Proactive Coping Behaviors Research Articles

Психометрические показатели шкалы «Проактивные аттитюды» в подростковом возрасте: проверка факторной структуры и внутренней согласованности

<p>This study was carried out as part of the development of psychodiagnostics tools for studying the proactive coping behavior in adolescents. Currently, there are few studies on proactive coping in adolescence, given the variety of studies on general coping behavior in adolescents. The aim of the study was to identify the psychometric properties of R. Schwarzer’s “Proactive Attitudes” scale, including its factor structure, internal consistency and validity, among adolescents. A total sample of 237 participants (117 girls and 120 boys) aged 11–15 years old (M=13.2; SD=1.41), was used. The scale consists of 8 questions and was designed to assess the level of proactive attitudes towards future events. The scale showed acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient α=0.78). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure for the scale (“Responsibility and independent choice”), using confirmatory factor analysis the one-factor structure of the scale was confirmed (χ²=34.17; CFI=0.959 acceptable, SRMR=0.041; SMSEA=0.069 with 90% confidence interval 0.032–0.104). The scale demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity. Average scores on the scale are presented, gender differences were not found. The “Proactive Attitudes” scale can be used as an effective tool for assessing a person’s proactive orientation in adolescence, and has acceptable psychometric indicators. The prospect of work should focus on standardizing of the scale for other age groups with different professional and social status, including clinical sample.</p>

The study of the relationship of proactive coping strategies with psychological well-being and life satisfaction

The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis and empirical study of the relationship between proactive coping strategies with psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The object of the study is proactive coping among students. The subject of the study is psychological well–being, life satisfaction as predictors of proactive coping. Currently, it is noted that proactive coping makes a significant contribution to the formation of psychological health. Among the distinctive characteristics of proactive coping strategies is the assessment of future stressors, that is, the process of preadaptation. It is proactive coping that leads a person to development more than strategies to avoid failure. Accordingly, the study of the links between psychological well-being, life satisfaction and the coping process allows us to expand our understanding of the most effective coping strategies, which include proactive coping. The research method is a theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign sources, as well as empirical psychodiagnostics of 144 respondents in the age period of early and middle adulthood. According to the results of the correlation analysis, statistically significant correlations between the formation of proactive coping strategies, psychological well-being and life satisfaction are demonstrated and described. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of predictors of proactive coping behavior, in this regard, it seems relevant to search for significant relationships. It is revealed that psychological well-being, life satisfaction as personal characteristics can be considered in the perspective of further research as factors of the severity of the formation of proactive and preventive coping, abilities to meet needs and achieve goals, self-realization, having goals in life, positive self-acceptance and adequate self-esteem demonstrate a great formation of proactive coping strategies. The new data obtained may be relevant in the development of psychological support aimed at the development of proactive coping strategies among adults.

Structural equation models in proactive coping, organizational resource and work engagement of Chinese social workers

Proactive coping behavior has been considered an important personal job resource for employees. Organizations have paid considerable attention to the proactive coping behavior of employees to maintain their competitive advantage. The purpose of the current study is to discover the relationship between organizational job resources, work engagement, and proactive coping using structural equation modeling. The participants were 340 licensed Chinese social workers. In the rapidly growing social work sector in China, social work organizations require psychologically connected and dedicated social workers. Findings include the effect of organizational job resources and work engagement on proactive coping. Based on the results, impacts on organizational management are discussed.

Psychological analysis of risk factors and protective factors under exam stress

The purpose of this paper is to identify protective factors for students' anxiety management under exam stress. Students experience a range of negative emotions in addition to exam anxiety throughout university exams including stress, fear of knowledge assessments and fear of low performance. However, students ‘exam preparation and passing can be changed by identifying protective factors for exam stress coping while focusing less on reducing risk factors. Possible protective factors for exam anxiety coping in the present study were resilience, self-efficacy, stress tolerance, overall life satisfaction and coping behavior. In general, our assumption was confirmed that stress tolerance, proactive coping behavior, overall life satisfaction and resilience are the most important factors in overcoming exam fear. Self-efficacy as a latent factor that has a significant impact on overcoming exam fear was not identified. The study validated that stress tolerance, proactive coping, life satisfaction and resilience are pivotal in conquering exam-related fear. However, self-efficacy did not emerge as a significant factor.

