Probability Of Farmers Research Articles

LIVESTOCK FARMERS RISK PERCEPTION AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN FLOOD-PRONE AREAS OF PUNJAB

Pakistan is the world’s most susceptible country to extreme climatic events, such as floods. As such, for many years, the country has faced the risk of losses from natural calamities without crop insurance. However, in recent years, the national government has undertaken crop insurance initiatives in Pakistan. Consequently, there is limited knowledge available on the adoption of crop insurance in Pakistan. To fill this gap, this study aims to examine the factors influencing the willingness to pay for livestock insurance in flood prone areas of Punjab. Primary data were collected from 204 farm households through a structured interview in flood-prone areas of Punjab. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistics models. The explanatory analysis was used to further look at the socio-economic characteristics of livestock farmers through MS Excel and binary logistics models to test the willingness to pay livestock farmers for insurance. The results show a positive relationship between the perceived risk of Farmers and the willingness to pay for insurance programs. The findings of this study show that the probability of farmers' WTP is increased due to a better understanding of financial institutions and having more technical knowledge. The study results show that farmers with adult males are more likely to pay livestock insurance.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE SAFE PRODUCTION BEHAVIOR BETWEEN COOPERATIVE MEMBERS AND NONCOOPERATIVE MEMBERS IN ANBUKHAIRENI RURAL MUNICIPALITY, NEPAL

Nepal government has prioritized cooperative development for easy access to agricultural inputs, the adoption of improved technology, and the development of a sustainable market. A study was conducted to compare and contrast the perceptions towards the safe production behavior between cooperative members and non-cooperative members in Anbukhaireni Rural Municipality, Nepal Milijuli Krishi Utpadak Sahakari and Akala Krishi Sahakari were purposefully selected for the study. Ninety-one (91) cooperative members were randomly selected and ninety (90) non-cooperative members were selected through convienence sampling. A convergent parallel method was adopted, a face-to-face method of interview schedule followed by the mWater surveyor application was used for data collection. The five likert scale technique was used to indicate the extent of the perception of farmers’ towards various statements. The perception of the respondents was analyzed using chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Probit regression was used to determine socio-economic factors affecting farmers participation in cooperatives. The cooperative members had the nearest market distance (z=-6.99, p<0.01) and were more involved in commercial farming (z=4.40, p<0.01). The probability of farmers’ participation was 12 % and 4.3 % higher for the farmers with gender as head of the household (z=2.52, p<0.05) and farmers who have received training related to cooperatives (z=2.09, p<0.05). In the perception study, the cooperative members agreed with the statements of input supply situation, saving/credit facility provided, technology adoption, and adoption on post-harvest operations as compared to non-cooperative members. The cooperative and non-cooperative members showed differences in the marketing behaviours with the point of sale (2=326.98, p<0.01), mode of transportation (2 = 250.65, p<0.01), and the price determination (2 =288.042, p<0.01).Therefore, training on the importance of agricultural cooperatives especially targeted to females, farmers with large farm sizes, and farmers whose farms are a bit farther from the market was suggested for safe agricultural production. Moreover, widespread development of the agricultural market (if not collection centers) should be made for sustainable agricultural production.

Sustainable Development of Rural Human Settlements in the Information Age: Can Internet Use Drive Farmers to Participate in Garbage Classification?

Garbage classification is significant to alleviate the pressure of household waste management in rural areas and promote green development. Based on the micro survey data of 2228 households in rural areas of Jiangsu Province, this paper discusses the impact of internet use on the garbage classification’s willingness and behavior based on the planned behavior theory. The results show that: (1) There is a deviation between willingness and behavior. Ninety percent of the surveyed farmers were willing to do garbage classification, but the garbage classification rate was only 53%. (2) Internet use has a positive effect on the willingness and behavior of farmers to classify garbage, and it can promote the willingness to change behavior and reduce the deviation between willingness and behavior. Specifically, internet use increased by 1 unit, the probability of farmers having neither willingness nor behavior, having both willingness and behavior, and only having willingness but not having the behavior decreased by 5.4%, increased by 13%, and decreased by 7.5%, respectively. (3) Further analysis according to different internet access methods shows that mobile internet access and mixed internet access can have a positive impact on farmers’ willingness and behavior in relation to garbage classification, while computer internet access has no significant impact on farmers’ willingness and behavior in relation to garbage classification. (4) Internet use can enhance farmers’ willingness and behavior in relation to garbage classification by improving their knowledge, behavioral, and environmental cognition. Specifically, the mediating effects of knowledge, behavioral, and environmental cognition on willingness were 71.48%, 21.72%, and 40.49%, respectively, and the mediating effects on behavior were 89.47%, 8.89%, and 18.81%, respectively. Based on this, this paper puts forward the policy recommendations of strengthening the hardware and software construction of the internet, adopting diversified propaganda methods of garbage classification, and improving the social supervision and restraint mechanism.

