Private Television Channels Research Articles

Market Needs and Education of Mass Communication: A Perspective of Media Managers in Leading Private Television News Channels of Pakistan

Mass Communication is a field that gives extensive knowledge about other disciplines of academics and its degree holder can work in various professions due to their grip on different subjects. In Pakistan, it has been observed that many of the professionals who are working in the media industry do not have any educational background of mass communication instead they are specialized in other subjects. A mismatch between the media education and degrees of working professionals is raising serious concerns about the future of mass communication degree. Therefore this research is an attempt to examine the criteria that keeps in mind while hiring graduates in major television news channels of Pakistan. This study also aims to understand the importance of mass communication education in the career building of graduates from the perspective of media management. To investigate their perspective, in-depth interview method of Media Managing directors, Human Resource Managers, Director News, and Bureau Chiefs from the five leading private television channels of Pakistan i.e. GEO, Gourmet News Network (GNN), 92 News HD, Express TV, and Dunya TV are conducted. As this study focuses on the management perspective, therefore, the data is analyzed under the umbrella of the Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA) Model of Human Resource management. The study concludes that there is a gap between academia and the professional field. Media graduates are somehow lacking in the professional training which is making path for non-media graduates to enter in the media field. Apart from that, individual needs such as confidence and communication skills are also making an impact on the hiring of media graduates.

The Political Economy of Emergence and Transformation of Private Television Channels in Bangladesh: A Critique

The emergence of private television channels in Bangladesh was a remarkable chapter in Bangladesh's media democratization process. Three private television channels—ATN Bangla, Channel-I, and ETV— were allowed to air during Sheikh Hasina's first regime (1996-2001). All these three private channels brought a qualitative change in the broadcast history of Bangladesh. Bangladesh's people lost their confidence in the state-controlled only TV channel of the country named Bangladesh Television (BTV) simply because of its enslavement towards the government and the ruling party. Private TV channels emerged as windows for ordinary people to get accurate and unbiased news and views of Bangladesh and the world. Later on, during Begum Khaleda Zia's second regime (2001-2006), vicious and dirty party politics enveloped Bangladesh's private TV channels. As a result, private TV channels have been transformed into the government's mouthpiece and a tool for manufacturing consent in favor of the ruling party. This paper focuses on the political economy of private TV channels' emergence and their transformation in Bangladesh. The contention of this paper is to show how the social relations, i.e., communication relations between the ruling party elites and the crony capitalists, form a vicious nexus that brushes aside all rules and regulations for getting a private television channel with a view to becoming a big tool for manufacturing consent in favor of the ruling elites. The paper concludes that any authoritarian government, like a one-party rule, military regime, or even an elected government when it transforms into an autocratic one, always tries to support and sponsor crony capitalists for their political interest, which is a threat to any democracy and media democratization process of any society. The crony capitalists developed a corporate media culture of their own that doesn't give proper treatment of any national concern or issue that goes against the ruling party's interest. There is no space for objective journalism in this media culture. This corporate journalism culture, devoid of professionalism, has replaced ethical journalism in Bangladesh. It has become stronger day by day. Keywords: Political Economy, Private TV Channels, Emergence, Transformation, Crony Capitalism, Sheikh Hasina, and Begum Khaleda Zia

The perceived credibility of the Ethiopian private, federal and regional television channels

The detaining, arresting and holding of journalists for more than half a year without formal charges in addition to the war and conflict in Ethiopia between different ethnicities and regional states motivated these authors to explore rising issues of perceptions of media credibility in Ethiopia. The main focus of this study was to assess the audiences’ perceived credibility of the Ethiopian federal, regional and private television channels. The participants of this study were people living in two regional states and one capital city of Ethiopia (i.e. Amhara, Oromia and Addis Ababa). A total of 600 participants were chosen from the three places included in the survey, using snowball and convenience sampling techniques. The data were collected through the survey and analysed using non parametric statistics (Mann Whitney U Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) using SPSS version 26. Results indicated that the federal and private television channels enjoy more news and medium credibility than the regional television channels. However, the audiences’ perception of the credibility of journalists from the television channels of the federal, private and regional states showed no statistically significant difference. The results of the study suggest that the television organizations, journalists and policy designers need to work harder to bring credibility to the regional states television channels in addition to ensuring credibility to the federal and private television channels.

