Probiotic Foods Research Articles

Investigating the Probiotic Potential of Vegan Puree Mixture: Viability during Simulated Digestion and Bioactive Compound Bioaccessibility.

This study aimed to develop a fermented puree mixture containing plant-based ingredients and potential probiotic strains Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusK3 and Lactobacillus johnsonii K4. The survival of potential probiotic strains, changes in sugar and organic acid concentrations, bioaccessibility of polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity after simulated digestion were examined with sensory quality. The mixture of apple puree, chia seeds, and oat bran or oat flakes was fermented. The sensory quality of the puree mixture was assessed by the quantitative descriptive profile (QDP) method. In vitro digestion was simulated using a static gastrointestinal model. Antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content were analyzed before and after the digestion phases. All samples changed sensory profiles after fermentation. The overall quality was above six out of ten for every product. Fermentation also changed the organic acid composition, with significant increases in lactic, succinic, and acetic acids. After the digestion process, the survival rate remained above 5.8 log10 CFU/g. As a result of fermentation with potential probiotics, the bioaccessibility of the total phenolics and antioxidant activity increased. These results showed that the addition of potential probiotic strains increases nutritional value and could help with healthy nourishment habits. This knowledge can guide the development of consumer-satisfying products in the food industry, expanding the probiotic food market with innovative alternatives.

Investigating the Efficacy of Kidney-Protective Lactobacillus Mixture-Containing Pet Treats in Feline Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Possible Mechanism.

Microbiota-based strategies are a novel auxiliary therapeutic and preventative way of moderating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lactobacillus mixture (Lm) was previously demonstrated to exert a renal-protective function in the CKD mice model. The efficacy of probiotics in pet foods is a relatively new area of study, and thus verifying the potential health benefits is necessary. This study evaluated the efficacy of Lm treats in feline CKD and elucidated the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions. CKD cats (2 and 3 stages) were administrated probiotic pet treats daily (10 g) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated that during the eight weeks of Lm administration, creatinine was reduced or maintained in all cats with CKD. Similarly, gut-derived uremic toxin (GDUT), indoxyl sulfate (IS), were potential clinical significance in IS after Lm treatment (confidence intervals = 90%). The life quality of the cats also improved. Feline gut microbiome data, metabolic functional pathway, and renal function indicator analyses revealed the possible mechanisms involved in modulating CKD feline microbial composition. Further regulation of the microbial functions in amino acid metabolism after Lm administration contributed to downregulating deleterious GDUTs. The current study provides potential adjuvant therapeutic insights into probiotic pet foods or treats for pets with CKD.

Bifidobacterium species viability in dairy-based probiotic foods: challenges and innovative approaches for accurate viability determination and monitoring of probiotic functionality.

Bifidobacterium species are essential members of a healthy human gut microbiota. Their presence in the gut is associated with numerous health outcomes such as protection against gastrointestinal tract infections, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. Regular intake of Bifidobacterium in foods is a sustainable way of maintaining the health benefits associated with its use as a probiotic. Owing to their global acceptance, fermented dairy products (particularly yogurt) are considered the ideal probiotic carrier foods. As envisioned in the definition of probiotics as "live organisms," the therapeutic functionalities of Bifidobacterium spp. depend on maintaining their viability in the foods up to the point of consumption. However, sustaining Bifidobacterium spp. viability during the manufacture and shelf-life of fermented dairy products remains challenging. Hence, this paper discusses the significance of viability as a prerequisite for Bifidobacterium spp. probiotic functionality. The paper focuses on the stress factors that influence Bifidobacterium spp. viability during the manufacture and shelf life of yogurt as an archetypical fermented dairy product that is widely accepted as a delivery vehicle for probiotics. It further expounds the Bifidobacterium spp. physiological and genetic stress response mechanisms as well as the methods for viability retention in yogurt, such as microencapsulation, use of oxygen scavenging lactic acid bacterial strains, and stress-protective agents. The report also explores the topic of viability determination as a critical factor in probiotic quality assurance, wherein, the limitations of culture-based enumeration methods, the challenges of species and strain resolution in the presence of lactic acid bacterial starter and probiotic species are discussed. Finally, new developments and potential applications of next-generation viability determination methods such as flow cytometry, propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR), next-generation sequencing, and single-cell Raman spectroscopy (SCRS) methods are examined.

