Anthropological Problems Research Articles

ЛИЧНОСТНОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ СМУТНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ В РОССИИ (к постановке проблемы)

This paper considers the phenomenon of personal identity development and democratization of the history of Russia during the Time of Troubles. D.S. Likhachev’s opinion on the discovery of a personality in the Russian literature of the 17th century is discussed. It is demonstrated that the problem of personal identity in the socio-political space of Russia was raised for the first time during the Time of Troubles. Hunger, devastation, deprivation, underestimation of the value of human life paradoxically promoted the development of a view on the personal identity as an important element of life. The historical and anthropological problem of studying the formation and development of self-identification in Russia under the influence of destructive and tragic events of the Time of Troubles is formulated. The above problem can be solved by carrying out a mass biographical research based on numerous sources and using the methods of prosopography and historical anthropology. The unremitting wars that took place in the second half of the 16th century favored the development of personal identity at the public level. A generation of nobles accustomed to making decisions under the war conditions emerged. In the Time of Troubles, other social groups adopted the behavioral strategies of the nobility. As a result, imposture, unregulated (both traditionally and legally) leadership in the Cossack hosts, robber gangs, and self-organized grouping became common. Under these circumstances, people were willing to actively participate in the events of the Time of Troubles and in the changes of the political course. Therefore, the historical sources confirm that the history of Russia exhibited the first sings of democratization during the Time of Troubles.

The question of proving God’s existence

The article deals with the approach to the question of proving the existence of God from the point of view of the concept of personality. Human existence is not limited to the concept of nature: individuality is not equal to personality. Attempts to reduce consciousness to brain function remain a hypothesis. The anthropological problem of man cannot be solved only within the framework of natural science. The phenomenological philosophy of the 20th century found a new way within the framework of philosophical anthropology, the key concept of which is the concept of personality. Man is constantly striving to transcend his nature in his life. The historical existence of the individual is realized through the transformation of the world in accordance with value attitudes. The very existence of religions is an answer to an individual’s query about the meaning of the fundamental facts of life: birth, death, and the existence of evil. Personality, personal being, is both a fact and a task for man: everything that exists must be personified. The dialogical aspect of being a person is considered. The personal existence of man also requires a personal God. The revelation of the personal God is a response to the human thirst for supernatural communication. The church acts as a unity of personalities in the super personality of God, transcending the boundary of earthly life. The very existence of the Christian Church is a personalistic analog of the proof of the existence of God.

The image of man and the visualization of political communication in the postmodern era

The article is devoted to anthropological problems of the human image in the history of culture and philosophy of the twentieth century and in processes of visualization of political communication in the postmodern era. In the first part of the article, it is proposed to consider the transition from the modern era to the postmodern era in the context of the main stages in the history of the relationship between word and image, language and visuality in European culture of the XX century. The understanding of the visual image as defined by discursive practitioners and understood as a text in the semiotic paradigm of the mid-twentieth century, primarily in the works of R. Barth, is analyzed in detail. The liberation of the visual image from language discourse, which begins at the end of the last century, leads to the active development of visual anthropology, and radical changes in the reproduction technology to a change in the ways of perceiving the world. The article examines the features of the functioning of human images existing in the public space, problems of perception and modern visual communication. The second part of the article examines the tendencies of the development of political ideologies in the postmodern era. The authors describe three coordinates of system of postmodern political ideologies: the disappearance of traditional political ideologies, the revolution of technology, the political changes of the 1980s and formation of “monotonous politics”. It is shown that in the postmodern era political ideologies are forced to minimize the theoretical justification of their fundamental principles, turning instead to new visual and virtual forms of promoting their ideas. The main tendencies are change of the form of political practices, rejection of traditional methods of formulating political ideas, visualization and virtualization of the theoretical and practical components of political activity. The specific features of theatricalization of political and art activism are revealed in the article. In addition, the main aspects of modern political communication are highlighted: functionality, superficiality, and network character.

