Problem For Hundreds Research Articles

Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence-Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives from a Public Health Perspective.

No single effective therapy for alcohol abuse has been found, despite it being a serious sociological and economic problem for hundreds of years. It seems difficult to find a single drug as a panacea for the alcohol problem due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. The purpose of this narrative review is to review existing and potentially future pharmaceuticals for the treatment of alcohol dependence in the most affordable way possible. Psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for alcoholism, while few drugs approved by legislators are available in the augmentation of this treatment, such as acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone, approved by the FDA, and nalmefene by the EMA. There are recent reports in the literature on the possibility of using baclofen, topiramate, varenicline, and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Moreover, the results of recent clinical trials using psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and MDMA appear to be a breakthrough in the modern treatment of alcohol abuse. Despite this initial optimism, a lot of scientific effort is still needed before new pharmacological methods supporting the treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome will be widely available.

Prioritized Safe Interval Path Planning for Multi-Agent Pathfinding With Continuous Time on 2D Roadmaps

We address a challenging multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) problem for hundreds of agents moving on a 2D roadmap with continuous time. Despite its known potential for producing better solutions compared to typical grid and discrete-time cases, few approaches have been established to solve this problem due to the intractability of collision checks on a large scale. In this work, we propose Prioritized Safe-Interval Path Planning with Continuous-Time Conflicts (PSIPP/CTC) that extends a scalable prioritized planning algorithm to work on the 2D roadmap and continuous-time setup by alleviating intensive collision checks. Our approach involves a novel concept named Continuous-Time Conflict (CTC), which describes a pair among vertices and edges associated with continuous-time intervals within which collisions can happen between agents. We pre-compute CTCs using geometric neighbor-search and sweeping techniques and annotate roadmaps with the CTCs just once before planning starts. Doing so allows us to efficiently enumerate collision-free time intervals for all vertices and edges and find each agent's path with continuous time in prioritized planning. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that PSIPP/CTC significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of planning success rate and runtime while maintaining an acceptable solution quality. As a proof of concept, we also confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach on a physics simulation with differential wheeled robots.

A weak-intrusive stochastic finite element method for stochastic structural dynamics analysis

This paper presents a weak-intrusive stochastic finite element method for solving stochastic structural dynamics equations. In this method, the stochastic solution is decomposed into the summation of a series of products of random variables, spatial vectors and temporal functions. An iterative algorithm is proposed to compute each triplet of the random variable, spatial vector and temporal function one by one. The original stochastic dynamics problem is firstly transformed into spatial–temporal coupled problems (i.e. deterministic structural dynamics equations), which can be solved efficiently by existing FEM solvers. Based on the solution of the spatial–temporal coupled problem, the original problem is then transformed into stochastic-temporal coupled problems (i.e. one-dimensional second-order stochastic ordinary differential equations), which are solved by a proposed sampling method. All random sources are embedded into the stochastic-temporal coupled problems. The proposed sampling method can solve the stochastic-temporal problems of hundreds of dimensions with low computational costs. Thus the curse of dimensionality in high-dimensional stochastic spaces is avoided with great success. Three numerical examples, including low- and high-dimensional stochastic problems, are used to demonstrate the good accuracy and the high efficiency of the proposed method.

Potential formula of the nonregular m\u2009\xd7\u2009n fan network and its application

Potential formula of an arbitrary resistor network has been an unsolved problem for hundreds of years, which is an interdisciplinary problem that involves many areas of natural science. A new progress has been made in this paper, which discovered the potential formula of a nonregular m × n fan network with two arbitrary boundaries by the Recursion-Transform method with potential parameters (simply call RT-V). The nonregular m × n fan network is a multipurpose network contains several different types of network model such as the interesting snail network and hart network. In the meantime, we discussed the semi-infinite fan network and a series of novel and special conclusions are produced, the effective resistance is educed naturally. The discovery of potential formulae of resistor network provides new theoretical tools and techniques for related scientific research.

