Private Issues Research Articles

PRIVATIZATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

According Art. 4(3) of the Constitution of Georgia “State government is implemented based on the principle of separation of powers”. This statute strengthens separation of powers between different branches of government and provides the system of checks and balances. The new concept of public management (NPM) provides flexibility of public governance, transfer of public tasks or state property to the private sector. This delegation of state tasks and the denationalization of property is called privatization and its idea is to unload the state, rational use of state resources and stabilize governance with less cost. Privatization as a new central institution of public governance, for the purposes of administrative law, is considered in a formal and material sense and material privatization is carried out in the form of organizational and functional privatization. The whole spectrum of privatization issues is presented in this articlefrom this perspective, considering the forms of its implementation

BERNHARD REICH’S CREATIVE WORK IN LATVIA: 1951–1972

Director and theatre theoretician Bernhard Reich (1894–1972) is one of the most outstanding personalities of the German theatre of the 1920s, who, as a director and co-playwright, has collaborated with Max Reinhardt and particularly with Bertolt Brecht. In 1922, in Berlin, Reich meets Anna Lācis, with whom he leaves for the Soviet Union in 1926 and spends the rest of his life together. Having survived the reprisals of Stalin’s regime, Reich spends the last twenty years of his life in Latvia, where his creative endeavours are manifested in three ways. Firstly, Reich directs two productions in the theatre: H. Ibsen’s “Hedda Gabler” (Valmiera Theatre, 1956) and B. Brecht’s “Mother Courage and Her Children” (the State Philharmonic of the Latvian SSR, 1969). Secondly, during the 1960s and 1970s, Reich publishes reviews of Latvian theatre productions and articles about playwriting abroad in the Latvian periodicals. Thirdly, a number of Latvian museums and archives house Reich’s own correspondence, mostly addressed to Lācis and discussing both professional and private issues.

Why neoliberal ideology, privatisation, and other challenges make a reframing of the right to education in international law necessary

ABSTRACT Changed circumstances since the adoption of the primary international human rights treaties, a multitude of scattered education rights norms, and distinct new challenges require a ‘reframing’ of the right to education in international law. Challenges which have led to a global crisis in education include privatisation; the ignored extraterritoriality of states’ international human rights obligations; poverty and a(n) (ostensible) lack of resources; non-acceptance of ‘otherness’, inequality, and exclusion; and unsustainable development. All these ‘phenomena’ have their ultimate basis in neoliberal ideology. Critiquing neoliberalism, this article proposes that, while in some instances it may be necessary to create new or amend existing international hard law, generally a ‘softer law’ type of document – a (revised) General Comment by, for example, the U.N. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights or an international expert document – should consolidate and further develop international law on the right to education. While the analysis draws the contours of an overall reform agenda, a special focus will be on the issue of privatisation, demonstrating that even the recent adoption of the expert Abidjan Principles cannot be seen as having completed (part of) the codification process.

Development of Deep Learning Technique of Features for the Analysis of Clinical Images Integrated with CANN.

Computer tomography is an extensively used method for the detection of the disease in the subjects. Basically, computer-aided tomography depending on the artificial intelligence reveals its significance in smart health care monitoring system. Owing to its security and the private issue, analyzing the computed tomography dataset has become a tedious process. This study puts forward the convolutional autoencrypted deep learning neural network to assist unsupervised learning technique. By carrying out various experiments, our proposed method produces better results comparative to other traditional methods, which efficaciously solves the issues related to the artificial image description. Hence, the convolutional autoencoder is widely used in measuring the lumps in the bronchi. With the unsupervised machine learning, the extracted features are used for various applications.

Privacy, precarity, and political change: Connecting gendered violence to reproductive injustice

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the interplay between systems of gendered violence and reproductive injustice especially as they exist within frameworks of public and private spheres of knowledge/ experience. I suggest that like domestic violence, abortion care is often articulated as a private issue in need of public support and resources. This framing undercuts the systemic operation of power and control at the cultural level that sustains intersectional violence against people who are already most vulnerable under neocolonial/ hetero-patriarchal/ white supremacist/ capitalist oppression. As feminist activists in the U.S. lament the fall of Roe v. Wade, we ought to use the exigence of the Dobbs decision to collectively demand more robust access to reproductive justice by centering the intersectional experiences of people for whom abortion care in the U.S. has never been meaningfully accessible.