Studying Proactive Coping Behaviors of Chinese Social Workers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

This study aimed to explore the relationship between the proactive coping behaviors of Chinese social workers, the perceived importance of organizational job resources, and work engagement within the job demands-resources model. The participants were 423 licensed social workers. They completed self-report questionnaires on proactive coping behavior, organizational job resources, and work engagement. Following structural equation modeling, results indicated that organizational job resources and work engagement had significant associations with proactive coping behaviors. Moreover, proactive coping behaviors differed by demographic variables such as age, job position, and work experience. Measures for facilitating the proactive coping behaviors of social workers were discussed and recommended.

Relationship between time perspective and proactive coping behavior in future dialectologists

The relevance of this study is due to the problem of professional training of future dialectologists in the context of distance learning over the past two years. Taking into account the special requirements for the personal qualities of the future dialectologist, the question arises of proactive skills for coping with a difficult situation and a clearly built time perspective in today's situation of uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the time perspective and proactive coping behavior in future speech pathologists of different areas of training. The results of an empirical study of 80 students studying in the direction of «Special Psychology and «Speech Therapy» aged 18 to 43 years (M = 22.5; SD = 6.394) are presented. The following methods were used in the study: Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) in adaptation by E.P. Belinskaya et al., R. Schwarzer's scale «Proactive attitudes» (adapted by A.A. Bekhter), Time Perspective Inventory by Philip George Zimbardo in adaptation by A. Sircova et al. An analysis of correlations showed that proactive coping in future dialectologists is positively associated with a positive past and the search for emotional support. In special psychologists, links have been found between negative past and preventive coping, which distinguishes them from future speech therapists, who have found positive links between seeking instrumental support and a positive past. Differences were also established between future special psychologists and speech therapists in terms of the hedonistic present, future and positive past. The results of the study allow us to expand the scientific understanding of the relationship between the time perspective and proactive coping behavior in future speech pathologists.

2023 ABM Annual Meeting Abstracts Supplement

Objective: Changing individuals’ beliefs about the consequences of experiencing stress, stress mindset, has emerged as a technique for promoting adaptive outcomes under stress. This technique may be particularly valuable given the potential malleability of stress mindset through brief non-clinical interventions. However, there is limited data on the effect of these interventions on the management of “real-world” ecological stressors. The current pre-registered study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel imagery-based intervention for changing stress mindset, and for improving key stress-related outcomes. Methods: University students visited a research lab twice over a two-week period (N = 150). The intervention was delivered following baseline measures in Session 1, and follow-up measures were taken in Session 2. Measures were perceived distress, psychological wellbeing, positive and negative affect, perceived physical health, proactive coping behavior, perceived somatic symptoms, and academic engagement. Objective academic performance data were also retrieved from university records. The intervention was pilot tested prior to the trial and was delivered using videos that provided information about stress, followed by guided imagery exercises. The control group received only a practice guided imagery exercise not related to stress. Data were analyzed using mixed design ANOVAs. Results: The intervention had a large effect on stress mindset immediately postintervention, and at the two-week follow-up, relative to the control group. There were no effects of the intervention on the stress-related outcomes for the preregistered analyses of the whole sample. Further theory-guided analyses revealed robust effects of the intervention on positive and negative affect, perceived distress, proactive coping behavior, and academic performance at the follow-up in participants who had high levels of perceived distress at the baseline. Conclusions: Findings reveal that the intervention is a promising approach for changing stress mindset, and that stress mindset can improve wellbeing and performance in those experiencing high levels of perceived distress. Future research should seek to replicate these findings and employ intensive longitudinal designs to examine momentary activation of stress mindset and its relationship with key stress-related outcomes following the intervention.

Resource availability as a condition for the effectiveness of professional activity of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

The subject of the study is the psychological resources of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The purpose of the research is to study the relationship between subjective representations of the success and effectiveness of the professional activities of managers and their resource availability. It was suggested that a large number of requirements imposed on the leadership of departments and faculties will actualize the psychological resources of the personality of managers with high efficiency of professional activity and lead to depletion of resources with low efficiency of professional activity. The study involved 376 heads and deputy heads of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with service experience in the internal affairs bodies from 2 to 38 years, in office from several months to 29 years. In order to collect empirical data, the following methods were used: author's questionnaire; questionnaire "Strategies for overcoming stressful situations" by S. E. Hobfoll; "Questionnaire of proactive coping behavior" by E. Greenglas, R. Schwarzer and S. Taubert; questionnaire of "Psychological capital" by A. Bakker; "Test of resilience" by S. Maddi; "Test of life orientations" by J. Crambo and L. Maholika. The results of the study indicate that the self-assessment of the professional effectiveness and success of the management of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia reflects the level of its resource availability. In general, the results of the study indicate a high resource availability of the senior staff of departments and faculties of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In addition, based on subjective representations of the professional effectiveness and success of the leaders of this group, it is possible to predict the choice of constructive and proactive coping strategies that act as psychological resources of the individual: the higher the head evaluates the effectiveness of his professional activity, the more often he implements constructive and proactive coping strategies. The most significant contribution of the study is that its results can be used for an operational assessment of the actual resource availability of the head when conducting group and/or individual psychological support work by a psychologist.