A single machine scheduling problem to minimize total early work

We study a single machine scheduling problem, where the objective is minimum total early work. In this setting, a job is penalized according to the duration of the parts of the job completed prior to its due-date. First we prove that the problem is NP-hard. Then, based on a number of properties of an optimal schedule, we introduce a pseudo-polynomial dynamic programming algorithm, verifying NP-hardness in the ordinary sense. Our numerical tests indicate that the dynamic programming solves problems of hundreds of jobs in very reasonable time.

Scalable tuning of building models to hourly data

Energy models of existing buildings are unreliable unless calibrated so that they correlate well with actual energy usage. Manual tuning requires a skilled professional and is prohibitively expensive for small projects, imperfect, non-repeatable, and not scalable to the dozens of sensor channels that smart meters, smart appliances, and sensors are making available. A scalable, automated methodology is needed to quickly, intelligently calibrate building energy models to all available data, increase the usefulness of those models, and facilitate speed-and-scale penetration of simulation-based capabilities into the marketplace for actualized energy savings. The “Autotune” project is a novel, model-agnostic methodology that leverages supercomputing, large simulation ensembles, and big data mining with multiple machine learning algorithms to allow automatic calibration of simulations that match measured experimental data in a way that is deployable on commodity hardware. This paper shares several methodologies employed to reduce the combinatorial complexity to a computationally tractable search problem for hundreds of input parameters. Accuracy metrics are provided that quantify model error to measured data for either monthly or hourly electrical usage from a highly instrumented, emulated-occupancy research home.

Harnessing Anesthesia and Brain Imaging for the Study of Human Consciousness

Philosophers have been trying to solve the mind-body problem for hundreds of years. Consciousness is the core of this problem: How do subjective conscious sensations, perceptions, feelings, and thoughts arise out of objective physical brain activities? How is this subjective conscious world in causal interaction with the objective sensory and motor mechanisms of the brain and the body? Although we witness the seamless interaction of the mental and the physical worlds in our everyday lives, no scientific theory can yet fully describe or explain it. The hard problem of consciousness, the question why and how any brain activity should be accompanied by any subjective experiences at all, remains a mystery and a challenge for modern science. Anesthesia offers a unique and safe way to directly manipulate the state of consciousness and can, thus, be used as a tool in consciousness research. With neuroimaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performed at different states of consciousness, it is possible to visualize the state-related changes and pinpoint the brain structures or neural mechanisms related to changes in consciousness. With these tools, neurosciences now show promise in disentangling the eternal enigma of human consciousness. In this article, we will review the recent advancements in the field.

Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dates of the Corded Ware Culture

This paper presents and discusses radiocarbon dates of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) from different regions of Europe (mainly from southern and central Germany and southern and central Poland). The main questions addressed are the controversial significance of particular results, the incompatibility of the obtained date sequences, and the “imprecision of the method.” There is clearly the problem of hundreds of dates from different laboratories and performed in different years. A slight difference in the results leads to an “elongated” chronology and acceptance of a model with synchronicity of many cultural groups. The proposed verification of the 14C chronology is connected with both the dendrochronological method and the comparison of dating sequences obtained from particular regions. At present, the most reliable dating scheme for the Corded Ware culture is the one based on the dendrochronological dates of settlements on Swiss lakes; therefore, the scheme must constitute a reference point for 14C analyses conducted for other regions. Due to the typological diversity of materials, however, not every situation allows for this approach. Thus, many 14C grave dates, particularly the results referring to the late CWC phase (after ~2400 BC), remain controversial.