Development and Characterization of a Functional Ice Cream from Sheep Milk Enriched with Microparticulated Whey Proteins, Inulin, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Bifidobacterium BB-12®

The aim of this work was develop a technological process for the manufacturing of an ice cream from sheep milk, enriched with both functional ingredients and probiotic bacteria. The studied process involved the use of an enriched milk (EM) obtained by mixing predetermined amounts of sheep skimmed milk concentrated by ultrafiltration (retentate), cream from sheep’s milk and whey, microparticulated whey proteins (MWP), obtained by ultrafiltration of sweet sheep whey as a source of whey proteins, marine algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. as a source of the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), inulin as a prebiotic fiber, and locust bean gum as a stabilizer. The resulting EM was inoculated with starter and aroma cultures together with the probiotic culture of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12®) in order to obtain a fermented functional product (FFP) with a physico-chemical composition similar to that of EM. FFP was the main ingredient (~80%, w/w) in the ice cream mixture. Two sucrose-alternative sweeteners (trehalose and erythritol), together with dextrose, were subsequently added to obtain the final ice cream formulation. The resulting ice cream met three nutritional claims: “Source of protein”, “Source of fiber” and “High in omega-3 fatty acids” listed in Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EU) No 116/2010. Furthermore, the ice cream satisfied the requirement of “probiotic food” according to the Italian Ministry of Health’s guidelines for probiotics. The nutritional characteristics of the ice cream, including the concentration of the probiotic culture, remained stable up to 120 days of storage at −20 ± 2 °C.

Formulation of a probiotic product using Almond gum.

The application of probiotics in food has expanded significantly, yet its viability remains a challenge. In response to this issue, this study explores a unique approach. Almond gum, a natural extract from Prunus dulcis, is utilized as the primary carrier matrix for a novel probiotic product featuring Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast. This study involves the entrapment of S. boulardii in almond gum through centrifugation (5 min at 1300 × g) and subsequent 24 h drying at 50 °C. Sensory evaluation and other investigations were conducted at different pH levels to assess viability and performance. Post-drying entrapment efficiency was 83.85%, underscoring the benefits of choosing almond gum as a carrier matrix. Promising results were observed from viability testing conducted in gastric juice (pH 1.2) and in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). Matrix stability was assessed by measuring cfu ml-1 following 7 days' storage at different temperatures, complemented by sensory analysis. Almond gum is a promising carrier matrix for probiotic products. Its high entrapment efficiency and its viability under challenging pH conditions demonstrate its efficacy. It is rich in carbohydrates and serves a dual purpose by acting as a prebiotic source, as confirmed through ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) analysis. The study underscores the potential of this novel approach, providing insights into responses to viability challenges in probiotic food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Selection of a Probiotic for Its Potential for Developing a Synbiotic Peach and Grape Juice.

Due to recent interest in the potential of probiotics as health promoters and the impact of health and environmental concerns on eating habits, non-dairy probiotic food products are required. This study aimed to evaluate the viability of different probiotic microorganisms in peach and grape juice (PGJ) with or without the prebiotic inulin and their antimicrobial activity against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and the juice spoilage microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Firstly, the viability of seven probiotic strains was studied in PGJ with an initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL for 21 days at 4 °C and for 3 days at 37 °C. In parallel, the physicochemical effect, the antimicrobial effect and the lactic acid production in PGJ were evaluated. Secondly, the probiotic with the best viability results was selected to study its antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes and S. cerevisiae, as well as ethanol and acetaldehyde production by the latter. L. casei showed the highest viability and grew in both refrigerated and fermentation conditions (1 log), produced the greatest lactic acid (5.12 g/L) and demonstrated in vitro anti-Listeria activity. Although the addition of the prebiotic did not improve the viability, lactic acid production or anti-Listeria activity of the probiotics, under the conditions studied, the prebiotic potential of inulin, support the design of a synbiotic juice. Finally, although none of the probiotic, fermentation products, or postbiotics showed any antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes or S. cerevisiae, the addition of L. casei to the PGJ significantly reduced the production of S. cerevisiae metabolite ethanol (29%) and acetaldehyde (50%). L. casei might be a suitable probiotic to deliver a safe and functional PGJ, although further research should be carried out to determine the effect of the probiotic and fermentation on the nutritional profile of PGJ.