Journey of Broadcast Journalism in Bangladesh: Challenges and Prospects

Globally, Broadcast journalism is considered the most powerful medium to influence audience. In Bangladesh, broadcast journalism thrives when private television channels started flourishing around two decades ago. Television journalism created news hungry among the masses giving hourly news bulletin. But the ongoing pandemic Covid-19 has impacted everything especially the media. During this time broadcast journalism was very crucial as people were news hungry but at the same time it was very risky as World Health Organization termed wrong messages as “Info emic”. Giving proper message to the proper audience was a big challenge. And, information scarcity made it impossible as the pandemic is new for this generation. When the broadcast journalism was impacted globally, Bangladesh was also adversely impacted. Private television channels have failed to deliver messages for all types of audiences. There is a serious concern whether the audience was analyzed properly before preparing a message. On the other hand the journey of broadcast journalism in Bangladesh is not smooth at all. From the very beginning broadcast journalism has had to face a lot of challenges and obstacles to ensure its existence in the media industry. Television journalism faces pressures either from political -financial sectors or in the question of freedom of expression. Beside this it has the biggest difficulty or challenge in delivering news, because television journalism does not have much scope to go deeper. Even there is no opportunity to make detailed or analytical, rigorous reports. Moreover, in recent period social media plays an active role in media industry, but still there is no alternative of television media. So television journalism will clearly not die down soon.

Leo&Giulia: a cartoon series to promote health and prevention in primary school-aged children

Abstract Background Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic control measures actively involved people who were called to adopt new and unusual lifestyles. In this context, children had to stay home from school for weeks, had to adapt to new teaching methods and give up socializing. In many countries, not much attention was paid to the educational sector, and, ultimately, to children's physical and psychological well-being. Objectives In this context, we developed an innovative health education audio-visual model to teach children about public health, empower them to adopt preventive behaviours and limit the risk of infection transmission in schools and in the community. Results We designed and produced the animated cartoon series “Leo&Giulia” to convey solid scientific content and key public health messages related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to primary school-aged children. Contents and dialogues were validated by a scientific committee composed of experts in the fields of public health, paediatrics, infectious diseases, and neuroscience, as well as communication experts. The first episode of Leo&Giulia focused on COVID-19 and explained to children what SARS-CoV2 was, its transmission and why schools were closed. Endorsed by the European Commission, it was broadcasted by national public and private television channels and went viral on social media. The second episode of Leo&Giulia, funded by the Italian Ministry of Research, was launched in April 2022 and focused on vaccines and immunization explaining to children how vaccines work and why herd immunity is important for collective health. Conclusions Leo&Giulia is an innovative health education project to help children to better understand how to cope with COVID-19 as a public health challenge. More broadly, the series aims to increase youth engagement by promoting public health values and healthy behaviours. Key messages • Health promotion targeting children is important and contributes to societal health and wellbeing. • Cartoon series are an innovative digital health education tool that effectively increase youth engagement on public health values.

