertility problems, 25.8% of sample farmers encountered soil erosion problem, and 22.6% of sample farmers encountered climate change problem in the watershed. From the identified major constraints, the highest priorities were given for decline of soil fertility, soil erosion problem, shortage of feed and fodder, and decline of crop productivity respectively. In the watershed, immediate short-term actions should be taken particularly participatory integrated watershed management were recommended.

Impact of the Development of the Digital Economy on Carbon Emissions --Panel Data Analysis Based on Prefecture-Level Cities in Guangdong Province

With the increasingly severe global climate change problem, low-carbon development has become the consensus of the international community. Based on the panel data of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province, China, from 2011 to 2021, this paper analyses in depth the relationship between digital economy and carbon emissions, and explores the impact of digital economy development on carbon emissions and its transmission mechanism. The study finds that: first, the impact of digital economy on carbon emissions is heterogeneous in different regions, with a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and carbon emission levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and the eastern part of Guangdong, while the relationship in the northern part of Guangdong and the western part of Guangdong, which are still in the construction stage of the digital economy, is not significant; second, in the early stage of the development of the digital economy, the maturity of its characteristics will lead to the high inputs and high costs in the process of digital transformation which in turn raises the level of carbon emissions in production and life; third, as the digital economy continues to mature, the early capital, human and technological inputs gradually show a positive net effect, significantly reducing the level of carbon emissions through improved energy use efficiency and optimisation and upgrading of industrial structure. Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are put forward: first, formulate a digital economy emission reduction strategy; second, optimize the construction of digital infrastructure; third, promote the upgrading of industrial structure; fourth, strengthen green technological innovation; fifth, improve the policy incentive mechanism; and sixth, strengthen the coordinated development of the region.

Analysis of Cyber Public Relations in Disseminating Indonesia’s Folu Net Sink 2030 Actions at the Ministry of Environment and Foresty

Indonesia Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 is an initiative to reduce Green House Gas emissions from the forestry and land sectors in Indonesia. The aim of this program as a serious step in overcoming the problem of climate change. Dissemination of the Indonesia FOLU Net Sink 2030 action at the Public Relations Bureau, highlighting the importance of public communication in supporting the achievement of the 2030 FOLU Net Sink target. One of the strategic communications that is considered effective in disseminating the Indonesia FOLU Net Sink 2030 action is Cyber Public Relations or commonly called Online Public Relations. The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of Cyber Public Relations carried out by the Public Relations Bureau of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. This research was analyzed using the theory from Philips & Young (2009) regarding the four basic elements of online public relations that PR practitioners must pay attention to. So that from this research a digital public relations practice can be produced that is appropriate and measurable from the perspective of existing theory and reality. The difference between this research and previous research lies in the research object, and it does not only focus on one digital platform, but also several platforms used to implement cyber public relations. The results of this research show that the implementation of Cyber Public Relations carried out by the MoEF Public Relations Bureau has been measured in accordance with the theory used.

Automatic Monitoring Methods for Greenhouse and Hazardous Gases Emitted from Ruminant Production Systems: A Review.

The research on automatic monitoring methods for greenhouse gases and hazardous gas emissions is currently a focal point in the fields of environmental science and climatology. Until 2023, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by the livestock sector accounts for about 11-17% of total global emissions, with enteric fermentation in ruminants being the main source of the gases. With the escalating problem of global climate change, accurate and effective monitoring of gas emissions has become a top priority. Presently, the determination of gas emission indices relies on specialized instrumentation such as breathing chambers, greenfeed systems, methane laser detectors, etc., each characterized by distinct principles, applicability, and accuracy levels. This paper first explains the mechanisms and effects of gas production by ruminant production systems, focusing on the monitoring methods, principles, advantages, and disadvantages of monitoring gas concentrations, and a summary of existing methods reveals their shortcomings, such as limited applicability, low accuracy, and high cost. In response to the current challenges in the field of equipment for monitoring greenhouse and hazardous gas emissions from ruminant production systems, this paper outlines future perspectives with the aim of developing more efficient, user-friendly, and cost-effective monitoring instruments.