Stress mindset, proactive coping behavior, and posttraumatic growth among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recent research suggests that stress mindset influences how people response to stress, however, there is a dearth of research investigates the underlying mechanism accounting for the effects of stress mindset on psychological health. The current research investigated how stress mindset and engagement in proactive coping behaviors predicted posttraumatic growth among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Health care professionals (N = 589) from mainland China were invited to participate in this online study through completing the Stress Mindset Measure, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-X), and measurement on engagement in proactive coping behaviors and demographic variables at their convenience from July 9 to July 17, 2020. Health care professionals reported high levels of posttraumatic growth at the total scale (58.6%), subdomains (84.9%). Age, stress mindset, and engagement in proactive coping behaviors were significant predictors of posttraumatic growth among health care professionals. Engagement in proactive coping behavior mediated the predicting effect of stress mindset on posttraumatic growth among health care professionals in China. A stress-is-enhancing mindset predicts higher level of posttraumatic growth among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, and the effect was mediated by engagement in proactive coping behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: The synergistic effect of anxiety and proactive coping

AbstractBackgroundThis study sought to identify cognitive and behavioral predictors of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. Specifically, this study examined the effect of anxiety about developing COVID‐19 and proactive coping behavior on the likelihood of reporting COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in a sample of adults living in the United States.MethodsAn online survey of proactive coping strategies, anxiety related to developing COVID‐19, and vaccine hesitancy was administered in October 2020 to 534 adults aged 21–79‐years old. Age, gender, race, self‐rated health, years of education, COVID‐19 knowledge, and perceived constraints were included as covariates.ResultsOver half of the study participants (56.7%) were COVID‐19 vaccine hesitant. People who were less anxious about developing COVID‐19 were more likely to be vaccine hesitant. A statistically significant COVID‐19 anxiety × proactive coping interaction showed the odds of vaccine hesitancy was highest among individuals with low anxiety about developing COVID‐19 and high proactive coping, whereas vaccine hesitancy was lowest among individuals with high COVID‐19 anxiety and high proactive coping.ConclusionResults support a future‐oriented approach to public health outreach efforts regarding COVID‐19 vaccines. Improvement of proactive coping skills and emphasis on the likelihood of contracting COVID‐19 may be more effective in increasing vaccine uptake than simply restating scientific facts regarding safety or efficacy.

A PROACTIVE Coping Scale for U.S. College Students: Initial Evidence and Implications

The present studies report the development of a PROACTIVE coping scale to evaluate actions used by U.S. college students to prevent or prepare for potential future stressors. Results of EFA and CFA using two samples of U.S. college students (total N = 1123) indicated the viability and stability of a 19-item four-factor model of proactive coping: Active Preparation, Ineffective Preparation, Self-Management, and Utilization of Social Resources. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, and each factor represents a meaningful and distinctive facet of proactive coping behavior. Concurrent and incremental validity estimates indicated that the subscales of the scale were (a) associated with problem-solving appraisal, future-oriented thoughts, life satisfaction, and optimism in expected ways, and (b) accounted for more variance on life satisfaction beyond the effect of the problem-solving appraisal. The results from this study indicate the importance of broadening coping to include proactive coping and how proactive coping is associated with various psychological outcomes.