Zagubione obszary polskiej pedagogiki. Część 2

<p>W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono katalogi problemów zestawiające najważniejsze z zagubionych obszarów polskiej pedagogiki. Uwagę zwrócono na konieczność jasnego określenia misji nauk pedagogicznych. Nie może ona pomijać odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę człowieka (problemy antropologii i aksjologii). Te zaś nawiązują do filozoficznych podstaw współczesnej pedagogiki. Przyjęty obraz człowieka wskazuje na atrybuty podmiotu: człowieka jako osoby (uzupełnienie paradygmatu naturalistycznego paradygmatem humanistycznym). W odniesieniu do tych atrybutów człowieka odnosi się działalność pedagogiczną. Jej istotą jest wspomaganie procesów rozwojowych. Nie mniej ważne jest to wszystko, co wiąże się z tzw. dziedzinami wychowania (edukacji). Istnieje konieczność rezygnacji z upowszechnionego w tym zakresie addytywizmu. Jak należy postrzegać tę problematykę w świetle wymagań metodologii badań systemowych i wyzwań współczesnej cywilizacji wiedzy? Wszystko to znajduje odzwierciedlanie w zagubionej problematyce aksjologii pedagogicznej oraz problematyce wychowania w świetle i ku wartościom. Problematyka uczenia się człowieka – w kontekście wszechobecnych technologii informacyjnych – także wymaga nowego ujęcia, a to reorganizuje problematykę dydaktyk szczegółowych, w tym edukacji zawodowej.</p>

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SEARCH FOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF A NEW CULTURE BY AURELIUS AUGUSTINE

Purpose. The article is aimed to reveal the essence of the eternal problem, comprehended by Augustine Aurelius in the culture of the early Middle Ages – the focus of the value orientations of the anthropological search. Theoretical basis. Only in the twentieth century, various aspects of Augustine’s creative legacy became the subject of scientific research by many authors. As the direction of their scientific research, the problem of the relationship of reason, faith, knowledge, which has risen sharply in medieval Christian culture, has been considered. The logical outcome of these studies was the assertion that for Augustine Platonism was the main of the philosophical teachings of antiquity; that Augustine, being in line with Christian philosophy, considered the understanding of the aesthetic perfection of the Divine creation of the world as the sense of human life. The analysis of their works gives reason to argue that the definition of the human essence – the Augustine’s anthropological problems, was practically not addressed by representatives of domestic and foreign philosophical thought, and therefore remained undiscovered. Originality. The authors have proved that the definition of the human essence by Augustine is in the correlation with his answers to questions about the nature of the origin of man, about the secrets of being, etc. The ethical ideal of the thinker has been revealed, which is systematically formed in his works. Conclusions. The thesis has been substantiated that the anthropological views of Augustine Aurelius are in correlation with his epistemological judgments. Only by knowing the order of things in the universe, determined by the will of the Lord, we will know also the order of our value orientations. The basis of the philosophical comprehension of the human essence by Augustine Aurelius is a series of questions that constantly arise before mankind – about the nature of its appearance, about the secrets of human existence, the sense of life, death and immortality, etc. The ethical ideal of the thinker is an eternal city that is not based on human nature, it is too volatile, therefore it is only to a small extent subject to research, but on a Divine basis – the Christian idea.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY STUDIES IN SOVIET UKRAINE

Purpose of this article is the historical reconstruction of the studies in philosophical anthropology in Soviet Ukraine. Theoretical basis. In the philosophical tradition of independent Ukraine, there is an opinion that at the intersection of the 1960s and 1970s, there was an anthropological turn in the national philosophical thought. The authors provide a holistic and comprehensive reconstruction of philosophical understanding of man in the works of Ukrainian thinkers of the Soviet era. Originality. It has been proved that before the emergence of the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Ukraine Academy of Sciences and the restoration of the Philosophy Department at Kyiv State University, the writings of Ukrainian philosophers in the 1920s and 1930s emphasize specifically the "ideological" factor of human existence. Based on the materials of M. Maksymovych Academic Library and the library at H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, there have been revealed and traced the specific features and peculiarities of the transformation of main accents in philosophical and anthropological studies of Soviet Ukrainian researchers in the post-war period. Conclusions. The studied problems developed in Soviet Ukraine in two vectors. The focus was on man as a social phenomenon and a "product of ideology" on the one hand, and, on existential aspects of a human being with its internal contradictions, understanding of its nature and the sense of existence, on the other hand. It has been established that the anthropological problems were the focus of not only scientists of the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Ukraine Academy of Sciences (Y. Andros, N. Holovko, P. Kopnin, Y. Ohrimenko, L. Sokhan, V. Tabachkovskyi, V. Shynkaruk), but also of teachers of Kyiv State University (F. Baikin, I. Bychko, M. Duchenko, I. Nadolnyi). The authors grounded the thesis that, unlike the 1940-1950s, when the focus was on philosophical problems of natural science and philosophical personology, the 1960s bring forward not only philosophical and anthropological studies but also ethical and aesthetic issues, logic and scientific atheism.