Utilizing chitosan and pullulan for the encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 to enhance its vitality in the gastrointestinal tract

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 has demonstrated effective alleviation of gastritis and colitis, making it crucial to improve its viability within the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, Chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL) encapsulated nanofibers of ZJ316 were prepared using electrospinning, considering both the synergistic effects of prebiotics and probiotics and their protective effects. We found that increasing the CS ratio resulted in elevated conductivity of the polymer solution, while decreasing viscosity and pH. Scanning electron microscopy showed that at a CS: PUL ratio of 1:135, polymer filaments were difficult to form, and nanofiber diameter decreased with higher CS content. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the miscibility of CS and PUL, while ATR-FTIR demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions between the two materials. Thermal analysis indicated that an increased CS concentration improved the thermal stability of the nanofibers. Based on these findings, the optimal CS:PUL ratio for electrospinning was determined to be 1:60. Encapsulation of ZJ316 in the nanofibers significantly enhanced its survival rate in simulated gastrointestinal fluid compared to free bacteria, with survival rates of 87.24 % (gastric) and 79.71 % (intestinal), respectively. This study provides valuable insights for the development of probiotic functional foods.

Yeast strains isolated from fermented beverage produce extracellular vesicles with anti-inflammatory effects

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered particles, containing various biomolecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, released by cells from all the domains of life and performing multiple communication functions. Evidence suggests that the interaction between host immune cells and fungal EVs induces modulation of the immune system. Most of the studies on fungal EVs have been conducted in the context of fungal infections; therefore, there is a knowledge gap in what concerns the production of EVs by yeasts in other contexts rather than infection and that may affect human health. In this work, we characterized EVs obtained by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia fermentans strains isolated from a fermented milk product with probiotic properties. The immunomodulation abilities of EVs produced by these strains have been studied in vitro through immune assays after internalization from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Results showed a significant reduction in antigen presentation activity of dendritic cells treated with the fermented milk EVs. The small RNA fraction of EVs contained mainly yeast mRNA sequences, with a few molecular functions enriched in strains of two different species isolated from the fermented milk. Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory properties of probiotic foods could be mediated by the interactions of human immune cells with yeast EVs.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРОБИОТИКА, ПОДВЕРГНУТОГО СОЧЕТАННОМУ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЮ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ЧАСТИЦ И ГИПОМАГНИТНОЙ СРЕДЫ, В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ С ВЫВЕШИВАНИЕМ КРЫС

A probiotic food subjected to a combined exposure to hypomagnetism and heavy charged particles was tested for the ability to counteract the negative effects of these spaceflight factors. The experiment was conducted with 36 male Wistar rats. The experimental group of animals (n=18) was tail-suspended for 21 days in order to experience a modeled hypogravity. Their controls were held in individual cages without suspension. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups depending on which supplement they consumed, i.e. placebo, a probiotic food that had been or had not been exposed to proton radiation and hypomagnetism. As a result, it was established that suspension, as a stressor, causes reductions in the majority of intestinal protective microflora and that the preventive food levels the negative changes significantly. The number of lactobacilli in the suspended group fed with the probiotic food exposed to radiation and hypomagnetism remained unchanged throughout the experiment. This fact points to the stabilizing effect of the food on intestinal microflora. Effectiveness of the exposed food was close to that of usual.

Selenium bioactive compounds produced by beneficial microbes.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element present as selenocysteine (SeCys) in selenoproteins, which have an important role in thyroid metabolism and the redox system in humans. Se deficiency affects between 500 and 1000 million people worldwide. Increasing Se intake can prevent from bacterial and viral infections. Se deficiency has been associated with cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson, decreased thyroid function, and male infertility. Se intake depends on the food consumed which is directly related to the amount of Se in the soil as well as on its availability. Se is unevenly distributed on the earth's crust, being scarce in some regions and in excess in others. The easiest way to counteract the symptoms of Se deficiency is to enhance the Se status of the human diet. Se salts are the most toxic form of Se, while Se amino acids and Se-nanoparticles (SeNPs) are the least toxic and most bio-available forms. Some bacteria transform Se salts into these Se species. Generally accepted as safe selenized microorganisms can be directly used in the manufacture of selenized fermented and/or probiotic foods. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting bacteria and/or the SeNPs produced by them can be used to promote plant growth and produce crops enriched with Se. In this chapter we discuss bacterial Se metabolism, the effect of Se on human health, the applications of SeNPs and Se-enriched bacteria, as well as their effect on food fortification. Different strategies to counteract Se deficiency by enriching foods using sustainable strategies and their possible implications for improving human health are discussed.