How Neighbors Influence Rice-Crayfish Integrated System Adoption: Evidence from 980 Farmers in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.

Rice-aquatic animal integrated systems can alleviate food and environmental insecurity. Understanding how this practice is adopted by farmers is significant for promoting the development of the agricultural industry. Given the information inadequacy and information frictions in agricultural society in China, farmers are susceptible to the behaviors of their neighbors through social interaction. This paper defines neighboring groups that are both spatially and socially connected to identify whether neighbors influence farmers' adoption of rice-crayfish integrated systems using a sample in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The findings reveal that for every one-unit increase in neighbors' adoption behavior, the probability of farmers' adoption increases by 0.367 units. Therefore, our results may have great value for policymakers seeking to take advantage of the neighborhood effect to complement formal extension systems and promote the developments of China's ecological agriculture.

Probit Estimation Model: Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on the Probability of Farmers’ Household Food Security Level

Summary Food security is one of the global strategic issues in a country’s development. This research conducted in Bone Regency, Indonesia, analyzes the influence of socio-economic factors on the probability of food security in farmer households. The research method used is quantitative with cross-sectional data and model analysis with ordered probit estimation with the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. The research location was chosen by purposive sampling, considering that this location is still classified as food insecure based on the Bone District Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) Report. The sampling technique was accidental sampling, with 84 farmer households. The findings indicate that the probability of the food security level of farmer households is positively influenced by certain socio-economic conditions, including household income and education level, while other socio-economic factors, such as the age of the household head and the number of family members, have no significant effect. Special attention to variables that have no significant effect is expected to increase the chances of food security in farmer households. There is a need to provide and support access to information on the importance of food security and economic opportunities for many family members. Likewise, food support is protection against food insecurity for household heads who are no longer at productive age.

Uncovering the Deviation of Farmers’ Green Manure Planting Willingness and Behavior

Planting green manure is an effective way to improve the agricultural environment and the quality of cultivated land in China. However, deviation from green manure planting willingness and behavior (DWB) becomes a serious obstacle to the promotion of green manure planting technology. For economic farmers, whether to plant green manure is a rational choice made after weighing up family endowments. In addition, ecological cognition plays a moderating role in the “willingness-behavior” transformation process of farmers’ green manure planting on the basis of family endowments. We selected four counties in which to conduct a questionnaire survey in Gansu and carried out interviews with 375 farmers. Based on the survey data, our study identified determinants that influence farmers’ DWB and examined the moderating effect of ecological cognition. In our paper, results show that the probability of farmers’ DWB is 41.87%. Farmers’ DWB is not only negatively affected by social network information and ecological compensation (eco-compensation) and positively influenced by the scale of cultivated land, but also restricted by human capital endowment characteristics such as age and education. In addition, ecological cognition played a significant moderating effect on farmers’ DWB. Farmers with high ecological cognition were more aware and capable of promoting green manure planting intentions into practice. Furthermore, different groups of farmers had different characteristics of DWB. The findings are useful and helpful in better understand the influencing factors of farmers’ DWB for policy makers and managers and can provide some effective support for policies designed to encourage farmers to adopt more sustainable green manure.