PHILOSOPHY OF INFORMATION AND TRANSHUMANISM: EXPLICATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Purpose. The research is aimed at finding out the grounds, forms and essence of the correlation between the projects of information philosophy and transhumanism from the point of view of the problematics of philosophical anthropology. Attention is focused on the status of the knowing subject and the transformations of the forms of its activity within the specified correlation. Theoretical basis. Insufficient thinking on the issue of the functioning of traditional cognitive models, in particular Kant’s transcendental questioning, which formed the basis of modern rationality and classical science, in the new sociocultural reality led the authors to problematize the forms and essence of interaction and operating with knowledge and communication in the information sphere of human existence and communication. A comparative consideration of the worldviews in the information philosophy and transhumanism projects, made on the basis of a study of current scientific literature, provided an opportunity to assume the probability of implicit elimination of the problems of philosophical anthropology from the horizon of meanings of modern science through the blurring of essentially anthropological analytics. Originality. The article proves the ambivalent nature of the correlation between the projects of philosophy and transhumanism information that are externally close on the subject and problematics, and for the first time in the domestic literature, they have been compared. The content of the powerful potential of information philosophy for the development of philosophical anthropology approaches to the phenomena of the human world determined by the technological nature of civilization and the powerful sociocultural issues of modernity have been clarified. The threats of the dehumanization of the problem field in the modern science and spheres of applied digital technologies associated with transhumanism, interpreted as an ideology, are underlined. Conclusions. The analysis of theoretical positions relevant for the philosophy of information and transhumanism resulted in a number of conclusions, central among which is the statement of the "blurring" situation, the hidden elimination in the content of problematics of philosophical anthropology and its humanistic pathos within the limits of modern forms of correlation and existence in the scientific discourse of the philosophemes and ideologemes in the information philosophy and transhumanism. Epistemological phenomena of "cognitive closure" and a man as a "blind spot" in the thinking on the science and technology development, primarily communication, indicate the relevance of a full comprehensive consideration of the problems of philosophical anthropology in projects of the information philosophy and transhumanism.

Philosophy of Human Dignity in the Problem Field of the Global World

The article discusses human dignity in the aspect of modern challenges of technological civilization, which has entered a new stage of its development. Human dignity as a category of ethics remains underestimated, since in the first row of ethical values humanitarians, as a rule, put the categories of freedom and justice. Today, “dignity” acquires a special and higher status, the concept of human dignity is being rethought, going beyond the ethical category itself as a virtue. In the global world, human dignity is a response to such contemporary challenges as the formation of a communicative world community with a focus on digital civilization, the anthropological problem of the future of humanity, the ecological situation on a global scale, the reorientation of the ethical and legal relations of a globalizing world. Human dignity is a problem of national-ethnic and national-state relations in the transition to transnational regulatory interactions. In the interpretation of the nation, the authors do not share the well-known two approaches to understanding the nation, on the one hand ethnocultural, and on the other - national-civil. Both approaches lead, whenever possible or necessary, to the transnational posing of the question, when human dignity becomes a priority regardless of nationality. In this connection, the utopian idea of the possibility of a global ethos is touched upon. The authors focus on the anthropoxy-axiological approach to the understanding of human dignity, where the cosmological principle of human existence is determined by his creative power. The urgency of the problem of human dignity is due to the fact that, as it were, in the modern life world a person did not put the economy above morality, the basis of human dignity in its being is a value moral consciousness, in the depth of which basic human values of transnational nature “work”, contradicting values consumer society driven by practical interests. Human dignity in this regard should be interpreted as an absolute value and at the same time one should take into account the multidimensionality of the problem of dignity in the context of modern globalization processes. Based on the ontological understanding of globalization as megatrends in the self-movement of the natural historical process, the authors substantiate the anthropological value of human dignity, which has universal, transcultural significance. The use of an anthropoxy-axiological approach and interdisciplinary methods reveals the universal value of virtue, based on the anthropo-social moral nature and the creative value of man. The creative transformational activity itself will not be worthy in quality without moral responsibility. The modern concept of human dignity is addressed to the ethics of responsibility, which means responsibility, which highlights the moral and axiological attitude to life, the adoption of responsible decisions in modern conditions of sociocultural interactions. In the context of globalization, the philosophy of human dignity becomes the dominant of all conscious-volitional activities, the core of the moral rethinking of the transnational and national ratio in the light of tolerance, the ability to non-violence. At the same time, the authors indicate in the formulation of the main issue of the philosophy of human dignity the possibility of going beyond the ethical category of human dignity, since the unchanging core of the universal human values of goodness-beauty-truth does not lose its meaning in the global, changing world.