Çok Kanallı Televizyona Geçiş Sürecinde Türk Televizyonlarına Dair Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

The development and success of television broadcasting in Turkey is a remarkable phenomenon. Television broadcasting, which started in Turkey nearly thirty years after it became widespread in the world, has shown a great development in the process until today. After a long period of single-channel broadcasting, more channels emerged, and private television channels were introduced to the audience as the capital entered. With this, there have been major changes in the broadcasting logic and it continues to be effective today. In this study, in order to understand the current situation of Turkish televisions and possible changes that may occur in the understanding of broadcasting in the future, the data obtained from the broadcast streams of the dates when a significant break in the history of Turkish television was experienced, were analyzed by categorical content analysis. In order to understand the impact of the emergence and development of private television broadcasting on the television industry, the data set of the study is the broadcast flow information of the year 1990, when the Magic Box Star 1 channel was established. For this purpose, the program of 3-9 June 1990 in the 23rd issue of 7 Gong on TV, which is a television viewing guide, was taken as a sample. The reason for choosing the aforementioned week and number for this study is that it was presented to the reader among satellite channels on 6 June 1990 for the first time in the broadcast stream of Star 1 channel. Data from weekly television broadcasts from 7 Gong on TV were evaluated using Williams' comparative program review method. With this method, Williams categorized television program types under various titles and analyzed them according to channel and program durations. In this study, broadcast streams of 6 different channels, which adopt the understanding of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting, are handled comparatively within the framework of Williams' method. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to the literature on the history of television studies in Turkey, with this study, which conveys the changes in the broadcasting understanding with the start of broadcasting in Turkey through a programming. As a result, it can be said that the international cultural flow took place in one direction, as imported content dominated the broadcast stream during the transition period. However, despite the transformation of publishing technologies, it has been observed that the understanding of content has not changed.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE KOREAN WAVE ON BEHAVIOR AMONG UIN AR-RANIRY BANDA ACEH STUDENTS

The Korean Wave refers to South Korean popular culture (pop culture), which has expanded throughout Asia, Europe, and America. This Korean Wave is being propagated through the entertainment sector, including music, movies, dramas, cosmetic goods, food, and so on, and is also being aided by the increasing flow of globalization. The goal of this study is to discover what variables impact the behavior of certain UIN Ar-Raniry students who like the Korean Wave and how the conduct of some UIN Ar-Raniry students who are influenced by the Korean Wave is affected. This study employed a qualitative method, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The acquired data was then examined using data analysis software. Data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and verification were used to examine the obtained data. The findings revealed that the effect of friends, families, and South Korean dramas presented on Indonesian private television channels influenced certain UIN Ar-Raniry students' liking of the Korean Wave. Some UIN Ar-Raniry students who were impacted by the Korean Wave may be noticed in their open conduct, use of language, style of dress, make-up and skin care, eating and food etiquette, and usage of social media. Their restricted conduct, methods of thinking and envisioning, growing knowledge or understanding, and developing self-confidence all have a shape.

Evaluation of ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements on electronic and print media in a developing country

Abstract Objectives To assess the content and frequency of ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements in electronic and print media in Sri Lanka. Methods Advertisements on ayurvedic and herbal products that did not contain any known allopathic medicine/substance with a label that claimed to have curative/preventive health benefits/indications were included in this study. Data were collected over a 2-month period from 5 national television (TV) channels and 3 radio channels, 7 national newspapers and 10 websites. Key findings In total, 285 ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements were identified. There were high number of TV advertisements (n = 165; 57.9%). Among TV advertisements, 80.6% of advertisements were from private TV channels. The majority of the advertisements were in the Sinhala language (67.4%). The price of the product was mentioned in 71.5% of TV advertisements. All newspaper and radio advertisements mentioned indication. Many therapeutic and non-therapeutic claims were mentioned in the advertisements. None of the advertisements mentioned about side effects. Only 8.1% of all advertisements mentioned the ayurvedic registration number of the product. Contact details (contact number or address of manufacturer) were included in only 53.3% (n = 152) of the advertisements overall, although this was given in all newspaper advertisements. In contrast, a lesser number of advertisements contained contact details on TV (n = 58; 20.4%). Conclusions Contents of advertisements varied between and within different media, with a significant proportion not including key information. Most advertisements included unsubstantiated therapeutics and non-therapeutic claims. There is a necessity to implement and enforce stringent guidelines to ensure the health and safety of the population.

