Private Sector Schools Research Articles

An Analytical Study of Early Childhood Education Facilities in Public and Private Sector Schools in Azad Jammu & Kashmir

The purpose of this study was to analyze a situation of ECE facilitiesavailable in public and private sector schools in AJ&K. The main objectiveof the study was to assess the availability of physical, academic, sports andlearning environment facilities for ECE in public and private sectorschools in AJ&K. The study was descriptive in nature and a quantitativeapproach was applied for conducting the research. A questionnaire wasused for the collection of data from respondents. The sample consisted of100 teachers, which were 50 from the public sector and 50 from the privatesector by using a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique.A questionnaire consisted of 46 items with four subscales was used in thisstudy. Mean, standard deviation and t-test was used to analyze the data.Expert opinion was taken to check the validity of questionnaire.Cronbach’s Alpha of the questionnaire was .705. The result of the studyrevealed that the availability of all four facilities is better in public sectorschools than private sector schools. It is recommended that resources ofteaching and learning for early childhood education need to be increased.It is also suggested that the curriculum for ECE should also be revised andimplemented in private sector schools of AJ&K.

Exploring Students’ Misconceptions and their Causes in Photosynthesis and Respiration: A Case Study of a Private Sector School of Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract
 The aim of this study is to find out the misconceptions about the photosynthesis and respiration processes and their causes among elementary levels of Science students. When students come into the classrooms they have a lot of misconceptions/ alternative ideas based on their previous understanding, learning experiences, and observation of their surroundings. It started from the initial level where children construct their knowledge by observing the world. These ideas, beliefs, observations, and make their preconceptions. This research had been conducted to find out the misconceptions about respiration and photosynthesis and their causes. The nature of this research study is an exploratory case study from the private school of Sukkur, Sindh. Semi-structured interviews and unstructured observations were done to conduct the data for this research study to investigate the misconceptions in Science. One private school was selected for this research in Sukkur. The sample size for this research was eight students in class eight and two science teachers. Four girls and four boys were chosen and two teachers, one male, and one female were chosen to conduct the data. The semi-structured interviews were recorded by teachers and students and then translated and transcribed. After that, read the code and identify the patterns. The codes were assigned to the responses of participants based on similarities and differences. The themes were extracted from the coding of the responses and categorized into seven themes and one sub-theme. It was determined that students had many misconceptions about photosynthesis and respiration processes.

Identification of Effective Strategies for the Enhancement of ECE Enrollment ratio: A Selected Study of District Kamber Shahdadkot and Khairpur Mir’s schools.

Abstract
 Early Childhood Education (ECE) is a form of education which has been introduced in Pakistan from 3-8years old children till the beginning of formal education. The study is aimed at to explore the effective strategies in order to intensify the enrollment of ECE. The descriptive survey study was conducted at both public and private sector schools. It is to enhance the enrollment of ECE children. Head masters, ECE teachers, and students of the locality formed population of the study. Random sampling technique was made to generalize the results of sample. After the collection of data from two Questionnaires first from Head teachers and second from ECE teachers’ data were analyzed in quantitative methods through the SPSS 23 version. As the conclusion is to enhance enrollment of students, has been projected to address the real elements of enrollment in order to increase it at the rapid pace. The main concern of this research study deal the issues of lesser enrollment at ECE level shortage of well trained teachers, lack of material, malnutrition, poverty, and health pandemic COVID-19, to specify the strategies for enhancement of enrollment ratio of ECE students such as integral formation, didactic activities, professional performance of head teachers and teachers, immediate response to pandemic and manipulation of mass, digital media, reconstruction of connectivity between stakeholders, separation of ECE teachers with integration of innovative activities such as STEM and STEAM, ICT for holistic development of children.
 
 Keywords: Early Childhood Education, issues and challenges Identification of strategies, Enhancement of enrollment.

Self-Esteem Level of Public and Private Sector School Teachers: A Case Study of GGHS of District Swabi

Self-esteem level of public and private sector school teachers: A case study of GGHS of district Swabi" was the title of the current research project. The study's goals were to ascertain public school teachers' levels of self-esteem. To investigate the level of self-esteem among teachers in private schools. The population of the study consisted of all the female secondary school teachers in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) district of Swabi. As a sample for the study, 100 female secondary school teachers from both public and private sector schools were chosen at random from the entire population. Data were gathered for the descriptive study using a self-created questionnaire. Data was gathered by means of in-person visits. After that, it was arranged, totalled, and examined. The examination of the gathered data was done using statistical tools, such as the percentage. Following a thorough survey of students in both public and private schools to gauge their degree of self-esteem, statistical analysis of the data revealed that those with higher self-esteem are more capable and competent and have access to more positive self-thoughts. To some extent, teachers in the public and private sectors of education have similar levels of self-esteem. But because of the stressful atmosphere and lack of service security in the private sector, teachers get a little bored.