BRITISH NOVEL SINCE 2000: ANTROPOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE POST-POSTMODERN WORLDVIEW

Purpose of the paper is to identify the anthropological specifics of the contemporary British novel, one of the key thematic complexes of which is the anthropological specificity of the new worldview. Theoretical basis of the study combines works on philosophy and history of literature presented in particular in the latest compendia of the contemporary British novel. Originality of the research is to reveal the philosophical parameters of thinking of the characters, which is determined by a tendency to the objectified, truthful from the point of view of historical and social image of the reality, visualizing a range of political, social and economic problems. For the first time, the latest British compendia of 2017-2018s, which emphasize the philosophical and anthropological peculiarities of the contemporary British novel, have been considered. The strategies of the functioning of the Other as an anthropological category of the present literature have been outlined, in particular, it is emphasized on the images of characters with autism and literary representation of the thinking of characters with Asperger’s syndrome. Conclusions. It has been proved that anthropological problems become key ones in post-postmodern discourse and determine the specifics of the development of the British novel after 2000s. The concept of anthroposphere, which determines the specificity of the problematic complexes of the contemporary British novel, is explored at the thematic level in novels that represent the latest literary process since 2000 The reasons for characterizing the thinking of characters with autism as the representatives of the new existentialism and humanism, which manifests itself in a number of worldviews, has been outlined and explained.

Using quadratic discriminant analysis for osteometric pair‐matching of long bone antimeres: An evaluation on modern and archaeological samples

AbstractA common problem in forensic anthropology is the pair‐matching of left and right bone antimeres. Several osteometric sorting models have been proposed in the last 20 years, with a recent acceleration in new methodological articles bringing sometimes contradictory results or recommendations. These debates demonstrate the need for a statistical tool both accurate and easily applicable by the final user. We present here an approach based on quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). This approach is evaluated on antimeric pairs of humeri and femora from the openly available Goldman Data Set and compared with two classical and previously published methods for osteometric pair‐matching, based respectively on linear regressions and t tests. It is shown that QDA globally outperforms existing solutions for reassociating those long bones, in particular by rejecting fewer true bone pairs at the classical α level of .10. The accuracy of all three methods is analysed through receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the influence of the choice of a decision threshold. The application on archaeological commingled remains of pair‐matching models learned on a modern reference multipopulation sample is discussed. Finally, an R package containing the functions used for this study, bonepairs, is publicly available online. This ensures the full replicability of results and an easy use of the new method introduced here.

Plurality in the Theological Struggle against Apartheid

AbstractThe church struggle against apartheid remains a key case study in ecumenical public theology, with particular relevance for the Reformed tradition. The importance of Christian theology in both the justification of and opposition to apartheid is well known. Also, the process of ecumenical discernment for responding to apartheid became a significant marker in global ecumenical reflection on what today we might describe as public theology. However, the idea of a theological struggle against apartheid risks ironing out the different theological positions that oppose apartheid. This article highlights some of the attempts to analyze the theological plurality in responses to apartheid. Then it proceeds to present an alternative way of viewing this plurality by focusing on the way in which different classic theological questions were drawn upon to analyze apartheid theologically. Using as examples the important theologians David Bosch, Simon Maimela, and Albert Nolan, it highlights how apartheid was described as a problem of ecclesiology, theological anthropology, and soteriology. It argues that this plurality of theological analyses allows us to rediscover theological resources that might be of particular significance as race and racism take on new forms in either democratic South Africa or the contemporary world. Simultaneously, it serves as a valuable example in considering a variety of theological questions when theologically reflecting on issues of public concern.