Supplemental Material for Stress Mindset, Proactive Coping Behavior, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Supplemental Material for Stress Mindset, Proactive Coping Behavior, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic

How to minimize job insecurity: The role of proactive and reactive coping over time

Job insecurity is no longer a temporary setback but an experience that many workers endure for prolonged periods of time during their career. While there is much research on the behaviors that may help workers to cope with the negative consequences of job insecurity (i.e., reactive coping), insight into behaviors that may help workers to minimize or even prevent the experience of job insecurity itself is still minimal (i.e., proactive coping). Yet, such insight is crucial to advance our knowledge on the dynamics of job insecurity and may offer an alternative strategy to help workers manage the experience of job insecurity during their career. Hence, in this 5-wave weekly survey study among 266 workers, we view the experience of job insecurity as an ongoing process that may fluctuate over time and investigated whether proactive coping (career planning, scenario thinking, career consultation, networking, and reflecting) could help workers to minimize their future job insecurity. Multilevel path analyses showed that weekly proactive coping behaviors were either unrelated or positively (rather than negatively) related to job insecurity in the following week, indicating that positive outcomes of proactive coping may need more time to establish. Additionally, we explored whether coping behaviors that are proactive in theory could also function as reactive coping behaviors (i.e., could buffer the negative consequences of job insecurity). Results showed no buffering effects, indicating that theoretically proactive coping behaviors did not function reactively. We discuss that prolonged proactive coping efforts are needed in contemporary careers, despite the short-term discomfort.

Adaptation of R. Schwarzer’s Proactive Attitudes Scale: Validation and Psychometric Testing on a Sample of Russian Youth

The relevance of studying proactive coping and proactive attitudes in early adulthood is determined by the fact that planning the future and predicting difficult situations are important skills for an adult. In theoretical terms, our study is based on R. Schwarzers approach to proactive coping and proactive attitudes as well as the research work of Russian authors on creating and adapting methods for studying proactive coping (E.P. Belinskaya, A.I. Erzin, E.S. Starchenkova, T.L. Kryukova, E.V. Kuftyak, and others). The purpose of the study was to describe the psychometric indicators of The Proactive Attitudes Scale by R. Schwarzer on a sample of Russian university students. The research objectives were as follows: (1) to make an adequate translation of the original version of the scale; (2) to determine the factor structure of the scale and evaluate its internal consistency and discriminativity; and (3) to estimate the test-retest reliability and validity of the scale as well as the average indicators for the period of early adulthood. The following research methods were involved: the construct validity was examined using A. Erzins Proactive Behavior Technique and R. Schwarzers Self-Efficacy Scale; the external validity was assessed using the Proactive Coping Behavior Technique (adapted by E.P. Belinskaya et al.), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (adapted by A. Syrtsova et al.) and Folkman and Lazarus Ways of Coping Questionnaire (adapted by T.L. Kryukova et al.). The sample consisted of 467 people aged 20-25 (312 women and 155 men). The main study (for scale standardization and validation) involved 400 respondents (272 women and 128 men); 67 respondents participated in the second survey (after 2 and 4 weeks). The study was conducted online in Google Forms. An exploratory factor analysis made it possible to single out the one-dimensionality of the scale (the Possibility of Independent Choice factor) and its acceptable internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha coefficient, = 0.78). The indicators of test-retest reliability and discrimination were satisfactory. The scale showed acceptable external and construct validity, the average values on the scale were highlighted, and gender differences were presented. The Proactive Attitudes Scale has the necessary psychometric characteristics and can be used for express diagnostics of young people.

Estimating the Efficiency of the “Proactive Behavior Training” in the Formation of the Doctor’s Adherence to Preventive Work

Today the public health service faces numerous pressing challenges, including not only treatment, but also prevention of diseases. A theoretical analysis of materials on this topic shows that insufficient adherence of doctors to preventive work can be associated not only with a high level of their professional burnout, but also with their usual reactive coping strategies, which is caused by the traditional conservatism of the medical community. Previous studies have shown that the solution to the described problem may lie in the formation of a system of proactive coping behaviors and reduction of professional burnout among doctors. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training developed by V.Yu. Slabinsky and N.M. Voishcheva in the formation of a doctors adherence to preventive work. The sample consisted of 125 people (112 women, 13 men). Their age range was from 24 to 68 years. The work experience ranged from less than 1 year to 45 years. The experimental group and the control group consisted of 64 and 61 people respectively. The research was conducted using the following techniques: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI); Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI); BAK conflict; projective test My job; and case method (unstructured cases). The statistical analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test for compare the test results before and after the training, and the Fisher criterion (*-criterion) for check statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of the selected criteria. The results of the case method were processed by content analysis. It was revealed that, in primary care physicians (PCPs), the Proactive Behavior Training develops a system of proactive coping strategies (proactive overcoming, reflexive overcoming, preventive overcoming, seeking instrumental support and seeking emotional support); it reduces the level of professional burnout (increasing professional success and reducing emotional exhaustion) and potentiates the positive past time perspective. A positive influence on the emotional and imaginative perception of physicians of their professional activities was found, which is confirmed by the results of the projective test My job. It was noted that the participants in the training developed such traits as diligence, optimism and tenderness, which contributes to the manifestation of a more humane attitude towards their patients, and, as a consequence, a greater efficiency in their preventive activities. These results, as well as the content analysis data for the texts of the tasks completed by the doctors and reviews obtained from the heads of the medical organizations, the employees of which participated in the training, confirm the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training in developing the PCPs adherence to preventive work.