Education for sustainable development: comparative analysis and prospects at universities in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

The study, conducted in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, highlights ongoing changes in approaches to education for sustainable development (ESD) in Central Asian countries. This region, exposed to various challenges such as climate change and environmental problems, has recognized the importance and role of education in achieving sustainable development. The study aims to identify the current level of awareness of students and teachers about the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as to understand how universities in the region are integrating ESD principles into their educational programs.The results show that students generally have limited knowledge about the global sustainable development goals, while teachers have a higher level of awareness. Most students receive information about the sustainable development goals (SDGs) through social media and the Internet, while it is less reflected in the curriculum. However, there is a trend towards changing this situation, in particular in Tajikistan, where curricula are becoming more focused on environmental education.Finally, recommendations for universities include integrating ESD principles into teacher development, developing teaching methods and materials, and strengthening collaboration at the regional and international levels to promote sustainable development goals.

Social acceptance of small modular reactor (SMR): Evidence from a contingent valuation study in South Korea

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the social acceptance of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) in South Korea. The growing interest in SMRs as a potential solution to the challenges of climate change and energy security highlights the need for continued research and development in this area. The research was conducted using a contingent valuation method, which involved surveying a representative sample of the South Korean population. Out of a total of 1032 respondents, 78 % were willing to pay for SMR development. The mean WTP was estimated to be USD 4.28 per year per household and scaled up to the national level in South Korea, it was analysed to have a total economic and social benefit of USD 0.49 billion. The more serious the respondents perceived the current and future problem of climate change to be, the more likely they were to be willing to pay an offered bid amount. This study suggests that the need to address climate change and the need to raise awareness of SMR as one of the low-carbon technologies at the government level is required to generate the appropriate level of social acceptance to promote SMR development.

PUBLIC INVESTMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY

The definition of public investment is not as clear and precise as it may seem. Often, public investments are described as public expenditures that contribute to the stock of physical capital, encompassing tangible assets such as properties (excluding land), buildings and other structures (e.g., roads, airports, hospitals, schools, telecommunication structures, government buildings, bridges, etc.), machinery, transportation equipment, and intangible assets like intellectual property (OECD, 2016). Therefore, public investment is the allocation of funds that result in the growth of the aforementioned items. Public investment can be viewed as a political tool in the hands of a government, capable of altering or determining the course that a country's economy and other aspects of life will take. Governments utilize public investments to respond to a variety of challenges over time, addressing global issues such as climate change and local problems like periods of economic decline, diverse demographic trends, rapid urbanization, or adaptation to new technologies. As emphasized by the European Investment Bank, "properly functioning infrastructure networks are the backbone of flourishing economies" (European Investment Bank, 2010). Public investments are integral for economic and social prosperity, contributing to the national capital stock by allocating resources to essential basic infrastructure, education, research and development, thereby leading to increased productivity and improved living standards. The aim of this article is to analyze the role of public investments in the economy in addressing contemporary challenges.

CERTAIN AREAS AND POSITIVE PRACTICES OF THE GREEN ECONOMY

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the goals of writing this paper is to encourage younger generations, especially pupils and students, to get more involved in solving environmental protection issues. In this paper, we will try to examine the significance of the new economic model, the green economy, and its contribution to solving climate change problems that have far-reaching consequences for the lives of people, plant, and animal species on planet Earth. The importance of environmental protection for the survival of the planet in its current state is highlighted by the fact that many governments, corporations, governmental and non-governmental organizations have supported the implementation of projects in this area. We will present several areas where the green economy currently a dominant role and where respectable results has have been achieved, which have had a significant impact on the development of the green economy. </span></p>

The "sponge city" program as a system of adaptation methods to climate changes in reforming and forming the architectural environment