The Influence of Social-Economic on The Risk Mitigation Strategy of Beef Cattle Farmers in Banyuasin Regency, Indonesia

AbstractLivestock business is one of the most strategic sectors for the development of agriculture in Indonesia. One of the current livestock businesses that has the potential to be developed is beef cattle farming. Every livestock business will face various risks that can affect the results of its business if not anticipated and prepared for handling. This study aims to analyze the influence of the social economic characteristics of beef cattle farmers on the risk mitigation strategy used by beef cattle farmers in Banyuasin Regency. This study employed a descriptive method using a survey as the main strategy of data collection. The study was carried out in two disaster-prone subdistricts in Banyuasin Regency, namely Tanjung Lago and Muara Telang. The sample selection of farmer respondents used a quota, based on which there were 30 farmers from each subdistrict. Therefore, according to the simple random sampling method, 60 farmers were involved in this study. The influence of the social economic characteristics of beef cattle farmers on the risk mitigation strategy was analyzed using regression analysis logistics. The results showed that the average age of farmers is within the productive age. The average number of family members is four people. The longest farming experience is eight years. The number of livestock ownership of each farmer is three livestock units (LU). The average income of farmers is still below the district minimum wage. Beef cattle farmers in Banyuasin Regency tended to apply risk reduction (85%) and avoidance strategies (15%). The number of livestock owned (p<0.05) is a factor that negatively affects the opportunities of farmers to carry out risk mitigation strategies, while the income of farmers in one month (p<0.10) is a factor that positively affects the opportunities of farmers to carry out risk mitigation strategies. It could be concluded the large number of cattle tends to reduce the opportunity for farmers to carry out risk reduction strategies in conducting beef cattle business. This means that the greater the number of livestock owned, the higher the probability of farmers to avoid risk. If the number of livestock owned is increasing, the possibility of loss will also increase. Therefore, farmers tend to avoid these risks rather than reducing all potential risks.

An Assessment of Key Factors Affecting Farm Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies Using a Novel Approach of Multivariate Probit: A Case of Rural Vietnam

This study investigates the various factors influencing farm households’ livelihood strategies and livelihood diversity that resided in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam. Primary data of 782 respondent households was collected through multistage sampling techniques in the targeted areas. Multivariate Probit (MVP) model was utilized to analyze the collected data. Results showed that a number of livelihood capitals influenced significantly the probability of farmers to choose their livelihood strategies such as nutrition, household proportion, farming extent, agriculture and non-agriculture income, age of household head, credit access, distance from market and farm, perception to climate change and values of motorbike and tractors. Based on the study findings and rural household livelihood strategy characteristics, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and professionals in designing effective livelihood strategies to promote sustainable development for rural regions.

Agricultural and Extension Education for Sustainability Approach

The study analyzed the emerging land rights and the extent of the relationship between agricultural and extension education and soil conservation practices. A survey of 376 household heads randomly sampled respondents was administered using a well-structured questionnaire. Results from correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between "agricultural and extension education" and the soil conservation variables "mulching, zero tillage, and the use of crop residues or household refuse" was positive, moderate in strength, and statistically significant. However, the relationship between "agricultural and extension education" and "slash and burn agriculture" was negative, moderate in strength, and statistically significant. The results from the linear probability model show that the coefficients of "Agricultural and Extension education" are statistically significant at a 1% level of significance for all the model specifications except the case where "organic fertilizer" is used as the dependent variable. Specifically, the results indicate that Agricultural and Extension education increases the probability of farmers practising mulching, use of crop or household residues, and zero tillage by 59.4, 16.1, and 33.6 percentage points, respectively. Also, Agricultural and Extension Education decreases the probability of farmers practising slash and burn agriculture by about 16.2 percentage points. Agricultural and Extension education increases the probability of farmers practising at least two of the soil conservations by 25 percentage points, while it increases the probability of farmers practising at least three of those soil conservations by 5.5 percentage points. Based on the results, we propose the Agricultural and Extension Education for Sustainability approach. This approach consists of knowledge, skills, motivation, awareness, concern, responsibility, and action. Therefore, policies geared towards agricultural and extension services should be highly prioritized.

Effective guide for behaviour of farmers in the withdrawal of rural homesteads: An evolutionary game-based study.