CHILDREN'S SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AT ELEMENTARY- LEVEL SCHOOLS IN PUNJAB PAKISTAN

This research was conducted for estimating the progress of the socio-economic development of students at elementary-level schools in Pakistan. This study will be significant for students who are taking their courses in education and benefit parents as they will do more to help the teachers to become more knowledgeable about their students and their environment. This study used a combination of quantitative data and qualitative data. The quantitative data ultimately showed a statistical percentage whereas qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The data was collected using observation from a private sector school where 30 students from class 6th were selected as a sample. The researcher did random sampling. The research used a comparative design. The quantitative data were analyzed using comparative statistics. The finding of the study suggests that respect is one of the important elements that should be promoted by teachers using different ways findings of this study can be used by school teachers to improve the socio-economic development of students. Results can also be used as the basis for further research on the role of socio-economics in the development of the learning of students.

Perceptions of Teachers Regarding Malpractices in Examination at Secondary School Level

The present study sought to identify the external factors responsible for examination malpractices at the secondary school level and find out the internal factors responsible for examination malpractices at the secondary school level. All 1310 Teachers serving in 74 Public High Schools for Boys in district Swabi constituted the population of the study. The researcher selected 100 teachers from 20 public high schools for boys in Swabi. Purposive sampling techniques were used for sample selection. The research instrument used for collecting data was a closed questionnaire. The researcher arranged the data in a systematic way and organized it in table form. After, expressing in percentages the data was analysed.Findings the study concluded that most of the participants respond that parents' wishes of obtaining high grades for their children are responsible for promoting malpractices in the examination. The majority of the respondents revealed that the culture of getting higher grades for taking admission to renowned colleges compels the children to involve in examination malpractices. Maximum number of the subjects respond that socio-economic class differences are responsible for promoting malpractices in the examination. Most of the respondents viewed that the competition among private sector schools forgetting a maximum number of admissions in classes 9th and 10th is responsible for promoting malpractices in the examination.

Teachers’ Perceptions regarding Moral Education in Private and Public Schools in Karachi: A Comparative Study

Moral education is a stimulation of the natural development of learners’ moral judgement, which in turn, enables them to manage their behaviour. Schools can be successful in developing moral values in students through teachers and a positive school environment. However, due to teachers’ packed routines and lack of school attention towards the moral domain, this aspect of teaching is mainly neglected. The current quantitative study aimed to explore teachers’ perceptions in private and public sector schools regarding the development of moral values through formal education using a survey. It further endeavoured to draw a comparison between the teachers’ perceptions regarding moral education in private and public schools for a better insight into moral development of students for a holistic learning environment. Findings revealed that teachers from both sectors believedreligion to be the prime source of moral values. They perceived teaching moral values as important but were less focused on modelling themselves as moral agents. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the perceptions of public and private sector teachers regarding the importance, efficacy, and practice of moral education. However, a moderate correlation between perceived importance and subsequent practices was found to some extent.

Investigating Effective Problem-Solving Techniques for Mathematics Used by Primary Students in Private Sector Schools of Islamabad

Problem-solving occupies a significant place in the field of mathematics and math education. The main objective of the current study was to examine the effective problem-solving techniques used by the students in mathematics at primary level in private sector schools of Islamabad. This research was quantitative in nature. A cross-sectional survey design and survey questionnaire was used. The six-point rating scale was used to collect responses from the students. The validity of questionnaire was ensured by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) whereas, the reliability of tools was checked through Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS. In order to conduct the current research, data was collected from the (n = 400) students of 16 campuses of Roots Millennium School. Students were selected through cluster random sampling technique. It was found through descriptive analysis that the students use metacognitive problem solving techniques more frequently as compared to heuristic techniques at primary level. Moreover, it was also investigated that the higher and lower achievers used different strategies under heuristic and metacognitive problem solving techniques. Higher achievers used more than one strategy sometimes related to heuristic techniques and sometimes used both. The results revealed that the male students preferred heuristic visualization of word problem strategy more frequently than female students.