Microbiome-based precision nutrition: Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics.

Microorganisms have been used in nutrition and medicine for thousands of years worldwide, long before humanity knew of their existence. It is now known that the gut microbiota plays a key role in regulating inflammatory, metabolic, immune and neurobiological processes. This text discusses the importance of microbiota-based precision nutrition in gut permeability, as well as the main advances and current limitations of traditional probiotics, new-generation probiotics, psychobiotic probiotics with an effect on emotional health, probiotic foods, prebiotics, and postbiotics such as short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters and vitamins. The aim is to provide a theoretical context built on current scientific evidence for the practical application of microbiota-based precision nutrition in specific health fields and in improving health, quality of life and physiological performance.

Comparative evaluation of quality characteristics of fermented napa cabbage subjected to hot air drying, vacuum freeze drying, and microwave freeze drying

Fermented napa cabbage (FNC) is a traditional probiotic-enriched food. In this study, the potential of different drying techniques, including hot air drying (HAD), vacuum freeze drying (FD), and microwave freeze drying (MFD), for the production of dehydrated FNCs was evaluated. To reach a moisture content of 0.12 g⋅ g−1 (d.w.b.), MFD took 2 h, which was half of the time needed for HAD. FD process required the longest drying time, which was 18 h. Therefore, MFD consumed significantly less power compared to FD and HAD, which was 12.63% of FD power usage and 30% of HAD power usage. Both MFD and FD products exhibited better rehydration ability than the HAD product due to their honeycomb-like structure with less shrinkage. MFD and FD were able to preserve the living probiotics, bioactive components, and antioxidant capacities of FNCs better than HAD. The taste and aroma of dehydrated FNC products were maintained better by microwave-induced oxidation reaction and Maillard reaction during MFD treatment, based on the quantitative results regarding amino acids, volatile compounds, and sensory evaluation. In general, MFD is a promising method for obtaining high-quality dehydrated FNCs as probiotic foods.

Influence of the composition of the culture medium on the growth and sporulation of the probiotic strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M is a non-pathogenic microorganism with probiotic properties isolated from mineral waters in the village of Yabаlkovo, Haskovo region, for inclusion in the composition of probiotics and probiotic foods. It has high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, causing food toxic infections and intoxications, as well as against saprophytic microorganisms - bacteria and fungi, which makes it suitable as a biological preparation for plant protection. In order to perform these functions, it is necessary to obtain a spore concentrate. The composition of the nutrient medium for the cultivation and sporulation of the strain has been determined: MP nutrient broth with the addition of salts, in which the strain grew well and a high sporulation rate of 99% was achieved. Cultivation in a bioreactor has been carried out and the time to achieve a high degree of sporulation has been determined. The kinetic parameters of growth and sporulation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M in aerobic batch cultivation with a high concentration of spore forms have also been determined. It has been shown that the sporulation process in this strain starts after 12 h from the cultivation start.

Metabolic labeling of peptidoglycan enabled optical analysis of probiotic vitality.

The growing awareness of the health benefits associated with probiotics has led to an increasing interest in probiotic products. To develop probiotic functional foods that deliver health benefits, it is essential to characterize both probiotic viability (the ability to survive) and vitality (the ability to remain active and effective). However, traditional probiotic assays only provide limited information about their survival state. To gain a comprehensive understanding of probiotic states, a D-amino-acid-based metabolic labeling strategy was applied to quantitatively depict probiotic vitality. In this approach, probiotics were first metabolically incorporated with azido-modified D-lysine and then labeled with dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-Cy5 through click chemistry. This two-step labeling process provides a visual representation of the metabolic levels of probiotics as well as the bacterial membrane integrity. Besides, this method is capable of characterizing the influence of various environmental conditions, from manufacturing to oral administration, on probiotic vitality. With its rapid detection process and general applicability, this strategy has the potential to be widely implemented in the food industry for probiotic vitality evaluation.