To the problem of the spatial field paradigm research in education

The article is devoted to the analysis of key problems and development trends of modern teacher education. The author systematizes and interprets these phenomena, based on the results of the All-Russian Forum «Modern Development of Pedagogical Education» (Grozny, September 28- 2 9, 2019) and the Scientifc and Educational Forum «Russia - China: New Frontiers and Prospects for Humanitarian Cooperation» (Moscow, RAO, October 17- 1 8, 2019). Several research focuses were highlighted, including: problems of state policy in education (continuity, conceptuality, etc.); theoretical and methodological problems of project management; problems of internal and external cooperation; problems of management and conceptualization of innovative processes and problems of anthropology of education. As one of the possible tools for a meaningful discussion and solution of all these problems, the humanitarian methodology and the «spatial-feld approach» (paradigm) of the interpretation of educational phenomena emerging in its framework, which is consistent with the relevant ideas of K. Levin (psychology), P. Bourdieu (sociology), are considered) and R. Tom (linguistics). In conclusion of the article, the author offers some strategic guidelines for research in each of these areas.

COSMIC POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN BEING

The article analyzes the conceptual certainty of the cosmic basis of humanexistence. Man is considered as an organic and active part of the Cosmos. Moreover, human personality manifestations are various, they are not reduced to any one way of being. They realize the connection of a man with the environment, with other people, with himself in different being states and, finally, with Cosmos in its universality. The last connection is carried out at the spiritual level in the form of knowledge and other spiritual forms.The author focuses on the fact that the spirit is the space in which the human personality is formed as a spiritual being. Spirit, in turn, is associated with the cosmic existence of man, because it is a specific formation, which accumulates the spiritual energy of mankind, above its manifestation, through which the process of self-development of the Cosmos is carried out.By asserting itself in the world, a person is constantly searching foropportunities to take root in it. The universe opens boundless horizons before it, but they must be understood, mastered, appropriated. This is what determines the constant spiritual exploration, measurements of infinity, polyphonic silence voiced by means of philosophy.In theoretical explanations of the appearance of human, there are more and more people who, first of all, connect human existence with space. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, man was determined by the fact that he belonged to the general structure of the space. Thus, for example, the problem of all neoplaton anthropology, starting with Plato and Proclus, was the ratio of the human mind to the world mind.The famous medieval thinker Ibn Gebirol expressed confidence in the identity of human and the universe. In Ukrainian philosophical thought, the idea of human cosmic origin is essentially traditional. It is most vividly expressed by Hryhori Skovoroda. The relationship between macro- and microcosmos is constantly being clarified on the pages of his works.The fundamental difference between the philosophers’ desire for wisdom and the scientists for erudition is hidden in their relation to knowledge. The undervaluing of philosophy and philosophical knowledge has led to the fact that modern research in cosmology, biology and neuroscience is completely unrelated and does not enrich each other through explorations. In the philosophical tradition, knowledge is the way to the Divine, or, in the terminology of Modern philosophy, it is the way to the ontology of the cosmos. Thus, there’s a lot of evidence of human cosmic origin and cosmic connections.By space in this case, we mean the universe, what is beyond it, including the latter as part of it. This world of space is represented by science as a set of galaxies, star clusters, processes of transformation of one material state into another. And only the ability of an individual to assert himself under any conditions makes a human being a real beginning of human existence. It is potentially contained in the cosmic origin of man, but it is realized by him in the personal space between and non-existence.

