Private Security Officers Research Articles

Obezbeđenje mesta događaja od strane službenika obezbeđenja

The exercise of authority by private security officers causes many controversies both in the domestic security system and abroad. Although the system of private security is not a new institute, being already known in almost all countries, the legal regulation has not yet been completed. The paper examines the legal regulation and the procedure for the exercise of the authority of crime scene protection. The introduction provides a brief comparative legal analysis of the legal systems of the neighboring countries and a number of other European countries. In the second part, the analysis of the legal norms leads to the basic principles for the enforcement of the authority by private security officers. The third part analyzes the power relating to prohibition of entry and stay in the protected facility as a potential authority that can be used as a basis for crime scene protection. In the fourth part, from the available literature and from the practical procedure, the actions of the private security officer during the crime scene protection in the situation when there is no explicit legal norm are shaped. It is concluded that from the aspect of legal regulation and enforcement of this authority, there are two types of legal systems, that the basis and limits of enforcement of this authority can be in criminal and misdemeanor legislation, that the tactics and manner of exercise correspond to these applied by police officers and that this power must find its place de lege ferenda in the systemic law pertaining to this area.

THE EFFECT OF WAGE ON PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICERS JOB SATISFACTION AND INTENTION TO QUIT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN TURKEY

The purpose of this study is to reveal whether there is a difference between job satisfaction and intention to quit levels of the private security officers in terms of the wage they receive in accordance with employment types (Public-Private sector). The population of the study includes the private security officers working in İstanbul. Random sampling is conducted in the study. As a result of the questionnaires carried out in the context of the quantitative paradigm, 6249 data were found analyzable. In this study, the job satisfaction scale, developed by Weiss et al. (1967), and the intent to quit scale, developed by Scott et al. (1999), were used. According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference among job satisfaction and intention to quit levels of the private security officers employed in the private sector at each wage category. However, although there is a statistically significant difference among intention to quit levels of private security officers employed in the public sector at each wage category, there is an only statistically significant difference at maximum wage category regarding job satisfaction level.An Erratum to this article was published on 03 January 2021. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esosder/issue/59256/855029

민간경비원의 운동참여에 따른 직무스트레스, 이직의도 및 고객지향성의 관계

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between job stress, turnover intention and customer orientation according to the presence of regular participation in private security guards. To this end, data were collected from 202 employees working at private security companies located in Gyeonggi-do and Chungnam provinces. The following conclusions were drawn.BR First, the job stress of private security guards had an effect on turnover intention and customer orientation.BR Second, structural variables, intrinsic variables, and turnover intention of job stress were low in the regular participation group of private security officers.BR In conclusion, the regular participation of private security officers can lower the job stress level and affect the turnover intention, thereby reducing the turnover rate.

Private security officers’ willingness to cooperate with police: the role of procedural justice

ABSTRACT Private security officers perform a variety of services that ensure citizens’ safety and security. While some of their functions mirror those of public police officers’ responsibilities, security officers often work with limited power and authority comparable to those of ordinary citizens. Consequently, security officers primarily engage in loss prevention and order maintenance and play a secondary role in crime prevention, which requires contacting the police for further assistance and completion of their duties. Thus, the factors that affect private security officers’ willingness to work and cooperate with police warrants investigation, especially in an era of growing private security industry and increasing demand for safety and security. In this research, the authors examine a convenience sample of private security officers and the predictors of their willingness to cooperate with police officers. Particularly, the extent to which perceived police procedural justice impacts security officers’ opinions of police legitimacy as well as willingness to cooperate with police is investigated. The results show that the perceptions of police procedural justice have both direct and indirect effects on private security officers’ willingness to cooperate, and implications for research and practice are discussed based on the findings.

민간경비원의 보안정책준수의지에 관한 연구

이 연구는 민간경비원의 변혁적 리더십이 조직신뢰를 매개하여 보안정책 준수의지에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 민간경비원의 보안정책 준수의지를 제고하기 위한 기초자료를 제 공하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2019년 6월 18일부터 8월 28일까지 서울특별시 및 부산광역시 경비회사에서 근무하는 민간경비원의 협조를 받아 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 활용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석을 실시하였고 AMOS 23.0의 프로그램을 활용하여 변혁적 리더 십, 조직신뢰, 보안정책 준수의지 간 구조관계를 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같 다. 첫째, 경비회사 경영자의 변혁적 리더십은 민간경비원의 조직신뢰에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 민간경비원의 조직신뢰는 보안정책 준수의지에 유 의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 경비회사 경영자의 변혁적 리더십은 보안정책 준수의지에 유의한 직접효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 경비회사 경영자의 변혁적 리더십은 보안정책 준수의지에 유의한 직접효과는 없으며, 조직신뢰를 경유하여 보안정책 준수의지에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳐 완전매개 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 이 연구에서 경비회사 경영자는 민간경비원의 보안정책 준수의지를 극대화하기 위한 조직신뢰를 제고할 수 있는 민간경비원의 신분보장, 복리후생 등과 같은 방안을 모색하고 이를 적용하여 조직에 대한 신뢰를 높일 수 있도록 다양한 노력을 하여야 한다는 시사점을 제시하였다.