КОНТРОЛЬ ВЫЖИВАЕМОСТИ БИФИДОБАКТЕРИЙ В НОВЫХ ВИДАХ ПРОБИОТИЧЕСКИХ ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ НА ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОСНОВЕ

This study aimed to determine the survival rate of bifidobacteria in new types of plant-based probiotic food products over their shelf life and to identify the identified cultures using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A variety of new plant-based probiotic food products, including yogurt alternatives made from soy, almond, and coconut, and fermented plant-based beverages, were selected for the study. Microbiological indicators of product safety, such as total viable count, coliforms, and pathogens, were analyzed according to standard methods. The survival of bifidobacteria was evaluated throughout the shelf life of the products, as declared by the manufacturer, by plating on selective media and counting viable bifidobacteria colonies. Additionally, PCR analysis was performed to confirm the presence and identify the specific strains of bifidobacteria present in the samples. The microbiological analysis of the plant-based probiotic food products confirmed that they met the safety criteria, with no coliforms or pathogens detected. The survival of bifidobacteria was found to be variable among different products, but overall, bifidobacteria were able to maintain their viability throughout the entire shelf life stated by the manufacturer. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of live bifidobacteria in all samples and identified the specific strains present, including Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum. The results of this study demonstrate that new types of plant-based probiotic food products containing bifidobacteria are safe to consume and can provide a source of live beneficial bacteria throughout their shelf life.

The effect of the molecular weight of blackberry polysaccharides on gut microbiota modulation and hypoglycemic effect in vivo.

Blackberry polysaccharides with certain molecular weight distribution have good bioactivity. In this research, type 2 diabetes mice were used to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of blackberry polysaccharides with three different molecular weights, BBP (603.59 kDa), BBP-8 (408.13 kDa) and BBP-24 (247.62 kDa), through gut microbiota modulation. Blackberry polysaccharides exhibited stronger hypoglycemic activity after degradation, and the FBG of BBP, BBP-8 and BBP-24 was reduced to 20.21 ± 4.17 mmol L-1, 20.6 ± 7.23 mmol L-1 and 17.32 ± 6.59 mmol L-1 and OGTT-AUC was reduced by 14.76%, 19.80% and 25.04%, respectively, after 8-week intervention. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that BBP, BBP-8 and BBP-24 could reshape the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. From 0 to 4 weeks, the F/B of BBP, BBP-8 and BBP-24 reduced by 56.44%, 47.19% and 62.04%, reaching 3.39, 6.54, and 3.11 in the 8th week, respectively, which suggested the faster utilization of BBP-24. Moreover, the intervention the three blackberry polysaccharides increased the relative abundance of the targeted beneficial bacteria Oscillospira and Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides and decreased the relative abundance of the pathogenic bacterium Allobaculum. In general, the result demonstrated that blackberry polysaccharides with a lower molecular weight are more easily fermented, making the theoretical basis for the development of blackberry polysaccharides as a probiotic food to rapidly regulate intestinal flora for type 2 diabetes.

Empowerment of Santri’s Healthy Lifestyle in Salafi and Modern Islamic Boarding School through Knowledge of Probiotic Food and Beverages

This empowerment is related explicitly to empowering the healthy lifestyle of students in Salafi and modern Islamic boarding schools through knowledge about probiotic food and drinks. This empowerment was carried out for one month, from January 2023 to February 2023. The location of this empowerment was Islamic boarding schools, both Salafi and modern, in Pemalang Regency and Tegal Regency. Data collection techniques in this study will be carried out using questionnaires and test instruments in the form of questions related to the problem. Data processing was carried out quantitatively through statistical tests and qualitatively. For quantitative data processing, statistical tests were used: The test applied was hypothesis testing through the chi-square distribution and hypothesis testing using the Kologorov-Smirnov method. This community empowerment includes several steps or activity procedures carried out as follows: Entrance, Diagnosis, Action Planning, Intervention (Action taking), Evaluation (Assessment), Reflection, and Exit. The results of empowering students in both Salafi and modern Islamic boarding schools can make them adopt a healthy lifestyle through probiotic food and drink accompanied by a holistic understanding of probiotics. Henceforth, these students can pass on this empowerment to other students through the application of peer tutors.