Reactive and Proactive Coping Behaviors in Russian First-Year Students: Diagnostics and Development Opportunities

The relevance of the study is determined by the role of the adaptation processes of first-year students to the university environment, which is the most important (preliminary) stage for: (a) their successful overcoming of various learning difficulties; (b) comfortable and constructive interaction with teachers and other students; and (c) search and application of adaptive behavior strategies due to new living conditions. The development of proactive coping is a key factor in the students efficient learning activity because it represents a platform for their personal growth. The aim of the study is to determine the possibilities of diagnostics and development of reactive and proactive coping behavior in first-year students. The study involved 272 first-year students at Pacific National University (including 136 students of an experimental group who sought help from the University Psychology Center in 2019 and 136 first-year volunteer students as a control group). The following methods were used for diagnostics: Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) , adapted by E.P. Belinskaya et al., Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus, adapted by T.L. Kryukova et al., Hardiness Survey by Salvatore Maddi adapted by D.A. Leontyev and E.I. Rasskazova, Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) by Ph.Ge. Zimbardo, adapted by A. Syrtsova et al. and Reflexivity Diagnostics Method by A.V. Karpov. As a result, the first-year students showed low levels of developed reactive and proactive coping, high levels of social and emotional support as well as escape-avoidance, average levels of strategic planning and search for informational support, and a reduced level of reflective, predictive resource. It is shown that the search for social, emotional and informational support is the basis for constructing adaptive behavior strategies. It is confirmed that self-control and the category of the future are moderating for all types of proactive coping. The conducted cluster analysis made it possible to identify three profiles, which differ in the levels and content of reactive and proactive behavior (non-adaptive, reactive and active with a tendency to proactive). Repeated measurements show that individual and group forms of psychological intervention cause changes in the indicators of reactive-proactive coping behavior, which can be regarded as a positive dynamics in the development of behavior in students of the experimental group. Finally, a conclusion was formulated about the possibilities of using various forms of psychological support (individual counseling, trainings, and self-help groups) in optimizing the first-year students proactive coping behavior.

Barriers and Facilitators for Return to Work from the Perspective of Workers with Common Mental Disorders with Short, Medium and Long-Term Sickness Absence: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study

Purpose Although common mental disorders (CMDs) highly impact individuals and society, a knowledge gap exists on how sickness absence can be prevented in workers with CMDs. This study explores: (1) workers’ perceived causes of sickness absence; (2) perceived return to work (RTW) barriers and facilitators; and (3) differences between workers with short, medium and long-term sickness absence. Methods A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted involving 34 workers with CMDs. Semi-structured interviews were held at two time-points during their RTW process. The 68 interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and thematically analyzed to explore workers’ perspective on sickness absence causes, RTW barriers and facilitators, and compare data across the three sub-groups of workers. Results Workers reported various causes for their absence, including: (1) high work pressure; (2) poor work relationships; (3) unhelpful thoughts and feelings, e.g. lacking self-insight; and (4) ineffective coping behaviors. According to workers, RTW was facilitated by work adjustments, fulfilling relationships with supervisors, and adequate occupational health guidance. Workers with short-term leave more often reported favorable work conditions, and proactive coping behavior. In contrast, the long-term group reported reactive coping behavior and dissatisfaction with their work. Conclusion Supporting workers with CMDs in gaining self-awareness and regaining control, discussing the value of their work, and creating work conditions that enable workers to do valuable work, seem central for successful RTW and might prevent sickness absence. Supervisors play a key role in enabling workers to do valuable work and further research should focus on how supervisors can be supported in this task.