The precursors of infotainment? Debate and talk shows on Televisión Española (1980-1989)

The theory formulated to date indicates that political infotainment programs arrived in Spain in a widespread manner in the 1990s with the rise of private television channels. But were there spaces in public television that shared the traits of this novel television genre before that time? This article is aimed at analyzing debate and talk shows, as well as hybrid format shows combining both genres, broadcasted on Televisión Española (TVE-1 and TVE-2) during the ‘80s, in order to determine whether or not these programs present the emblematic style characteristic of infotainment. The methodology consists of a content analysis of a total of 31 television programs, each of which was viewed on the RTVE archive using different multimedia platforms. The results of this research reveal that Televisión Española incorporated into its debate shows, talk shows, and hybrid format shows, features typical of infotainment prior to the ‘90s. Among the most recurrent stylistic features of these programs are the tendency to dramatization, polemic and emotionality (achieved through different techniques and strategies), an increase of soft content, a greater presence of satire, humor and close-ups, and the use of music.

Literature, Print Culture, and the Indian New Wave

This article explores the rise and fall of the Hindi literary film, circa 1969–1995. I discuss three hybrid genres that emerged from collaborations between modern Hindi writers and Indian New Wave filmmakers: lighthearted, middlebrow comedies about urban life; an avant-garde cinema characterized by a mofussil modernism; and an activist cinema concurrent with the Indian human rights movement. The article concludes by identifying the factors that pushed Hindi literature and cinema apart in the 1990s, with changes in state policies, the growth of private television channels, and the provincialization of Hindi literary culture.

Linguistic variation in subtitling for audiovisual media in Portugal: case study of the film Gone with the Wind

Film subtitling involves per se a number of constraints. However, when characters speak with a particular dialect or accent, the task is even more complex. Linguistic variation is a key factor in depicting a film character and the translator will consider the implications of his/her choice when translating into the Target Culture, since such sociolinguistic and/or idio-syncratic language features contribute to the meaning(s) of a film. The presence of linguistic variation may be tied in with the medium through which a film is distributed; hence translating for different media may imply the application of different strategies. This article will analyze the film subtitling of Gone with the Wind (1939), in particular how Mammy’s speech is translated into Portuguese for RTP (public television channel), TVI (private television channel), VHS and the Internet, while also searching for translational regularities.

Women Representation in Pakistani Television Dramas: A Critical Discourse Analysis

The current study aims to investigate the representation of women in Pakistani television dramas that reflect the female stereotypical image of women in society. The drama discourse is analyzed through the lens of the critical discourse analysis model by Fairclough (1995). The study explores that women represented in Pakistani dramas are bold or assertive, or they are restricted to conventional norms by male-oriented society. The methodological approach adopted to analyze is suitable to study the independent and dependent variables. The critical discourse analysis model is applied to describe,explain, and interpret the drama discourse. For data analysis, three dramas, “Cheekh” and “Khaani,”have been selected from different Private television channels to ensure the validity of the analysis. The leading female roles in these dramas confront the feminist issues in a patriarchal society. Even in this modern era, Pakistani women are still struggling against odds for injustice and equality, where male-dominated culture is challenging as ever for women to survive. This research will help researchers to work on the different themes of television dramas related to feminist issues.

Konstruksi, Kontestasi, Fragmentasi, dan Pluralisasi Otoritas Keagamaan Indonesia Kontemporer

Noorshahril Saat and Ahmad Najib Burhani (eds). 2020. The New Santri: Challenges to Traditional Religious Authority in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS Yusuf Ishak Institute.After the New Order, religious movements become increasingly popular both offline and online. The internet has become a medium for disseminating ideas and practices of religious patterns that are different from traditional religious authorities. On the other hand, there are increasing opportunities for transnational religious movements seeking to build their influence in Indonesia. Another interesting phenomenon is the presence of New Santri coming to color the world of da’wah in Indonesia through new media. Through this book, the authors try to explain the phenomena that are happening in the struggles for religious authority in Indonesia. This book describes at least three factors that significantly influence recent religious competitions, namely: globalization, post-Reformation democratization (after 1998), and the growth of various private television channels and social media users. These three factors have a strong impact in shaping and internalizing the construction, contestation, fragmentation, and pluralization of contemporary Indonesian religious authorities.