INCIDENCE OF ORAL HYGIENE STATUS AND PRACTICES AMONG CHILDREN


 
 
 This survey aimed to find the oral hygiene status and practices of both government and private school students of Lahore. Sample size was 677 students as a whole. significant difference between both groups of students with regards to the usage of brushing instruments such as tooth brush, miswak, finger and none (X2=20.906, P<.001) was found. Significant difference was present between two groups with regards to the teeth brushing frequency (X2=10.925, P=.012). Most of the students of private as well as public sectors schools, brush their teeth once a day, that is, Public sector schools’ students (71.8%) and private sector schools’ students (59.6%). Majority of students do brushing in the morning, 92.4% public sector students and 93% students of private sector. Overall oral hygiene practices was found higher in private school students as compared to the public school students. But practicing of dental care were found satisfactory among both groups.
 
 

COMPARISON OF ORAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG STUDENTS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR SCHOOLS


 
 
 Current study aimed to explore the prevalence of dental problems including dental caries among 12 years old students studying in public and private sector schools in Pakistan. 677 students were recruited in the study from 2 private and 2 public sector schools of Lahore. Significant difference between students of public and private schools was found in terms of prevalence of dental caries (X2= 35.094, P<.001). Significant difference between students of public and private schools was found in terms of scaling requirement X2=54.778, P<.001). Significant difference between students of public and private schools was found in terms of gum bleeding (X2=35.245, P<.001). Significant difference between students of public and private schools was not found in terms of Plaque accumulation (X2=54.778, P<.001). Significant difference between students of public and private schools was found in terms of fluorosis (X2=44.557, P<.001). In conclusion, dental caries and fluorosis was found higher among school going students in Lahore.
 
 

Perceptions of Sindhi Intelligentsia towards English Language learning

This research work aims to explore out the perceptions of Sindhi intelligentsia related to English language learning. English in Pakistan is given much significance and considered as gateway to success. In the private sector schools, English is used as a medium of instruction from Nursery, KG and onwards. The widespread use of English in Pakistan is considered as linguistic imperialism and exploitation of the regional languages. Sindhi is believed to be one of the oldest languages. The British authorities during their reign in Sindh promoted Sindhi language and culture. In order to ease difficulties in Sindhi writing, the British government established a committee to design an appropriate Sindhi script, because previously, it was written in the different scripts. Above all, Sindhi was also designated as an official language of Sindh province. The data of this study was collected through semi- structured interviews. The findings of this study reveal that Sindhi intelligentsia is well- aware of the utilitarian value of English. They also believe that proficiency over English language can help promote their culture and literature across the globe. This study further, reveals that Sindhi intelligentsia has positive attitude towards English language, but they also want to preserve their own language and cultural identity.

The possibilities and challenges of using content and language integrated learning approach in a private sector school of Northern Sindh, Pakistan

This research aimed to explore the possibility of using Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach for the development of students’ Second Language (L2) skills and content in the subject of Chemistry. To achieve this purpose, action research method was used to implement CLIL approach at grade 7 consisting of 30 students. The research was divided into two major cycles, each cycle containing actions to improve the situation and providing a base for the next cycle. The researchers planned and implemented lessons using the CLIL approach. Interviews, observations, and document analysis were used to generate data. The research revealed that although CLIL has the potential to enhance the content knowledge and language competency of students, certain factors such as the academic background of students, the capacity of teachers and the system-related expectations from teachers influence the implementation of the approach in this region. The paper explores the possibility and challenges of a language teaching approach (CLIL) which has received increasing attention in other contexts but has remained unattended and unexplored in the context of Pakistan.

Frequency of Overweight and Obesity and its Associated Factors Amongst School Children in Lahore Pakistan

Introduction: Childhood obesity has growing prevalence globally and several grievous health outcomes are associated with it. Present study will help us compute the growing trend of obesity in Pakistan among school children and compare it to the rest of the world. Aims & Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to determine the frequency of obesity and the factors associated with it amongst children Place and duration of study: The study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 at different public and private sector schools of Lahore. Material & Methods: 443 children (6-16 years of age) both male and female were recruited for a cross-sectional study using simple convenient sampling from 10 public and private sector schools of Lahore. Parental consent was taken; moreover, assent was taken from the students. Data was collected on a self-constructed Proforma. Height, weight & BMI were recorded. Subjects were categorized as obese, non-obese and overweight “t” test, one way ANOVA and Chi square tests were applied for comparison of variables in study groups. SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis of the data. P-Value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Our study participants had mean age of 13±0.11 years, of which 33% (males) and 67% (females). Among participants 20% had excess weight (i.e., 9% obese and 11% were overweight). Children from the age group 12-16 years were significantly obese (63%) compared to 6-11 years (37%). There was significant (p<0.05) relationship of obesity and overweight with junk food, maternal occupation, lifestyle, socio-economic status, screen time, sleeping hours and family history of obesity (FHO). Obesity has no association with parent's education and educational sector. Conclusion: 20% among school children were overweight/ obese. Preventive focus should be on children (12-16 years age) who have family history of obesity, screen time >5 hrs and sedentary lifestyle.