This article analyzes the implementation of the «Sponge city» concept in the formation and reform of the urban and architectural environment, as a comprehensive method of adaptation to the problems caused by climate change, which was caused by the global warming of our planet. In this concept, the emphasis is on the regulation of all types of water resources in the aspects of floods, swamps and inundations. One of the main reasons for accelerating the pace of global warming is rapid industrial development and urbanization. This led to increased use of resources, including water, which created major environmental risks. The problems of climate change have worsened not only due to the growth of gas emissions into the atmosphere, but also due to the rapid and unplanned urbanization of the urban environment, which was formed in the post-industrial period and reflects the greedy approach of society to the limited resources of the planet. Due to this, large-scale post-industrial processes took place in many countries of the world, which led to significant environmental problems. The urban population grew at a rapid rate, with the simultaneous construction of the necessary infrastructure, including housing, factories and roads. Such processes also took place in the People's Republic of China, due to which the issue of regulating water resources was raised in the country, and the concept of "Sponge city" was applied as an answer. On the example of several Chinese cities of Wuhan, Pingxiang and Haikou, where this concept was successfully applied, adaptation methods and complex approaches for reforming the existing urban and forming a new architectural environment were systematized. Based on them, an action algorithm for the implementation of these methods and technologies was developed as a program of communication of all large-scale levels among themselves. Applying this program, at the levels from the region to an individual building and vice versa. A self-regenerating system is formed - a "sponge city-region-ecosystem" as a complex of innovative methods of combating floods, inundation, wetlands, excess precipitation, which promotes adaptation to climate changes and ensures sustainability , safety and harmony of the environment.

Development and Evaluation of a Trichoderma-Based Bioformulation for Enhancing Sustainable Potato Cultivation

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most widespread and cultivated Solanaceae in the world. To overcome the increasing problems of intensive cultivation and climate change, finding new strategies to guarantee the needs of today and future generations has become mandatory. The use of biostimulants based on Trichoderma spp. can be an excellent alternative to reduce the use of pesticides, as well as to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study we evaluated the effects of a new bioformulation containing two Trichoderma strains on potato growth and yield. Trichoderma strains were characterised morphologically and molecularly. Application of the new bioformulate was able to promote potato plant growth and caused a significant increase in plant fresh (+107%) and dry weight (+74%), and potato tuber fresh weight (+37%) and number (+41%), and it also improved potato yield (+36%). These findings suggest that the bioformulation is a viable alternative to reduce pesticide use and mitigate biotic and abiotic stress in potato cultivation.

PROBLEMS OF FIRE PROTECTION IN THE RO-RO SPACE OF ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF SHIPS DURING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE FIREPart 1 Problem areas in fire protection of cargo decks of ro-ro ships in the context of an electric vehicle fire

The advancement of electric vehicles is linked to the increasing concern about the world’soil resources running out and the problem of global climate change. As global sea trade keepsexpanding quickly, the characteristics of ships also change, as they become bigger, carry morepassengers, and new risky goods emerge, including, for example, electric vehicles. The articlediscusses challenges of preventing fires on ro-ro ships with regard to electric car fires, which arebecoming more recognizable due to their increasing prevalence and consists of two parts. Part 1covers some key challenges of fire safety on the cargo decks of ro-ro ships when an electric carcatches fire and the main aspects of fire safety regulations for seagoing roll-on/roll-off ships inthe ro-ro space. Problematic areas were considered in the following aspects: features of maritimetransport, specifics of cargo carriage on a ro-ro vessel, the difficulty of evacuating sailors andpassengers from a burning ship, specifics of firefighting on a ship, challenges and dangers ofelectric vehicle fires and lack of adequate fire protection and procedures on a ro-ro ship in termsof an electric car fire. The second part of this article presents some possible solutions to improvethe fire safety of ro-ro ships, on cargo decks, and the author’s idea of implementing a new fireprotection device consisting of fire ventilation. No other study has addressed fire safety challengesof ro-ro ships with such depth, especially given the emerging risk of electric cars.