Investigation of the effects of Chinese medicine on fibroblast viability: implications in wound healing

Diabetes mellitus has been a clinical problem for hundreds of years. Over 194 million people suffer from this disease worldwide. Improper control of diabetes may result in diabetic foot ulcer or even amputation. Granulation formation is an important issue essential for ulcer healing. The CRL-7522 fibroblast cell line and primary fibroblasts from a diabetic foot ulcer patient were used to model the wound healing enhancing activities of two clinically efficacious Chinese herbal formulae, Formula 1 (F1) and Formula 2 (F2) and their component herbs. Results showed that the two formulae and four of their component herbs, Radix Astragali, Radix Rehmanniae, Rhizoma Alismatis and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae significantly enhanced CRL-7522 cell viability. However, these component herbs showed compromised effects on the viability of primary fibroblasts cultured from the ulcerous tissue of a diabetic patient. Interestingly, F1 and F2 enhanced the viability of primary cultured fibroblasts from the diabetic patient even in the face of insulin resistance. These results further support the previously reported clinical efficacies of the two formulae on healing diabetic foot ulcers.

Hull 1: Hangers-on 0

Epiphytic algae and other passengers on the bottoms of boats can severely increase the resistance to smooth passage through water, and such fouling has been a maritime problem for hundreds of years. Although anti-fouling paints have been used with some success, they are not a permanent solution and their toxicity can endanger other marine life. An environmentally responsible alternative using magnets has been proposed by Jill Shaw and colleagues (Glasgow Marine Technology Centre and University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne's Dove Marine Laboratory, UK). Although it might not be 100% effective, the incorporation of magnets in steel structures is worth considering, and might mean that algae hold-fast no longer. [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/press.release/content.phtml?ref=979231314]. NC

The Legal Legacy of the Resurrectionists

Abstract The availability of human cadavers for dissection has been a continuing problem for hundreds of years. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, body stealing or grave robbing became common in order to meet the demands of physicians and medical schools for bodies for dissection. The activities of the grave robbers, or “resurrectionists,” as they were also called, created a public outcry. Numerous laws were enacted to provide criminal sanctions for body snatching. It was not until the late nineteenth century, however, that body donation laws dried up the lucrative practice of the resurrectionists. Indirectly, their legal legacy persists to this day.

Coal dust flames: A review and development of a model for flame propagation

Coal mine explosions have been a problem for hundreds of years. The projected need for coal as an energy source will demand increased subsurface mining, in turn requiring improved techniques for the prevention of dust explosions. Preventive procedures, however, must rely on fundamental knowledge concerning the behavior of coal dust combustion. To this end, a review of coal dust combustion as reported in the literature is presented, and a mathematical model of flame propagation through coal dust-air mixtures is developed in detail. The model is basically used to predict burning velocities and to study the structure of coal dust-air flames. It is well known that coal particles burn in a very complicated manner. The combustion process includes heterogeneous surface reactions, devolatilization and subsequent reaction of the volatile components, swelling, cracking, and other physiochemical changes to the particles. In addition, it is known that coal particles do not always burn simply as shrinking spheres, but can burn internally and form cenospheres (hollow spheres) as well. The composition of the volatiles released, and the combustion itself, depend upon the rate of heating in a flame, thereby making analytical description of the process extremely difficult. This paper reviews the important studies reported in the literature which describe both the heterogeneous combustion processes for coal particles, including rapid pyrolysis toward volatile matter, and the subsequent gas-phase (homogeneous) reactions of the volatiles with the air. For example, the rate of heating of the coal particles determines the ratio of volatiles to fixed char in dry (ash-free) coal. Therefore the chemical source terms in any model must attempt to include as much as is known of the reported information on this key aspect. In addition, discussion is included of the experimental measurements carried out with coal dust flames in an attempt to categorize the data into two major classes; Class I experiments, having been conducted in open tubes or on small burners, and Class II experiments performed in enclosed furnaces or ducts. The major role of such enclosures is to act as a shield against heat losses, which can have a pronounced effect on the measured flame speed. It is our contention that the Class II tests are described by our model. The model that has been developed predicts steady (laminar) flame structure and flame speeds for premixed coal dust-air mixtures. The model takes into account radiative transport, two-phase flow conservation equations, heterogeneous carbon gasification and rapid devolatilization of the coal particles, and subsequent gas-phase combustion of the volatiles.