How to minimize job insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic

Job insecurity has become a major theme for most workers in our new, COVID-19-induced, world of work. While prior research indicates how workers can cope with the experience of job insecurity in order to mitigate its negative consequences (i.e., reactive coping), little research offers insights into preventive measures workers can use to minimize the further development of job insecurity. Therefore, this study investigates whether proactive coping (i.e., future-oriented coping that tries to detect and proactively manage stressors before they can fully develop) can help workers manage their future job insecurity experience. Additionally, to clarify the difference between proactive and reactive coping, this study explores whether theoretically proactive coping behaviors can also function reactively to buffer the negative consequences of job insecurity. Multilevel path modelling results based on weekly data of 266 workers over a 5-week period indicate that proactive coping is generally related to an increase of job insecurity, instead of the expected decrease. Regarding the reactive functioning of proactive coping behaviors, the results indicate no buffering effect in the relationship between job insecurity and its consequences. The discussion elaborates on possible explanations for these results and the (in)difference between proactive and reactive coping.

Preparing for racial microaggressions: The role of cognition and emotion in the proactive coping process of African American college students

Traditionally, conceptual models of racial stressors (including racial microaggressions) have characterized the reactive experiences of African Americans, particularly identifying how African Americans cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally respond to racial stress. The current study extends beyond the reactive coping experience and identifies nuances in the anticipatory and preparatory coping processes associated with racial microaggressions. Methods: 58 African American college students participated in a stress induction condition that exposed them to racial microinsults and prompted anticipatory concerns of further exposure to racial stress while completing a task with a racially insensitive peer. Following exposure to the stress induction condition, participants completed self-report questionnaires about their anticipatory thoughts, current affect, and proactive coping behaviors. Results: Threat-oriented thinking and negative affect were experienced in anticipation of racial discrimination; however, the endorsement of challenge-oriented thinking and positive affect were better predictors of how the current sample planned to use proactive coping behaviors to manage the anticipated racial stress. Implications: The current findings expand the racial stress coping narrative by capturing how the expression of optimism, perceived control, self-confidence, goal attainability, and positive emotion in anticipation of racial stress increases one's intention to implement coping strategies to minimize the impact of racial stress on task completion. Such findings provide cognitive and emotional targets for assessment when attempting to understand how African Americans are preparing themselves to manage anticipated racial stressors.

УРОВЕНЬ САМОАКТУАЛИЗАЦИИ И АДАПТАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ КАК КОПИНГ-РЕСУРСЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ НА ЭТАПЕ САМОРЕАЛИЗАЦИИ

The article raises a problem of strengthening personal resources when facing difficult life situations at the stage of self-realization. The latter refers to the period of personality develop-ment from the age of 20 to 55. At this stage, the adaptation potential, the level of self-actualization; and proactive coping behavior are highlighted as personality resources. Proac-tive coping behavior is considered to be an important factor in the personality’s self-efficacy, while the other two constructs are its predictors. Proactive coping is revealed as a set of strate-gies that launches preparatory work to prevent stress exposure, the purposeful development of which is an independent copying resource. Presumably, at the stage of self-realization, a person seeks self-actualization, the maxi-mum manifestation of his abilities, based on existing experience in opposing adverse envi-ronmental influences. The study involved 155 people aged from 21 to 55. The main method of data collection is psychological testing, implemented via the following methodological com-plex: Self-actualization test (E. Shostrom, adapted by Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, M.V. Zagika, M.V. Kroz); Losses and acquisitions of personal resources (N. Vodopyanova, M. Stein); Proactive coping behavior (L. Aspinwall, R. Schwarzer and S. Taubert, adapted by E. Starchenkova). Statistical data processing method is the regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis proved the influence of self-actualization and adaptive potential on the proactive coping behavior of an individual at the stage of self-realization. The choice of each strategy is determined by predictors (from 2 to 6). The greatest contribution belongs to the indicators of self-actualization scales (9 out of 14). Value orientations, spontaneity, synergy, cognitive needs and creativity stayed outside the influence on proactive coping. The connec-tions between the proactive coping strategies and the components of self-actualization are contradictory and ambiguous (most of them - 14 out of 22 - have the opposite character). The explanation is largely determined by the traits of the collectivist culture, the values of which are shared by adult members of the society. Adaptation potential was revealed to have a con-nection only in relation to the strategy of preventive coping. Self-esteem, sociability and the ability to find the optimal balance in the system of “internal-external support” should be attributed to the key predictors of proactive coping at the stage of self-realization.