Politicization of Ritual Matters: Debates on “Two Principal Wives” (Liangdi) in Early Medieval China

The tumultuous political environment of early medieval China gave rise to a social phenomenon known as liangdi 兩嫡, a situation in which a man kept two principal wives. This anomaly caused a great deal of confusion not only in terms of inheritance of title, rank, and property for the sons born of the two wives, but more importantly, in mourning observances by the sons for their mothers. To provide guidance for those involved in such situations, many discussions and debates around liangdi cases took place, both publicly among officials in courts and privately between colleagues and friends. This article, through analyzing four recorded discussions and debates on liangdi cases from the Jin dynasty (265–420), examines how a private issue of having two wives, resulting from the geopolitical conditions of civil war and segregation following the disintegration of the Han empire, became a public matter that had a profound ritual and political significance. At the heart of the politicization of ritual matters was the question of the political legitimacy of a newly unified empire.

Multiagent Reinforcement-Learning-Aided Service Function Chain Deployment for Internet of Things

Nowadays, the compelling applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) bring unexpected economic benefits to our daily lives. But at the same time, it also poses huge challenges to service providers. Diverse proprietary hardware (i.e., firewall and code conversion) have to be deployed in networks for meeting different applications’ requirements. Recently, network functions virtualization (NFV) is considered a promising technique. In the NFV-enabled architecture, network services can be implemented via a set of orderly virtual network functions (VNFs) on standardized compute nodes, which is termed service function chains (SFCs). However, with the explosion of IoT applications, embedding multiple SFCs in a shared NFV-enabled infrastructure becomes a challenging problem. Centralized schemes suffer from the scalability and private issue, while distributed schemes suffer from the nonconvergence problem. In this article, we propose a hybrid intelligent control architecture, which adopts the centralized training and distributed execution paradigm. A centralized critic is introduced to ease the training process of the distributed network nodes. Besides, considering the competitive behavior of users, we formulate the resource allocation problem as a multiuser competition game model. Based on this, we proposed a multiagent reinforcement learning-based SFCs deployment algorithm.

The Legal Aspects of Privatization in Electricity Business Sector

Privatization is a crucial issue for third-world countries such as Indonesia. In the electricity sector, which is the lifeblood of the community, the involvement of the private sector is a crucial concern. Two judicial reviews of the electricity law in 2003 and 2015 proved the significant issue of privatization in electricity. This study analyzes how the state regulates the privatization policy of the electricity sector in Indonesia. This study, a normative or doctrinal legal research model, explores electricity regulations and doctrines such as Laws Number 20 of 2002 and Number 30 of 2009, Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, and two decisions of the Constitutional Court number 001-021-022/PUU-I/2003 and 111/PUU-XIII/2015. In conclusion, this study explains that Indonesia allows the privatization of the electricity sector throughout the role of private companies is still under state control. Privatization, which is a reduction in the role of the state and an increase in the role of the private sector, has been well implemented by state-owned enterprises, including the electricity sector. Both decisions of the Constitutional Court emphasize the strong role of the state and become the majority in controlling the electricity business, but do not reject the role of the private sector. Furthermore, state-owned enterprises have a top priority as a provider of electricity for the community.

Leviathan as a financial godfather: Debt advantages of wholly state‐owned enterprises

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examine the debt advantages of wholly owned state‐owned enterprises (WSOEs), due to an implicit sovereign insurance against default. Our model explains conditions that increase those advantages in bond yields. In our global sample of bonds, we find that bond issues of WSOEs, have a 57 bps discount in their yield to maturity vis‐à‐vis comparable corporations. The effect is even larger when we benchmark against partial state‐owned firms—an effect large enough to overcome the liability of foreignness. This cheaper debt finance is stronger during crises yet disappears for sovereigns with low creditworthiness. This lower cost of debt “inflates” the profits of the median WSOE by 13%.Managerial SummaryWe examine if wholly owned state‐owned enterprises (WSOEs) enjoy a lower cost of capital vis‐à‐vis their private counterparts when issuing bonds due to the perception that their debt is implicitly insured against default. We develop a model and undertake empirical tests to show that bond issues of WSOEs enjoy a 57 bps discount relative to private issues. This discount is large even relative to the premia companies pay when issuing bonds abroad. We also find that during crises the discount is larger as investors value the implicit insurance even more, but that it disappears for bond issues of governments with low creditworthiness. We estimate that for the median WSOE in our sample, the lower cost of capital inflates profits by 13%.