THE EFFECT OF PRIVATE SECURITY POLICE COOPERATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND OCCUPATIONAL COMMITMENT

The purpose of this study is to test whether there is a mediating effect of private security officers’ police cooperation perception on the relationship between job satisfaction and occupational commitment. The population of the study includes the private security officers working in Bursa. Random sampling is conducted in the study. As a result of the questionnaire, 702 data were found analyzable. In this study, the Job Satisfaction Scale developed by Weiss et al. (1967), the Occupational Commitment Scale developed by Meyer et al. (1993) and Private Security Police Cooperation Level Scale developed by the researcher were used. According to the result of the study, it was revealed that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and occupational commitment, and police cooperation perception partially mediates this relationship.

The Effect of Private Security Police Cooperation Perception on Private Security Officers’ Professional Commitment Level

The main purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of private security officers' police cooperation perception on professional commitment. The population of the study includes the private security officers working in Bursa province in Turkey. Random sampling is conducted in the study. As a result of questionnaires, 702 data were found analyzable. In this study, the Professional Commitment Scale developed by Meyer et al. (1993) and Private Security Police Cooperation Level Scale developed by the researcher was used. According to the result of the study, it was revealed that there is a positive relationship between police cooperation perception and professional commitment, and police cooperation perception predicts professional commitment by 31%.

‘Arms for mobility’: policing partnerships and material exchanges in Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses two policing arrangements between the state police and several private security companies in Nairobi, Kenya. These arrangements entail that police officers team up together with security officers in their company vehicles. As private security officers are unarmed in Kenya by law, there is a direct exchange of ‘arms for mobility’, an emic term that refers to an exchange of firearms for ‘mobility’, i.e. vehicles and other financial resources. Based on ethnographic fieldwork on policing in Nairobi, Kenya between 2014 and 2018, I analyse how this exchange (re)centralises the state police and the critical role of the ‘arms’ in this process. Drawing from Star and Griesemer (1989), I see the firearm as a ‘boundary object’ that brings policing actors together, but simultaneously reaccentuates their differences and in this case, reaffirms and repositions the dominant role of the state police in the Kenyan policing landscape. With this argument, I aim to further prompt more in-depth studies on how certain objects define policing practices, and emphasise the merit of ethnographic research as a methodological approach to uncover such dimensions.

Proces licenciranja službenika privatnog obezbeđenja u Republici Srbiji

Legal laws which regulate private security sector in the Republic of Serbia have arrived after twenty years of legal vacuum in this area, and they have been the object of expectations of many private security experts and practitioners in Serbia. They regulate the licensing process of private security officers. Aim of this research was to identify key characteristics of the licensing process which implies training course in licensed training centers, exam in front of the commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and, finally, licensing. The aim was also to identify values points, experiences and opinions of private security officers and candidates in the process of their course, exam and licensing. That was the reason to use the method of a semi-structured interview in our qualitative research. We interviewed eleven respondents - private security officers who are working or have worked for eight different private security agencies in the Republic of Serbia. They all have a license which is regulated with new Private security law. Research helps us to identify key problems in the licensing process. Candidates who are working in some private security agencies are not free from the job days during the course. They work night shifts and then go to the training center or go to work after classes. Also, there is the question of meeting fund of the course hours and whether all candidates go to the course at all. The criteria were lowered at the exam, and there is a problem of funding licensing process. Some of the candidates are paying their course by self, some are financed by the employer. In that case, the employer refunds it in the future or candidate have a contractual obligation to work with that employer in the future. Licensing process has its good sides as well. Candidates gain knowledge in security sciences, law and their rights. They are developing skills of self-defense and overcoming the resistance and developing their physical strength. The development of security culture is encouraged as well as a desire for improvement of security sector officers and candidates.