The split ladder of policy problems, participation, and politicization: constitutional water change in Ecuador and Chile

There is debate about whether complex problems should be addressed technocratically or whether they should be politicized. While many tend to favour technocratic decision-making and evidence based policy, for others politicization of policy problems is fundamental for significant policy change. But politicization does not always lead to problem solving. Nor is it always necessary. This paper addresses the question: Under what circumstances should problems be politicized, and what is the effect of such politicization? It adds politicization, through windows of opportunity, to the split ladder of participation to assess policy change through two case studies: successful and unsuccessful constitutional change in Ecuador (2008) and Chile respectively (2022). It argues that where there is no agreement on either science or policy, politicization is required to address lack of consensus in values, but constitutional protection is needed to protect minorities and the vulnerable, their access and human right to water. De-politicization stymies policy change potentially harming democracy. This paper argues for a citizen engaged exploration of the complex problem of climate change and its impacts on water, but a targeted politicization coincident with, but developed well in advance of, windows of opportunity. Moreover, policy framing correlated with complex problems continues to be a key consideration. Furthermore, alliances of disparate actors, elections of new political leaders and considerations of property rights and justice issues are paramount. Significant constitutional policy change reflects social learning, but subsequent court actions by policy entrepreneurs is required to effectively implement this change. Framing constitutional change to protect rights to water and effect international agreements (including the Warsaw International Mechanism under the climate change regime) advances water justice and may increase success.

Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration Using Penman-Monteith Equation and Time Series Model in some Selected States in Northern Nigeria

Based on the problem of climate change which greatly affect agriculture and water management in Northern Nigeria, this study estimated reference evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith equation and time series models in some selected states in Northern Nigeria. The study covered 16 states in Northern Nigeria which were selected using purposive sampling techniques. The materials used for the study consist of secondary data of daily mean records of air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity from 1st January 1984 to December 2022. From the data, the daily reference Evapotranspiration were computed using Penman-Monteith equation. Based on this, daily and mean annual reference evapotranspiration was obtained. From the result obtained on the daily and annual mean reference evapotranspiration, the time series models were plotted. The time series models plotted consist of daily reference evapotranspiration against time and mean annual reference evapotranspiration against time. The time series plots provided random, nonlinear trend plot which is aperiodic. The plot of the mean and variance of reference evapotranspiration of states against latitudinal trend showed that R2 >0.60, which indicated that the mean and variance of reference evapotranspiration has a strong relationship with latitudinal trend of the states and thus can be used for predictive purpose. This latitudinal trend behavior of the mean and variance of reference evapotranspiration is further supported using spatial distribution map of Northern Nigeria which showed that the lowest mean reference evapotranspiration is location within FCT-Abuja and Jos while the highest mean reference evapotranspiration is located within Sokoto, Kebbi and Gusau.

Водообмен в хвойных фитоценозах под влиянием климатических изменений

Woody vegetation and the atmosphere are closely related, which determines the relevance of studying this interaction within the framework of the problem of global climate change and the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems to external influences. For the research region, the Komi Republic, climate warming has been revealed, expressed in increased air temperature in the summer. The warmest year over the years of observation was 2013, when the average air temperature in the summer was 17.2 °C, while the longterm annual average norm was 14.6 °C. The growth and productivity of woody plants in a forest community depend on the amount of moisture in the soil. In the middle subzone of the taiga, moisture reserves are 60–200 mm, so woody plants do not lack it. In this regard, transpiration rates of Scots pine and Siberian spruce needles in different types of forest under fluctuating weather conditions has been studied. The results of the research have shown that at elevated air temperatures, low amounts of precipitation and favourable soil water supply, the transpiration rate in pine increases by 1.5 times, and in spruce by 3 times. This is probably due to the fact that the spruce stomata react especially quickly to changes in external conditions, which is determined by the increased sensitivity of the needles to moisture conditions. It has been established that during the same period there is the closest relationship between the transpiration rate and the air temperature (r = 0.7–0.9). In different types of forest, the transpiration rate in pine varies from 4 to 16 %, in spruce within 5 %. An assessment of changes in the pine and spruce needles transpiration rates in response to changing weather conditions has shown that this process is largely determined by the species membership. Pine is a light-demanding species with a taproot system. Spruce is a shade-tolerant species with a shallow root system.