In this study, we determined how farmers can be effectively encouraged to withdraw from their idle homesteads, in addition to revitalising the rural construction land stock and realising the market-oriented allocation of land resources. We constructed an evolutionary game model under three scenarios: without penalty mechanism; with a static penalty mechanism; and with a dynamic penalty mechanism. Further, we explicitly describe the strategic behaviours and dynamic evolution processes of local governments and farmers during withdrawal from their rural homesteads. According to the results of the evolutionary stable strategy, under effect of the dynamic penalty mechanism, the strategy systems formed by local governments as well as farmers can gradually converge and stabilise after short-term shocks, compared with that under the no penalty and static penalty mechanisms. Overall, the penalty mechanism mitigates the instability in the game process during participants' incremental changes and strategy choices, while the dynamic mechanism is optimal. Both static and dynamic penalty mechanisms influence the binary equilibrium strategies of local governments as well as farmers, and farmers' strategies evolve towards this state of withdrawal from their homesteads with increasing penalty. When the model is dynamically improved, the probability of farmers' withdrawal of their homesteads increases with increasing penalty. Thus, clearly, the establishment of a penalty mechanism can promote stability of the participants' system; higher penalty implies higher motivation for farmers to withdraw their idle homesteads, enabling revitalisation of the rural stock of construction land and promotion of the optimal allocation of land resource elements.

Does Bonga sheep producers’ cooperative membership improve households’ income in southern Ethiopia?

Bonga sheep is one among the known indigenous sheep breeds in Ethiopia with a high rate of growth and weight gain under smallholder management. To enhance the sheep productivity, 16 Bonga sheep breed improvement cooperatives were established in Kaffa zone of southern Ethiopia. Even though the cooperatives bring success in terms of breed improvement and income generation, there’s no empirical evidence of this. Thus, this study was intended to identify factors affecting cooperative membership and estimate its impact on farmers’ income. To do this, data from 320 sampled households were collected by using multistage sampling techniques. For analysis, the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model was employed. The result of ESR estimation shows that the probability of farmers’ membership decision is decided by the number of sheep owned, extension contact, and proximity to a cooperative office. The model results further confirm that members get significantly better (34%) than if they had not been members and non-members would have even performed better (56%) than members if they had joined cooperatives. This suggests sheep breeding cooperatives are effective in improving the income of sheep producers. Thus, efforts need to be made to tackle factors that are impeding households’ cooperative participation. Further, strengthening of the existing cooperatives and establishment of additional cooperatives is suggested.

Liquidity, hedging and the survival of North German dairy farms

AbstractIncreasingly, European dairy farmers have to manage the raw milk price risk. Price hedging for raw milk and an increasing number of individual fixed-price contracts with processors are now available. However, the choice of hedging a certain share of milk output still leaves individual farmers facing a complex decision. The cash flow model in this study explains the probability of a typical northern European dairy farm surviving illiquidity over an 18-month period under common milk price volatility. The probability of farm survival was modelled in relation to available liquidity buffers and different levels of farm-specific production costs. The model allowed minimum shares of milk output to be determined, for which a fixed price should be hedged if the objective is farm survival at a given probability. Using these modelling results, practitioners are able to determine this share graphically.

Informal credit constraints and farmers’ health: an empirical study of China

ABSTRACT: Based on survey data of the income distribution and living conditions of urban and rural residents collected by the China Economic Monitoring and Analysis Center in 2014, we investigated the mechanisms related to informal credit constraints on farmer health and then empirically analyzed the impacts of such constraints. Results showed that, in general, informal credit constraints significantly negatively impact farmer health. Compared with farmers whose credit was not informally constrained, the probability of farmers who faced informal credit constraints describing their self-rated health as “very good” fell by 6.64%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 28.87%. Correspondingly, the probability of describing self-rated health as “very bad” increased by 0.45%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 0.81%. The robustness test showed that our conclusions are strongly robust. Informal credit constraints significantly positively impacted the number of days of illness in 2013 in the sample of farmers, which means farmers who suffered from informal credit constraints required more sick days than those who did not experience informal credit constraints in 2013. As far as we know, this is the first study on the impact of informal credit constraints on Chinese farmer health.