1658-838X

The study aimed to identify the levels of credibility of Jordanian government and private television channels, and their degrees of commitment to the criteria of credibility, during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. It also aimed to reveal the degrees and types of changes in the credibility ratings of these channels before and during the crisis. The study relied on surveying the media audience as a research method, and it used a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The study sample represented a cross section of all Jordanians who were 18 years of age or older; a quota sample of 420 respondents was selected, divided equally among the three regions of Jordan (North, Central, and South). The results of the study showed that the most important credibility criteria adhere to by Jordanian government and private television channels were these: ‘depending on media professionals with experience and high competence’, ‘working for the public good’ and ‘relying on professional and ethical principles’. The government channel AlMamlaka topped the list of Jordanian television channels with the highest credibility among respondents. Roya Channel was shown to be the Jordanian television channel with the highest change in credibility ratings during the Coronavirus crisis.

Nepalese Nation, Nationalism and Identities in Patriotic Songs

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the different aspects of Nepalese patriotic songs. Here, lyrics of patriotic songs are reviewed and their contents are analyzed. This study is focused on how these patriotic songs assist to promote Nepalese nationalism, national beauties, national identities and national unity. It is the representative expression of all national songs and patriotic songs all over the country. Music in the form of the national songs and patriotic songs were and remain essential components of national identity and national unity. These songs are popular and accepted by Nepalese citizens as a part of their national identity and such affinities are supported by the songs’ repeated broadcast and consumption on Radio Nepal, various other Radios, Nepal Television, private television channels and social media platforms. It is found form the research that patriotic music provides a means for social cohesion, not via the propagation of dogmatic patriotic content, but through the personal and intimate associations that such songs solicit from individual citizens.

Emergence of a ‘new public sphere’ in Bangladesh: the interactive dynamics between news television, citizens and the state

The consideration of media as the watchdog of democracy is prolific in the context of Bangladesh. The emergence of private satellite television with its potential to broadcast news enables discursive space within the contested politico-social setup. The visibility aspect, variations and liveliness of news bulletins brought by the private television channels created an appeal among the viewers signifying the mediated culture. An attempt to examine the interactive dynamic between the media, public and politics offers new ground for exploring the communication and culture. This paper examines the control and contestation of domestic private televisions by unravelling the interface with audiences and the state. It shows an enmeshed trajectory of politics and rise of television news-making culture that provides new aspects to understand the relation between media and democracy. Further, it argues for an emergence of localised public sphere by underscoring the engagement of audiences with television news. It locates the new, mediated public sphere beyond the television set, in the locations where multiple actions of viewing, interacting and interpreting enable a discursive space which is politically active and meaningful.

Этномазаика программ радио «Достук» Общественной телерадиовещательной корпорации Кыргызстана