Investigating the Effect of Renewable Energy Utilization and Trade Openness Towards the Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in South Asia: A Comparative Study for South Asian Countries

This study aims to investigate the relationship between trade openness and the use of renewable energy sources and South Asia's economic growth and environmental quality. Since renewable energy offers a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option than fossil fuels, it becomes essential to attaining sustainable development. Using renewable energy has grown in popularity as a global solution to the urgent problems of energy security, climate change, and environmental sustainability. Renewable energy must be used by South Asian nations in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, maintain long-term energy security, and promote economic resilience. Incorporating renewable energy could enhance the country's energy situation, lessen dependency on imported fossil fuels, and open up new business prospects. Data on the use of renewable energy is gathered for the variable of renewable energy use. Data regarding GDP is gathered for the gross domestic product variable using current US dollars. The Energy Information Administration is the source of the data regarding the use of renewable energy (EIA). Additionally, the World Development Indicators database (WDI) is where the GDP and trade openness data are gathered. The following nations are represented in the data, which was gathered between 2001 and 2020: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. We investigated the long-term relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental quality in this analysis using the Panel ARDL approach. The dependent variables in the equation above are the environmental quality and economic growth of the Asian developing nations that were chosen for analysis. According to the study's conclusion, TO, GDP, and RNW have long-term negative effects on the environment since they raise CO2. Conversely, RNW reduces CO2, however the effect is negligible compared to other relevant variables. While the results of the CD test show the presence of CSD, the Pedroni Panel Cointegration Test reveals long-run cointegration of a series. The correlation matrix displays the relationship between the variables. The result showed how strongly, negatively, or positively the factors linked with one another. Additionally, there is a substantial positive correlation between GDP and carbon dioxide, its dependent variable. Additionally, RNW are found to be directly related to one another. Both the TO and GDP have a strong and direct correlation, and there is a positive and significant relationship between GDP and RNW. The other cross-sections are connected to this one. They are interdependent and have an impact on one another. Using South Asia as a focus, this study looks at how trade openness and the use of renewable energy affect environmental quality and economic growth in nations including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives.

Climate Change Perceptions: A Study With Portuguese University Social Education Students

Abstract Climate change (CC) is one of the most urgent problems to solve in this century, the effects of which cover a wide range of disciplines that go beyond the environmental component, becoming a social and economic problem as well. Social educators are professionals who must ensure that the quality of life in socially vulnerable societies is improved. In order to mitigate the problem of climate change, it is necessary for all professionals in the most varied areas to have climate literacy, so that they can adopt behaviors that comply with the objectives of sustainable development. Recognizing the importance of the social educator in the context of contemporary societies, we intended to find out the university students’ perceptions on the social education course. With this in mind, we set out to carry out this study, which was based on the application of a questionnaire using a Likert scale. The respondents were 161 social education students at a higher education institution in Portugal. In order to carry out the inferential analysis, we took care to meet the necessary criteria for carrying out parametric tests. The results showed that a majority (72.6 %) of students were concerned about climate change. They (54.7 %) also stated that they would like their course to deal more with climate change, as 74 % acknowledged that they did not have the skills to deal with climate change as a future professional. The results also showed that the students were incapable of correctly listing a consequence of climate change. The data collected and analyzed in this study allowed us to conclude that Environmental Education played a fundamental role in the academic training of social educators, suggesting the need for its reinforcement and inclusion in their training plans. We also found that greater efforts were needed to improve students’ climate literacy.