Tác động của đại dịch COVID-19 đối với bạo lực gia đình đối ở phụ nữ tại Hà Nội, Việt Nam: Kết quả của nghiên cứu phương pháp hỗn hợp

Objectives: This study primarily aimed to examine the impacts of the pandemic on women who were victims of domestic violence in Hanoi, Vietnam. Also, we explored the causes of domestic violence during the pandemic and women’s coping strategies in such situations. Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied, using both quantitative data (n=303) and qualitative data (n=15) with the research subject of women who have experienced domestic violence. Results: There were 34%, 58.7%, 57.8%, and 25.1% of women suffering from financial abuse, physical violence, emotional violence, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. A high proportion of women (more than 70%) reported that they suffered more frequently during the pandemic comparing to the period of pre-pandemic. The prevalence of all types of domestic violence was higher in households which had to borrow money or sell assets due to the pandemic, compared with households without dept. The higher frequency of husband/partner’s drinking, the higher prevalence of domestic violence. The qualitative study disclosed that job losses or having no income were the main roots of domestic violence during the pandemic and alcohol consumption among husbands/partners also considerably played a role in exacerbating the events of domestic violence. However, more than half of them did not seek support to escape from violent events since they are perceived as personal or private issues, and no one could help them. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the domestic violence against women. Therefore, it is needed to prioritize and integrate domestic violence issues into prevention, response, and risk mitigation parts of COVID-19-related programs.

Public and Private Diaries

Abstract This article analyzes a number of Egyptian blogs in relation to their print ancestors, in particular private notebooks written by young effendis in the 1920s and public fictional diaries serialized in the periodical press in the same period in Egypt. It compares the media transition taking place in Egypt in the early 2000s following the adoption of blogging and social media to the one occurring in the early decades of the twentieth century following the popularization of printed products. Using theories from media studies and rhetorical studies, it shows how the blog inherits some of the formal and stylistic features of private diaries as well as their anti-authoritarian attitude. Yet it also shows how compared to its ancestors, the blog favors an unprecedented exposure of personal, private issues in public, turning self-writing into a social, communicative activity. Similarly, autofiction and subversive styles of writing are techniques that bloggers borrow from the fictional print diaries in order to write about their private lives in public. However, digital tools, with their mode of circulation, temporality and increasing exposure to state and informal censorship, make it increasingly difficult for bloggers to keep a room of their own.

Upstream SOEs in the mixed-ownership reform

This article explores possible options of the upstream mixed-ownership reform with imperfect substitute products in a vertically related market composed of one upstream SOE and two downstream profit-maximising retailers. Its focus is not only on incorporating the issue of privatisation into a vertical market structure, but also on extending the traditional upstream–downstream competition model by allowing the active contribution of retailers to enhance values at different costs. It finds that in a vertically related market where retailers’ effort matters, the socially optimal policy towards the upstream SOE is partial privatisation regardless what product differentiation is involved, but the specific degree of privatisation is negatively correlated to the level of effort costs. By contrast, in a vertically related market without retailers’ effort, the government tends to choose full nationalisation of the firm.

엘리스 제임스와 ‘치유적 일’로서의 일기 쓰기

This paper examines how Alice James’s diary writing served as a kind of ‘therapeutic work’ for her, by emphasizing how the genre of a diary is both private and public. For one thing, The Diary is a vivid record of most trenchant issues of her own illnesses. Struggling against a variety of ways in which she had been defined as an invalid diagnosed with many different names of illnesses, writing a diary served as a therapeutic tool to Alice for dealing with her bodily pain and emotional issues. In this vein, Alice’s diary functioned in the way journal therapy is helpful for healing and growth. Furthermore, her personal issues of being an invalid resonate with how women were defined as being ‘invalid’ in her day. In addition, she tried to deal with various topical issues, by incorporating abundant sources of public documents into her diary. Consequently, Alice’s diary served as a kind of therapeutic work to address both her private issues and public affairs of her day.