Perceptions of private security a case study of students from Serbia and North Macedonia

In the last two decades of the 21st century, the significant development of the private security industry has taken place in Serbia and North Macedonia. However, the private security industry in these two countries did not reach professional standards as in other states of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of this paper was to determine students' perception of private security and its employees. The survey data were collected using an anonymous survey of 354 students (296 from Serbia and 58 from North Macedonia). In both countries the attitudes are heterogeneous, but a relatively small number of respondents have expressed a high level of perception of private security. The research has shown that gender, as one of demographic characteristics, has its role in shaping young people's views on the private security, that is, the female population has more positive views about private security officers, their integrity, and the nature of the private security job. The findings offer policy-makers and private security companies the opportunity to deploy new strategies to upgrade public attitudes towards private security, especially aimed at the male population.

Perception of police legitimacy among private security officers

The private security market is growing around the world, and public police are no longer the predominant agents of order maintenance and crime prevention. This development has important implications as different policing agents come in contact with each other. Specifically, understanding how they view each other can help increase the benefits of today’s paradigm of security governance. Despite abundant research on citizen perceptions of police, few studies explore private security officers’ opinions about their public counterparts. Therefore, this research explores private security officers’ perceptions of the police in South Korea. Results show that the respondents’ attitudes toward police performance and distributive and procedural justice have varying influences on the three dimensions of police legitimacy: Obligation to obey, trust, and normative alignment. Additionally, the authors suggest the police should understand that private security officers’ perceptions of police legitimacy are influenced by distinct factors depending on contact experience and employment type.

Valour for Money? Contested Commodification in the Market for Security

Scholars of security governance generally assume that the labour of private security officers can straightforwardly be transformed into discrete commodities. We argue, by contrast, that it is extremely difficult to commodify the labour of private security officers because their duties frequently require them to confront and work through both economic responsibilities (what does my contract say?) and moral obligations (what does my conscience say?). We substantiate this argument by exploring how heroic acts performed by private security officers—such as preventing suicide attempts, intervening in violent assaults and orchestrating hazardous evacuations—are celebrated through industry awards ceremonies. In so doing, we not only contribute towards the conceptualization of security goods as contested commodities but also facilitate a reappraisal of the market for security.

Security officers responding to residential fire alarms: Estimating the effect on survival and property damage

Decreasing the response time to residential fires leads to more people being saved, fewer injuries, less property damage and a lesser environmental impact. One way of reducing the response time to fires is to allow the municipal fire and rescue services to cooperate with other actors. This study evaluates a potential agreement between the fire and rescue service of a Swedish municipality (Helsingborg) and a private security officers' firm. A geographic information system (GIS) simulation is used to estimate the reduced response times. The result is combined with a statistically estimated measure of the risk of fatality for marginal changes in the response time to find the effect on survival rates and property damage. The results show that the response time is 52 s on average faster using security officers for residential fires. Combining this gain in response time with the relation to fatalities and adjusting for the fact that security officers are less effective imply a decreased death rate by 0.0105 or 1.3% per year. The project has positive economic effects with the benefits estimated to be 1.4 (saved lives) and respectively 2.3 (saved lives and property damage) times higher than the costs.

DO PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICERS NEED ADDITIONAL LEGAL POWERS TO HELP POLICE REDUCE CRIME IN GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA?

There is a need for different stakeholders to work together to help the police combat crime in Gauteng, South Africa. Private security officers are usually well positioned to help combat crime because they can witness crime in areas where they are posted or are patrolling as response officers. Private security officers protect organisations (public and private) or individuals who are their paying clients. But they can only perform their duty as ordinary citizens, not as the police would. In looking at how these officers can be more effective, this article establishes to what extent private security officers need additional legal powers, and what powers would be suitable for them in helping the police combat crime. Mixed methods were used in this study of 20 police stations and 20 private security companies in Gauteng. From top management levels in the South African Police Service (SAPS), 37 high-ranking police officers participated in the study and 30 high-ranking security officers from top management level of the private security industry (PSI). At the operational levels, 173 SAPS officers completed the questionnaires and 163 PSI officers. The findings show that the majority of respondents see no need for private security officers to be given additional powers to help the police combat crime. However, the few respondents who supported the idea think that the power to arrest, and stop and search the public, should be given to private security personnel. At the operational level, all respondents agreed that private security officers should be given additional legal powers to help the police combat crime. :

Exploring questions of power: Peace officers and private security

There is a need for different stakeholders to work together to help the police combat crime in Gauteng, South Africa. Private security officers are usually well positioned to help combat crime because they can witness crime in areas where they are posted or are patrolling as response officers. Private security officers protect organisations (public and private) or individuals who are their paying clients. But they can only perform their duty as ordinary citizens, not as the police would. In looking at how these officers can be more effective, this article establishes to what extent private security officers need additional legal powers, and what powers would be suitable for them in helping the police combat crime. Mixed methods were used in this study of 20 police stations and 20 private security companies in Gauteng. From top management levels in the South African Police Service (SAPS), 37 high-ranking police officers participated in the study and 30 high-ranking security officers from top management level of the private security industry (PSI). At the operational levels, 173 SAPS officers completed the questionnaires and 163 PSI officers. The findings show that the majority of respondents see no need for private security officers to be given additional powers to help the police combat crime. However, the few respondents who supported the idea think that the power to arrest, and stop and search the public, should be given to private security personnel. At the operational level, all respondents agreed that private security officers should be given additional legal powers to help the police combat crime. :