The place of the climate agenda in modern global communications

The subject of our research is the climate agenda as part of the environmental policies of states. The author's attention to this issue is due to the instability of the international system, which is influenced by current crises and conflict relations between countries. It was important for us to consider how strongly the processes of instability affect the fulfillment of their obligations by global players. We also identified key factors influencing the adoption of current strategic documents. We analyzed the main documents approved at the UN on climate change, adopted in 2021-2023. Scientific novelty manifests itself in several key aspects. First of all, decisions are considered from the point of view of making political decisions and building communication processes. The second aspect is related to the identification of factors influencing the implementation of environmental policy. And finally, we looked at how global crises affected the climate agenda and whether it was transformed on a global scale. The result of the study is the conclusion that the problem of climate change remains key. Moreover, attempts are being made to strengthen the “natural resources – climate change – responsibility” link, which is reflected in plans to introduce a complete phase-out of fossil fuels. Serious steps are being taken to involve developing countries in this process through the provision of financial and other support. Young people have been identified as the main driver of the fight against climate change, which indicates the long-term nature of key decisions. Moreover, international agreements involve further transformation of the existing system through adjustments to national goals, diversification of the energy sector, economic reforms and changes to existing financial systems aimed at achieving climate goals.

Research on Object Motion, Fire and Gas Detection Using ESP32

Abstract: Working parents frequently worry about leaving their young children unattended at home, but thanks to technological advancements, it is now simpler to keep an eye on things and send information quickly. With the aid of the Internet of Things, parents may simply monitor their children's behavior within the home or keep an eye on guests at the entrance. By sensing motion and sending photographs on Telegram, this hardware-based application seeks to improve home security and kid safety by assisting in identifying any anomalous activity. This hardware-based architecture saves time and aids in monitoring in lieu of the owner. The fast expansion of industrial facilities and infrastructure is causing pollution, climate change, and other environmental problems. The suggested device uses humidity sensors, temperature detectors (DHT 11), gas detectors (MQ2, MQ7, and MQ135),and other sensors to identify the unfavorable gases present in the production process.

Adaptation strategies of paddy farmers to build resilience to climate change in kahama district, Tanzania

The study investigates the adaptation strategies used by the paddy farmers in Kahama District to increase their adaptability to climate change. The study focuses on four main objectives, including changed farming practices, changes in cropping practices, strategies used to adapt to climate change, and desired interventions to improve agricultural production and resilience to climate change. A mixed-methods strategy is used in the study to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. According to the data, paddy farmers in Kahama District have used a number of climate change adaptation strategies. These adaptations include modifications to irrigation techniques, timing adjustments for planting, seed variety changes, and fertilizer treatment adjustments. The study also reveals a change in crop systems, with farmers choosing drought-tolerant cultivars, intercropping, and crop diversification; increased water management practices, increased soil conservation practices, and informed decision-making through the use of climate information services are some of the strategies used by paddy farmers to adapt to climate change. The study also identifies the interventions that farmers want to see implemented, such as enhanced irrigation systems, workshops on climate-resilient farming techniques, access to resilient seed varieties, and dependable weather forecasting and climate information services. These findings show the paddy farmers in the Kahama District's proactive response to the problems posed by climate change and help to better understand the adaptation measures they have used. The study highlights the importance of assisting farmers in advancing their current strategies and knowledge while also attending to their unique requirements. Implementing desired actions, such as expanding climate information services, supplying training and access to robust seed varieties, and enhancing irrigation infrastructure, can significantly increase agricultural productivity and the region's resistance to climate change. For politicians, extension services, and development organizations looking to promote climate change adaptation and sustainable agriculture, these research findings have real-world applications. Paddy farmers' ability to adapt, agricultural output, and livelihood security in the face of climate change problems can all be improved by matching interventions and policies with their recognized needs and goals. Such activities can support attempts to achieve food security and sustainable development in the Kahama District and other areas, as well as the agricultural sector's overall resilience.