Determinants of market outlet choices by smallholder teff farmers in Dera district, South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: a multivariate probit approach

In Ethiopia, teff is an important cereal crop, particularly in Dera district. It is a source of food and provides cash income for majority of smallholder farmers. To commercialize teff producers, selecting an appropriate market channel is mandatory. However, selecting an appropriate market channel is not an easy task because there are different factors that influence market outlet choices. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that influence teff market outlet choices. A two-stage random sampling procedure was used and a total of 154 smallholder farmers were randomly and proportionally selected to collect primary data. Multivariate probit model was employed to identify factors affecting teff market outlet choices. The result of the study shows that the probability of teff producers to choose wholesaler, retailer, consumer and cooperative market outlets was 31.82%, 35.71%, 37.01% and 16.88%, respectively. This shows that consumer was the most likely chosen market outlet while cooperative was the less likely chosen market outlet. The joint probability of farmers to choose the four market outlets is (0.1%) lower than the likely of no choosing four market outlets (19.5%). The result of multivariate probit model revealed that age of household head, land size, quantity of teff produced, lagged price of teff, family size (AE), membership of cooperatives and distance to the nearest market were found to be statistically and significantly affecting the market outlet choice behavior of teff producers. This implies that improving the production capacity of farmers and invests on rural cooperatives would help smallholder farmers to choose the rewarding market outlet. Therefore, the study suggested that improving the existing production system, farmers relying on intensive cultivation; giving better price for farmers and being membership of cooperative are important strategies to select the appropriate market channel.

Does the New Rural Pension System Promote Farmland Transfer in the Context of Aging in Rural China: Evidence from the CHARLS.

The lack or instability of the pension system for the elderly in rural China has become a paramount obstacle for sustainable land transfer, namely land use right transfer among farmers, in the context of aging. The New Rural Pension System (NRPS), a pilot project that provided basic security for the elderly, was implemented in 10% of counties in 2009 and rapidly promoted nationwide in China. This study evaluates the impact of NRPS on farmland transfer by developing econometric models by employing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015. The participation rate in NRPS increased from 25.87% in 2011 to 80.85% in 2015, and the participation rate in farmland transfer rose from 11.56% to 24.04%. Everything else being held equal, the probability of farmers who transferred out their land increased by approximately 13% and the land area has been transferred increased by 11.2% due to participation in NRPS, indicating that the NRPS improved the operation efficiency of land rental market. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis showed that the probability and area mentioned above had a significant upward trend with the increase of the time and insured amount of participation in NRPS, which reduced dependence on farmland for the elderly and promoted the sustainability of land transfer. The government should further encourage farmers to increase the coverage and insured amount of pension system in the context of aging. Meanwhile, a platform to promote land transfer should be established to provide information about land supply and demand and reduce the transaction cost of land rental market.

Evaluation of probability of linkages between enterprises and farmer's potatoes in Lam Dong province

In this study, the collaboration between buyer and the famers in potato production was evaluated by using a multinomial Logistic regression model with MLE estimating. The data were collected by directly interviewing of 245 farmers at the Xuan Tho commune, Da Lat city and Don Duong district, Lam Dong province. Results of the research showed that a tight collaboration between the companies and farmers would increase in a higher productivity. The estimation showed that the probability of farmer which would and would not collaborate with buyer were 14.6% (Y2/Y1) and 63.0% (Y3/Y1). The factors affecting the probability of linkages between enterprises and farmers were enterprises and farmers were experience, farm, size, profit, policy supports and gender. The results also revealed that when price of potatoes increase, farmers would not comply with agreement.

FARMERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON MECHANICAL WEEDERS FOR RICE PRODUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