В ПОИСКАХ ДУХА ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНА

The article raises the question of the source of the spirit of procedural law. The options of expressing the spirit of procedural law in the principles of procedural law, human rights, social relations are consistently discussed. In particular, the author points out that the spirit of procedural law should be sought in the needs of specific public relations. The spirit of the law can be revealed in connection with the solution of a private issue, but it cannot be a private manifestation in itself, it must be expressed in the most general idea that best meets the criterion of universality. In conclusion, the researcher suggests that procedural issues should be allowed to be resolved on the basis of the need for a fair solution. In particular, it is pointed out that the very possibility of the court to base the resolution of a procedural issue, which has no other way of resolution, based on the need for fairness should be provided. It is also noted that such a mechanism can provide a legal basis for those judges who are willing to solve complex, unregulated procedural issues, embodying in their decisions the highest ideal of justice, its spirit – fairness.

Social Ageing: Fragments of an Autoanalysis

This essay originally interprets self-objectivation as utterly exceptional liberty (and privilege) of sociological observers. The author touches upon several dimensions of her social identity. Starting with the process of downward mobility undergone by her family, she goes over private issues such as her loss of faith and marital dynamics (as well as political engagement and relationship with academic institutions), linking her existential course to certain broader topics in particular: e´migre´s' condition, split habitus, female subjugation, symbolic violence, interdisciplinarity.

Increasing university students attitudes towards organ donation with peer learning approach

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a peer learning on attitudes to organ donation and the rate of obtaining a donor card in university students. 
 Method: This was a quasi-experimental study in a single group. Study was conducted between October-2017 and October-2019 from nursing (n=320) and the fine arts (n=160) students. Peer learning approach was applied as an intervention. 
 Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the nursing faculty students’ positive attitudes to organ donation after peer learning. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the second-year nursing students’ negative attitudes to organ donation after peer learning. The difference in the number of the nursing students having a donor card after peer learning was highly significant. There was not a statistically significant difference in the fine art students’ positive attitudes to organ donation and having a donor card after peer learning.
 Conclusions: It is recommended that private and social issues such as organ donation be taught to students in the higher education curriculum with the peer learning approach.

Public Attention and Sentiment toward Intimate Partner Violence Based on Weibo in China: A Text Mining Approach.

The mobile internet has resulted in intimate partner violence (IPV) events not being viewed as interpersonal and private issues. Such events become public events in the social network environment. IPV has become a public health issue of widespread concern. It is a challenge to obtain systematic and detailed data using questionnaires and interviews in traditional Chinese culture, because of face-saving and the victim’s shame factors. However, online comments about specific IPV events on social media provide rich data in understanding the public’s attitudes and emotions towards IPV. By applying text mining and sentiment analysis to the field of IPV, this study involved construction of a Chinese IPV sentiment dictionary and a complete research framework. We analyzed the trends of the Chinese public’s emotional evolution concerning IPV events from the perspectives of a time series as well as geographic space and social media. The results show that the anonymity of social networks and the guiding role of opinion leaders result in traditional cultural factors such as face-saving and family shame for IPV events being no longer applicable, leading to the spiral of an anti-silence effect. Meanwhile, in the process of public emotional communication, anger often overwhelms reason, and the spiral of silence remains in effect in social media. In addition, there are offensive words used in the IPV event texts that indicate misogyny in emotional, sexual, economic and psychological abuse. Fortunately, mainstream media, as crucial opinion leaders in the social network, can have a positive role in guiding public opinion, improving people’s ability to judge the validity of network information, and formulating people’s rational behaviour.