Missing Data Imputation Using Morphoscopic Traits and Their Performance in the Estimation of Ancestry

Missing data are an inherent problem in biological anthropology for both reference data sets and individual cases. The goal of data imputation for forensic anthropological applications is to accurately estimate missing values by using other, observed values. To quantify the accuracy of macromorphoscopic data in conditions with slight (10%), moderate (25%), and severe (50%, 75%, and 90%) amounts of missing data, we selected four data-imputation techniques: Hot Deck, iterative robust model-based imputation (IRMI), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and the variable medians. Hefner’s Macromorphoscopic Databank was used (Hefner 2018); the full sample consisted of 688 individuals from 3 U.S. populations (Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites). Six cranial macromorphoscopic variants were scored in accordance with Hefner (2009). The five data sets with missing data were randomly simulated over multiple iterations (N = 500 each) from the original data. These data sets were compared for agreement using weighted Cohen’s kappa and correct classification accuracies over multiple iterations (N = 500) calculated for the original data set. The latter comparisons were also used to examine the effects of imputed data on classification accuracies. Results suggest that IRMI is the most accurate method for imputing missing data, followed by k-NN, in each of the comparisons for nearly all of the variables imputed.

Existential problematics in the films of Pedro Costa

Films of the Portuguese director Pedro Costa seldom steal the limelight of cinema scholarship. The specific marginality of his works, the complex semi-documentary structure of his films and, at first glance, the social nature of his subjects complicate the analysis of his films. This essay undertakes a detailed investigation of his films' structures and problematics in the context of intellectual development in 21st-century European cinema. Four films by Costa Bones (Ossos, 1997), In Vandas Room (No Quarto da Vanda, 2000), Colossal Youth (Juventude em Marcha, 2006) and Horse Money (Cavalo Dinheiro, 2014) are regarded as elements of a single artistic system that transforms, becomes more complex and absorbs more and more cultural codes.
 The essay defines the motifs representative of the four films, visual metaphors that refer to sacred texts and the gradual transformation of the directors aesthetics. It is motivated by the necessity to carry out a complex research of all components of Costas films from the existential perspective: in the authors opinion, such perspective gives the opportunity to define specific features of the directors aesthetics. The systemic interdisciplinary approach is determined by the necessity to expose the aesthetic and anthropological problems explored in Costa's films and to define their philosophical basis, using a combined historical, cultural, semiotic, anthropological and hermeneutical approach. The essay concludes that the core of Pedro Costas art relates to existential philosophy and anthropology and that his main concern is spirituality, a theme realized most adequately via cinema.

CONTRACTUALISTIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE GENDER: POSSIBILITIES AND BORDERS

Purpose. The purpose of the study is critical reconstruction of gender issues within the framework of modern political philosophy and political anthropology, in-depth reflection of the phenomena of justice, identity, human dignity in the aspect of their gender measurements and the search for the answer to the fundamental question for leading gender discourses: is freedom and justice, in fact, possible only together with stresses, a feeling of one’s sense-rooted belonging to one or another community? Theoretical basis. The supplement of the phenomenological and transcendental methodology by the method of contractualism directs the study of the topic specified in the article’s title into a new direction, and reflects its essential measurements and aspects. Understanding gender as an important philosophical and anthropological problem and a complex "social construct" precisely within the framework of the latest critical and self-critical versions of the theory of social contract reveal fruitful perspectives for political philosophy and anthropology. Originality. The study of the phenomena of "recognition" (A. Honneth) of "gender justice" (N. Fraser), "moral sense" (E. Tugendhat) outlines the possibilities and sense of filling the principle of social contract with a specific theoretical and practical content, substantiates the need to expand the philosophical and anthropological interpretation space of gender issues. Conclusions. Significance of the gender community for the sociocultural and existential identity of the individual enables (through organic, life-world belonging to a certain tradition and culture) his/her security and the ability to adequately orient in difficult life situations. However, the main purpose of human life is the ability to self-identity, even after profound changes in the structure of personality that arise in difficult situations of contempt and injustice.

Research activity of IEA RAS in 2018: main achievements

The article presents the key results achieved The Russian Academy of Sciences N.N. Miklouho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology in 2018, which is one of the leading Russian scientific institutions in the field. In the context of the research activities conducted by the Institute, the authors highlight the development of some fundamental issues of ethnology, socio-cultural and physical anthropology, as well as of a number of interdisciplinary areas. A brief review of the main publications representing the most significant scientific results is given. Special sections of the article reveal the key points of organizational and expert activities. The main vectors of international cooperation are indicated. Key words: IEA RAS, problems of ethnology and anthropology, research, expeditions, education, international cooperation, expert work.