Верификация оптимальных условий и параметров биотрансформации мышечной ткани филе рыб бактериальными заквасочными культурами

The article describes the relevance and expediency of using a method of biotechnological processing, namely biotransformation of fish raw materials by bacterial starter cultures, which is a priority of developing areas according to the Strategy of improving the quality of food products in the Russian Federation until 2030. The studied method of processing will positively affect the shelf life of fish products, its organoleptic properties and nutritional value due to the formation of metabolites of the vital activity of bacterial starter cultures, which are the main factor of bioconservation, synthesis of vitamins and other biologically active substances. Probiotic properties of bacterial starter cultures will have a significant impact on the optimization of the internal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby strengthening the human body and its immune system as a whole, which supports the principles of a healthy lifestyle. In accordance with this, studies have been conducted to study the possibility of using bacterial starter cultures for the biotransformation of fish raw materials in order to further obtain a probiotic food product based on it. Data on the effect of bacterial starter cultures on organoleptic microstructural, physico-chemical and functional-technological characteristics of fish raw materials are presented. The number of residual cells of bacterial starter cultures in the muscle tissue of fish fillets, which meets the requirements for probiotic products, was revealed. The survival rate under the influence of temperatures and the dynamics of changes in the number of bacterial starter cultures during storage in fish fillet muscle tissue samples were determined, the data on which will be used to develop and adjust the thermal treatment modes of the final product. The influence of bacterial starter cultures on the changes in total viable count after biotransformation and during storage is analyzed, on the basis of which the effect of bioconservation is justified. The results of the conducted studies became the basis for the selection of the most suitable bacterial starter cultures, as well as verification of optimal conditions and parameters predicted by mathematical modeling algorithms for biotransfor-mation of the muscle tissue of fish fillets. At the next stage, research will be conducted to study the possibility of using fish raw materials treated with bacterial starter cultures in the formulations of “fast food” products containing functional components, which is justified by the accelerated rhythm of life and the desire of modern society to monitor their nutrition by eating foods that correspond to a healthy lifestyle.

The Relationship Between Probiotic Food Consumption and Obesity

Probiyotikler yeterli miktarda alındıklarında insan sağlığı üzerinde yararlı etkileri olan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Son yıllarda önemli sağlık sorunlarından biri olan obezite ve probiyotikler arasında ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Obezitede enerji alımı ve harcanması arasındaki dengesizlik, sağlıksız yaşam biçimi ve genetik faktörler rol oynamaktadır. Obeziteyi tedavi etme veya önlemede yeni bir yaklaşım olarak bağırsak mikrobiyotasının probiyotik ve fonksiyonel gıdalar gibi bileşenlerle modülasyonu önerilmiştir. Probiyotikler; lipid ve glikoz metabolizmasını iyileştirerek, bağırsak mikrobiyota kompozisyonunu düzenleyerek ve metabolik inflamasyonu baskılayarak obeziteye karşı bir mekanizma geliştirirler. Probiyotik gıda tüketimi ile birlikte ise; bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki çeşitlilik artar ve bu mikrobiyel hücrelerin metabolik fonksiyonları ile obezite riski azaltılır. Bu derlemede; probiyotik gıda tüketiminin bir sonucu olarak bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki probiyotik mikroorganizma varlığı ve çeşitliliğinin obezite ile ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur.

Comparing technology and regulatory landscape of probiotics as food, dietary supplements and live biotherapeutics.

Application of beneficial microorganisms as probiotics targets a broad range of intended uses, from maintaining health and supporting normal bodily functions to curing and preventing diseases. Currently, three main regulatory fields of probiotic products can be defined depending on their intended use: the more similar probiotic foods and probiotic dietary supplements, and live biotherapeutic products. However, it is not always straightforward to classify a probiotic product into one of these categories. The regulatory nuances of developing, manufacturing, investigating and applying each category of probiotic products are not universal, and not always apparent to those unfamiliar with the various global probiotic regulatory guidelines. Various global markets can be significantly different regarding legislation, possible claims, market value and quality requirements for the development and commercialization of probiotic products. Furthermore, different probiotic product categories are also linked with variable costs at different stages of product development. This review outlines the current landscape comparing probiotic foods, probiotic dietary supplements, and live biotherapeutics as probiotic products from a regulatory lens, focusing on product development, manufacturing and production, and clinical research agenda. The aim is to inform and promote a better understanding among stakeholders by outlining the expectations and performance for each probiotic product category, depending on their intended use and targeted geographical region.