SUMMARYCompetition from weeds is one of the major biophysical constraints to rice (Oryza spp.) production in sub-Saharan Africa. Smallholder rice farmers require efficient, affordable and labour-saving weed management technologies. Mechanical weeders have shown to fit this profile. Several mechanical weeder types exist but little is known about locally specific differences in performance and farmer preference between these types. Three to six different weeder types were evaluated at 10 different sites across seven countries – i.e., Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda and Togo. A total of 310 farmers (173 male, 137 female) tested the weeders, scored them for their preference, and compared them with their own weed management practices. In a follow-up study, 186 farmers from Benin and Nigeria received the ring hoe, which was the most preferred in these two countries, to use it during the entire crop growing season. Farmers were surveyed on their experiences. The probability of the ring hoe having the highest score among the tested weeders was 71%. The probability of farmers’ preference of the ring hoe over their usual practices – i.e., herbicide, traditional hoe and hand weeding – was 52, 95 and 91%, respectively. The preference of this weeder was not related to gender, years of experience with rice cultivation, rice field size, weed infestation level, water status or soil texture. In the follow-up study, 80% of farmers who used the ring hoe indicated that weeding time was reduced by at least 31%. Of the farmers testing the ring hoe in the follow-up study, 35% used it also for other crops such as vegetables, maize, sorghum, cassava and millet. These results suggest that the ring hoe offers a gender-neutral solution for reducing labour for weeding in rice as well as other crops and that it is compatible with a wide range of environments. The implications of our findings and challenges for out-scaling of mechanical weeders are discussed.

Impact of the production of underutilized vegetables on the livelihood of farmers in Southwestern Nigeria

Purpose African indigenous vegetables have high nutritive value which contains high levels of minerals. The current status of indigenous vegetable production in developing countries shows that these crops are “under-recognized” and “underutilized” with respect to nutritional value and opportunities for food security. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the production of underutilized vegetables on the livelihood of farmers in South Western Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The population for the study includes all the vegetable farmers in South Western Nigeria with a special focus on farmers’ groups formed by the NICANVEG project in Osun, Oyo, Ondo and Ekiti states. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to analyze the objective. Findings Perceptions on individual household income reveal that the majority of participating respondents perceived higher production and harvesting density. This is due to the fact that harvesting is done by cutting the stems of the vegetables. The probability score shows that the dependent variables have an average effect of 44.6 percent on the probability of farmers participating in NICANVEG project. The PSM results reveal that average treatment effect on the treated is ₦269,254.87. Average treatment on the untreated is ₦11,990.63 while average treatment effect is ₦139,336.43. The total income of the participants from all the various livelihood strategies is increased by 29.73 percent because of their participation in the NICANVEG project. Originality/value This work has not been carried out by any other person before. This work will add to the existing knowledge on the impact of evaluation in agricultural economics.

The determinants and economic impacts of membership in coffee farmer cooperatives: recent evidence from rural Ethiopia

Smallholder farmers in developing countries are often encouraged to get organized into cooperatives mainly to overcome production and marketing constraints that usually hinder the improvement of their livelihoods. However, impact evaluations regarding the contribution of cooperatives are limited; evaluation results are mixed and are not conclusive. The current study contributes to the literature by examining the determinants and economic impacts of cooperative membership using household survey data gathered from coffee farmers in the Jimma Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. A propensity score matching (PSM) and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models are used to estimate treatment effects by controlling for selection biases. The results are augmented with qualitative data collected through group discussions made with randomly selected farmers in the study area. Findings indicate that the probability of farmers' membership decision increases with age, education level, family size, social networks, land property and accessibility to cooperatives. Both PSM and ESR models show that membership is positively associated with household income and assets. The ESR estimation results further confirm that members economically perform significantly better than if they had not been members and non-members would have even performed better than members if they had joined cooperatives. The results of group discussions also verify overall direct and spill-over effects, though cooperative services to members and non-members are undifferentiated. The results indicate a need for a mechanism to enhance the participation of poorer farm households, and to further improve member benefits as potential areas in making cooperatives more meaningful, attractive and sustainable.

Determinants of farmers’ access to fertilizer under fertilizer task force distribution system in Kogi State, Nigeria

AbstractThis study investigated the determinants of farmers’ access to fertilizer under Fertilizer Task Force Distribution System in Kogi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random technique was used to select 160 farmers for the study. Probit model analysis on the factors that influence farmers’ access to fertilizer showed that age of the farmers, farm size (negative), distance to procurement centers, and social participation (positive) significantly influenced the probability of farmers’ access to fertilizer. Effective strategies of task force in the procurement and distribution of fertilizer perceived by the respondents among others are: distribution of fertilizer through local government agricultural offices, subsidy at source including transportation subsidy to delivery points, and promotion of subsidies for the poor farmers, development of private agro-dealers network. It is envisaged that these factors could serve as a guide to policy-makers regarding procurement and distribution of fertilizer to enhance...