The nature of the biological material and the irreproducibility problem in biomedical research.

Biomedical research has a reproducibility problem since various crucial landmark papers could not be independently reproduced. While there are many causes related to statistical analysis, methodology or insufficient reporting of experimental details, this commentary argues that the complexity of biological material itself is, until now, a largely ignored source of irreproducibility. By discussing examples from evolutionary biology, intrinsically disordered proteins and current biomedical research, it contends that some results are irreproducible because we do not have the knowledge, the tools or the analytical ability to understand biological complexity and how it can give rise to different results. Instead of casting irreproducible research out as bad or sloppy science, they should serve as an inspiration for pioneering research not just to develop such tools but also to attempt to explore what lies beneath our current inability to deal with complexity.

АНТРОПОЛОГІЧНІ УЯВЛЕННЯ МИСЛИТЕЛІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДІАСПОРИ: РЕЛІГІЙНІ ТА ФІЛОСОФСЬКІ ВПЛИВИ

The study examines theoretical sources of the Ukrainian diaspora thinkers that influenced ideas about the person. Through the prism of the diversity of their creative heritage, one can identify the peculiar directions of their religious and philosophical vision, which was based on spirit, mind, heart, transcendence, which correlate with the Divine principle of human existence. It is emphasized that the ideas about a person of the Ukrainian diaspora thinkers were influenced, firstly, by religious ideas (ethnic religion, Christian anthropology); secondly, anthropological problems in the works of ancient Rus' thinkers (the development of the idea of cordocentrism); concepts about a person Gregory Skovoroda, Pamfil Yurkevich (the doctrine of the "internal" person, the heart as the focus of spirituality and morality) thirdly, the Western European philosophical anthropological tradition (psychoanalysis, existentialism, personalism, dialogism, etc.). Due to the existing positions, it can be established that the anthropological trend in the religious views of the Ukrainian diaspora was expressed in such positions: the anthropological perspective was comprehended against the background of a religious worldview, which was reflected in the model of the "man-God-peace" relationship. Diaspora scholars have identified man as the highest value, reflected in its everyday orientations and priorities. Their anthropological teaching is based on the existential-anthropological dominant, which largely determines the content and basic structural and semantic aspects of their religious and philosophical heritage. In fact, the assertion and actualization of diaspora discourse took place on the basis of a synthesis of the domestic religious and philosophical tradition and pan-European anthropological ideas. Intertwining into a kind of mosaic, various influences formed the syncretic religious-philosophical doctrine of person, which is key to the writings of diaspora thinkers.

V научная видеоконференция «Человек как существо природное, социальное, экзистенциальное: “болевые точки” философской антропологии» (памяти Павла Семёновича Гуревича). Москва–Нижний Новгород, 11 июня 2019 г.

11 июня 2019 г. прошла V ежегодная научная видеоконференция, организованная сектором истории антропологических учений Института философии РАН (г. Москва) и факультетом социальных наук Нижегородского государственного университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского (г. Нижний Новгород), посвящённая памяти выдающегося мыслителя Павла Семёновича Гуревича. На конференции были затронуты глобальные проблемы, перед которыми сегодня стоит человечество. Сквозной прозвучала тема влияния современных технологий на человеческую природу, мышление и эмоциональный мир человека, чрезвычайно обострившая проблему смысла человеческого существования. Были проанализированы современные естественнонаучные и философско-антропологические концепции, претендующие на описание исторических перспектив развития человечества. В процессе дискуссии участники обратили внимание на многоликость человека: его можно считать зверем или, напротив, историческим актором, к нему можно относиться как к реальному существу, но есть основание считать его фиктивным, виртуальным и галлюцинаторным. Человек стал множественным и в перспективе беспредельно разным. Было показано, что глубокого изучения требуют многие проблемы философской антропологии, в том числе затронутые в процессе обсуждения. Но в центре философских размышлений оказывается вопрос: удастся ли человеку сохранить самого себя? Ведь, как писал П.С. Гуревич в своей книге «Классическая и неклассическая антропология: сравнительный анализ», после десяти тысяч лет истории человек впервые стал целиком и полностью проблематичным. Он уже не знает, что он такое, но знает об этом незнании.