Linguistic Experiment in Brazil

A great deal has been said and more has been written both for and against the so-called Army method of teaching languages. This paper is not intended as an apology for the method nor is it intended as an argument against it. It will describe in detail a large-scale experiment conducted under the auspices of the War Department and allow you to draw your own conclusions. I shall try to be as objective as possible. Sometime in 1943, when the War and Navy Departments established their many A.S.T. and kindred programs, the nationwide publicity attracted special interest in Brazil, where the Military Attach6 in Rio was faced with the problem of hundreds of officers unable to speak Portuguese. The problem was of particular interest to a young captain Williams, who had followed with enthusiasm the claims of the new method. He was not a professional linguist, but as an officer he realized that friendly relations could be established only through mutual understanding of each other's language. He was able to interest the general in charge of the area, who in turn requested a linguistic expert from the Education Division in Washington. The War Department was somewhat busy with other major problems in 1943, and it wasn't until March 1945 that the request was put through. Since I had been in charge of the writing of two Army texts in Portuguese, I was asked if I would care to go down to Rio, with my wife as my assistant, to undertake the teaching of Portuguese to the American personnel and English to the Brazilian personnel. My wife had been my assistant throughout the writing of the texts. Nothing more was heard of the matter until the beginning of July of that year when we were vacationing in Quebec. A telephone call from Washington requested an immediate answer. They were ready to send me to Brazil, but I would have to go alone. My wife urged me to seize the opportunity, and I arrived in Rio on July 16th. Mysterious are the ways of the Army, for when I arrived in Rio the general asked me why I did not bring my wife, as was expected. Certain conditions which were true of that experiment can hardly be duplicated. A conference with the general resulted in an order of the day issued the next morning ordering all Army personnel to study Portuguese in class for one hour a day five days a week. He was willing to make it six days, if I felt it necessary. No exceptions. Overnight provisions were made for about one hundred officers and enlisted men, and before the end of the week all of them, including the general himself and the secretaries, were studying Portuguese.

International Refugee Organization

To provide a final solution to the problems of hundreds of thousands of refugees and persons displaced by the war and who still remain in the occupied zones of Europe, the International Refugee Organization was established by the United Nations. The General Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Organization on December 15 by a vote of 30 to 5, with 18 abstentions, and the agreement was opened for signature the following day.

Cold Storage of Southern Eggs

The preservation of food products from the harvest or season of plenty, for consumption when the fresh articles are not available, has been an outstanding economic problem for hundreds of years. Eggs, like most food products, are most plentiful in the Spring and scarce in the Fall. The practice of preserving eggs is undoubtedly very old. From the work of Brown (1915) it is apparent that the first patent taken out for the preservation of eggs was about 1812; the Jayne method of lime-water, which is still quite generally used. Numerous other patents have been issued since the above date, but none of the methods covered by these patents have become very popular. This is probably due to the fact that eggs so preserved are suitable primarily for home use; and too, the cost of the preservative and container amounts to 3c to 5c per dozen with most methods, which .

A Device That Assists in Answering Letters of Inquiry

Answering letters of inquiry is one of the serious problems that confront many Experiment Station and Agricultural College workers. This is especially true, at those institutions with limited facilities, where this correspondence has to be done by the investigator or teacher at odd times.The inquirer wants and expects quick action. Furthermore he is entitled to pressing invitations to send in his troubles. These troubles of the poultry raiser are more numerous during the busy season. At this time the station or college man is also busy with his work. He gets, to put it in the vernacular, “a double dose”. He has his own regular work to do and in addition the problems of hundreds of others to solve, all in the busy season. It was with the idea of remedying this situation that I have applied, in my own work, the device or system of answering letters of…