Union Organization Right of the Employees of Security General Directorate in Turkey in line with the similar decisions of European Court of Human Rights

The union organization of the security forces constitutes an exceptional issue in the world. In general, international contracts liberalize the countries in domestic law regimes. For the security personnel, all the service classes working in the security organization and all private security officers working in the public institutions should be taken under the scope of the union organizing prohibition by going out of the field which the international contracts have left to the domestic law regimes and they should not be harmful to the right of trade union organization which is one of the indispensable requirements of the democratic society order in Turkey. As a matter of fact, the Constitutional Court has canceled a part of the legal regulation in contradiction with the Constitution.

Evaluating the adequacy of private security industry regulation in Finland

Tasks that were traditionally carried out by public security authorities are increasingly being transferred to private security companies. Regulations have not kept up with the pace of change in the industry, and therefore private security companies are forced to operate without clear legislation and with uncertain judicial status. In this study we empirically analyze private security officers’ views on current legislation that regulates ‘guarding services’, ‘security check services’ and ‘maintenance of public order’ in Finland. We find that existing Finnish regulation does not adequately address the requirements of the private security industry. Moreover, there is a need to clarify and expand the private security officers’ powers, improve criminal liability and criminal law protection issues, as well as enhance supervision and co-operation between the private security industry and public authorities.

Legitimacy of Private Police in Developed, Emerging, and Transitional Economies

Research suggests that states that fail to provide political goods, such as security, have low citizens’ confidence in state apparatuses, resulting in greater demand for services by non-state actors like private security. The present study seeks to compare citizen trust and confidence in private security guards, in 6 developed, emerging, and transitional economies in the Americas (the United States), Asia (India, Singapore, South Korea), and Europe (The Netherlands, Slovenia). This study seeks to assess whether democracy levels across the countries and/or contextual factors such as contact, perceived professionalism, nature of work, and civility of security guards affect citizens’ trust across various levels of democracy. The findings show that citizens in countries with full-democracy rankings have less trust in private police compared to citizens in lower democracy levels. Findings also suggest that across all democracies, perceived civility and professionalism of private security officers significantly influence citizens’ trust of private police.

“Surveillance of the Surveillers”: Regulation of the Private Security Industry in South Africa and Kenya

Abstract:The growth of the private security industry on the African continent has resulted in an expanding labor force engaged in surveillance-type activities. This article analyzes various levels of regulation of private security officers as a form of surveillance. Based on qualitative methodology, it compares the numerous regulatory efforts implemented by the state, industry, and companies of the private security industry in Kenya and South Africa and shows that although different, they essentially share the ultimate aim of controlling private security officers, i.e., to implement a means of “surveillance of the surveillers.”

Türkiye’de Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığına bağlı müzelerin güvenliği ve polisin rolünün değerlendirilmesi

One of the most important characteristics of the modern and developed societiesis to take the necessary measures to bring the historical and cultural values of the past civilizations to the present as well as protecting them. It is of great importance to understand the security phenomenon to raise the awareness in protecting these values and the museums where those values are protected. Maintaining the physical security of the museums which attached to the Culture and Tourism Ministry has always been a question of debate in Turkey. The security of the museums is ensured by either protection officers of the said ministry staff and/or by the private security officers. Despite all the security measures taken to protect museums, there is still some news in the media about the cases of theft or loss of historical artifacts. In this study is discussing if the security personnel and their equipment was enough and if there was a healthy communication and coordination among the police personnel and the executives of the museum which attached to the Culture and Tourism Ministry before and after the crime was committed. In this study which is prepared by the analyze of the information obtained from national/international literature, the opinion of experts and analyze of statistical data which is type of qualitative exploratory; It has been observed in recent years that crime events have been decreased and physical security measures have been increased at the museums attached to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. It has been evaluated that between police and museum authorities have sustainable communication and coordination in regard to ensuring security and lighting on crime events. The protection of the museum phenomenon where the historical and cultural values not only the state of the relevant institutions and organizations responsibility, also all citizens living in society has the responsibility of understanding will be possible to reflect individual, social and cultural lives.