ОБРАЗ ГОРОДА ВО ФРАНЦУЗСКОМ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ КИНО 1970-Х ГГ.: «ЧЕЛОВЕК, КОТОРЫЙ СПИТ» ЖОРЖА ПЕРЕКА

The article examines the image of the city on the example of the film “The Man Who Sleeps”, released in 1974. The presented film accumulates the first experimental experiences of avant-garde cinema of the 1920s in working with image and sound and tries to create a new narrative, resorting to the actual social issues of 1970s, in particular to issue of private and public space. Private and public spaces, considered in the film as part of general urban space, are spaces of repetitive actions and practices of the protagonist filmed in a chaotic sequence. The city is understood as constantly changing construction where the line between subjective perception of the protagonist of the city and objective perception for which the movie camera, CCTV cameras are responsible is blurred.

146 Provision of Adolescent Confidential Care in a Tertiary Care Setting

Abstract Primary Subject area Adolescent Medicine Background Adolescents are more likely to seek care and disclose sensitive health information if confidentiality is assured. Several national societies endorse the need for confidential care at all health-related encounters with adolescents. Many adolescents have infrequent contact with the medical system other than unscheduled urgent care in pediatric hospitals. Little is known regarding the effectiveness and feasibility of providing confidential care to adolescents in a tertiary pediatric hospital setting. Objectives We sought to evaluate the frequency, quality and factors associated with the provision of confidential care to adolescent patients at a pediatric teaching hospital. Design/Methods We undertook a cross-sectional survey of adolescents presenting to an urban tertiary pediatric hospital from December 2019 to December 2020. Adolescents eligible for confidential care under Quebec legislation (aged 14-18) were recruited from a convenience sample either when presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) for low acuity visits (CTAS 3-5) or when hospitalized on the pediatric inpatient medical ward. Participants completed a standardized, self-administered electronic questionnaire regarding the confidential care provided at their initial ED or inpatient medical encounter. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the provision of confidential care. Results A total of 406 adolescents completed the survey (335 ED; 71 inpatient). The majority of respondents identified as female (233, 57.4%), white/Caucasian (260, 64.0%) and presented to the hospital with a parent (367, 90.4%). Overall, confidential care was offered to 137 (33.7%) respondents, with 95 (69.3%) accepting confidential time alone with their doctor. Among participants receiving confidential care, 43.2% endorsed that the limits of confidentiality were not reviewed, 24.2% reported that their private issues were still discussed in front of family members and 15.8% had private information that they had wished to discuss but were not asked. When offered, there was no difference between hospitalized and ED patients declining confidential care (32/100 vs. 10/37; p=0.73). The most common reasons identified for declining private time were that it was deemed unnecessary (29/42, 69.0%), perceived risk of parental conflict (8/42, 19.0%), or concerns for violation of trust by the medical team (5/42, 11.9%). Multivariable analysis found inpatient location (aOR 2.28, 1.04-5.01), female gender (aOR 2.02, 1.21-3.38), age (aOR 1.67, 1.03-2.69), psychiatric diagnosis (aOR 8.10, 1.47-44.6), resident involvement (aOR 1.96, 1.09-3.53) and overnight assessment (aOR 0.23, 0.06-0.90) were all associated with the provision of confidential care, after adjusting for patient- and hospital-level covariates. Conclusion Survey results suggest inadequate provision of confidential care in an academic pediatric hospital. Adolescents receiving confidential care were not consistently explained to regarding the limits of confidentiality, and breaches were reported in a quarter of all cases. Confidentiality-specific education initiatives are necessary to improve the frequency and quality of confidential care for adolescents in tertiary care settings.

Burckhardt’s Silence and Nietzsche

Abstract The first part of this article questions the authenticity of one of the most quoted and allegedly reliable sources in the Burckhardt-Nietzsche debate. After having pointed out who was interested in manipulating this source and why, it will go back to the original issue of Burckhardt’s “silence.” This time, though, the question is going to be tackled from a different angle: not what Burckhardt thought about Nietzsche; rather, what did Nietzsche think about Burckhardt’s silence. The claims I will raise in this respect are two: 1) Nietzsche is the first interpreter of Burckhardt’s silence; 2) Burckhardt’s silence, far from being a mere private issue, became an elaborate theme of Nietzsche’s mature philosophy.