Kyrgyzstan is a multi-ethnic state in which representatives of more than 100 different ethnic groups live. Media content of Kyrgyzstan reflects multilingualism and culture of ethnic groups living in the republic. Nowadays, the print media (newspapers, magazines) are presented in the information field of Kyrgyzstan, the main purpose of which is the versatile coverage of the life of a particular ethnic group, its interaction in a multi-ethnic society. If the ethno-thematic materials of these publications are not absolute, they can be predominant, which gives the right to classify them as ethnic media. Their founders are ethnic public associations, sources of financing are ethnic communities, and also in some cases ethnic ancestral home. According to the latest data, about 10 ethnic public associations have their own print media. The state provides broadcasting to ethnic groups in their native language in the Public Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) of the Kyrgyz Republic. The editorial policy of PBC is built in the interests of Kyrgyzstan’s population, taking into account the ethnic, national and cultural diversity of the country. In a television format, all ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan have the opportunity to participate in special television programs of the PBC that cover the ethnic sphere, such as “Wheel of Life (Колесо жизни)”, “Our country Kyrgyzstan (Мекеним Кыргызстан), as well as in ethnographic programs of other private television channels 1–2 times a year. Radio Dostuk (Friendship) was launched as part of the PBC development strategy for the period 2013–2015, as well as complying with the concept of strengthening the unity of the people and interethnic relations in the Kyrgyz Republic. The main content of the radio is created in close cooperation with the diasporas, as well as with the Assembly of the Peoples of Kyrgyzstan. Today, Tatars, Uighurs, Ukrainians, Poles and other nations can broadcast their programmes on Dostuk Radio. Nowadays, more than ever, it is necessary to develop a culture of interethnic relations, interpersonal dialogue in a multi-ethnic society. Therefore, it is important that the media contribute to the strengthening of statehood and the formation of a common civic identity for Kyrgyz citizens.

Constitutional Ethics and the Appropriateness of Broadcasting of Pseudo Scientific Programs on Television in India

Despite the ongoing technological progress, pseudo-scientific and related practices are much prevalent in the Indian society. In India television is the most important medium for present times. Especially year after the resurgence of private television channels broadcasting of programs on areas such as astrology, reincarnation and vastu shastra which lack assessment through scientific enquiry and could be ethically questionable, are on the rise. The constitution of India categorically encourages development of scientific temper and ethical considerations through fundamental duties. In the context of ethical and scientific considerations provided by constitution, this study aims at examining the ethical appropriateness of television programs which may lack scientific enquiry and assessment of their effectiveness and which can also expose citizen to various exploitations. This study triangulates the observations from in-depth interviews of experts and from an extensive survey, for highlighting the appropriateness of pseudo-scientific programs. The findings will help academicians, activist, practitioners and governing bodies by enabling better understanding of such important and yet at times controversial issue.

La inversión en publicidad, retos para la televisión del siglo XXI

La financiación y gestión de los canales públicos de televisión es un tema candente en España. En aplicación de la normativa europea, la publicidad fue excluida de los canales públicos nacionales a partir de 2010, alterando así el reparto del mercado a las televisiones privadas y las autonómicas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la evolución, en el periodo 2007 a 2017, de Aragón Televisión como oferente de formatos publicitarios y el impacto que esto supone en el tejido empresarial de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. Se ha utilizado el modelo de triangulación interdisciplinar metodológica: investigación de gabinete, un grupo de discusión, entrevistas en profundidad y dos sesiones de focus group. En los resultados destaca la falta de correlación entre la publicidad contratada y la audiencia del canal televisivo autonómico, así como grandes cambios en la forma en la que los usuarios buscan y acceden a la información por el uso de las tecnologías. La publicidad programática es percibida como una gran amenaza, tanto por parte de los medios de comunicación como las agencias más convencionales. Las conclusiones indican que los anunciantes y las agencias dudan de la eficacia de la televisión como medio publicitario. Es posible que las agencias tiendan a desaparecer porque las propias organizaciones sean quienes se encarguen de generar sus contenidos y que estos contenidos sean publicados en los nuevos medios digitales.

Social Media, Media Freedom and Pakistan’s War on Terror

This article offers a different interpretation on the role of social media in Pakistan, in contrast to the narrative of its association with terrorism. The usage of Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter across Pakistan, it notes, needs to be kept in context. The author argues that private television channels remain the most influential media platform in the country. Based on recent research, it appears that approximately 2% of social media is being used for extremist proselytisation, whereas the overwhelming majority of Pakistani civil society has no appetite for news reports around terrorism, and want more positive stories. Indeed, social media is being used primarily for entertainment purposes. While extremist networks are certainly using social media very effectively to recruit new adherents, focussing on this aspect of social media usage in Pakistan presents a distorted picture.