Nexus between Branding of Education and Parental School Choice: Evidence from Islamabad, Pakistan

The educational system in Pakistan is in a dismal position ever since it was established. The government sector has lost credibility with the public and is no longer the first option for parents due to inadequate, consistent, and effective policies and basic infrastructure. Parents are actively choosing the private sector schools for their children. Since denationalization during late 1970s, the private sector has grown steadily. It has expanded during past two decades, establishing new standards for outstanding education, but concerns about the rising class divide affecting social equality have also arisen. The existing literature supports private schools' growing role in expanding enrollment and resolving quality and access issues, but little is stated about their influence on society. Private schools are subtly attacking social justice and equality by increasing the social stratification and widening the socioeconomic difference. Private schools' branding techniques influence parents' choosing a junior and a high school for their children. Most of the research in this field has focused on exploring how the problems of quality, access, and other variables influence students' decisions about which schools to attend. However this research is aimed at exploring on a very basic issue: why are private schools favored because of their "branding"—the branding that has strengthened the status awareness in parents and school choice that has joined the realm of class conflict with several dimensions. The state's obligation to deliver at certain level of essential services has been privatized and sold out in the open market. The middle class's preference is migrating from public to private schools, with the goal of purchasing financial stability in order to gain access to a better-paying jobs and social circles. Today, schooling is not more than just getting an education; it's also a way to show wealth and social standing.

Prospective analysis of the role of actors in governing mangrove ecosystem area in Tangerang District, Indonesia

Abstract. Mahardika SMAH, Yulianda F, Adrianto L, Sulistiono. 2022. Prospective analysis of the role of actors in governing mangrove ecosystem area in Tangerang District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4940-4947. The role of actors in the governance of mangrove ecosystems is one of the main factors in determining the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management in the Tangerang District, Banten, Indonesia. The research aims to analyze actors' prospective role in the strategy of governance of mangrove ecosystems areas in Tangerang using the MACTOR method. This research is a descriptive case study with an expert judgment approach. The study results show that the central and local governments have an important role in the governance strategy of mangrove ecosystem areas in the Tangerang. The two actors can collaborate with the local community, the private sector, universities, NGOs, research institutions, and high schools. The strategy for the governance of mangrove ecosystems in Tangerang can be done by increasing the role of each actor by encouraging the central government and local governments to implement programs to achieve the most supportive strategic goals, namely the management of mangrove ecosystems based on collaborative management (co-management). The strategy can be easily implemented and get more optimal results by involving the role of the user community, NGOs, universities, local governments, and research institutions where the level of collaboration (convergence) is high to support the strategy.

Implementation of Learning Continuity Plan in School Management of Private Schools: Basis for Action Plan

The researcher conducted this study to evaluate and explore the difficulties faced by the private school sector in the division of Tarlac Province as a result of the pandemic Covid-19. This pandemic has indeed posed challenges for schools, especially since the government announced and ordered that face-to-face sessions for the 2020-2021 school year would not begin until the COVID-19 vaccine was available. As a result of the economic downturn, there was a significant drop in enrollment in private schools, as parents who could afford the private schools’ exorbitant fees lost their jobs during the pandemic. Furthermore, the abrupt transition in learning and teaching mode imposed significant burden and expectations on school principals, teachers, and students. All private schools in the division of Tarlac Province were asked to comply with all government criteria for the school year 2020-2021 if they wanted to continue teaching and continue to operate. Because of the compliance and quick implementation and strict requirements, the LCP and health procedures imposed additional burdens. Despite the fact that instructions were provided on how private schools can prepare all the requirements for the start of classes, the process of the documentation itself is difficult and must be completed quickly. Finally, the research was to prepare private schools in the event of another disaster, such as a pandemic, by a proposed action plan ensuring that no private schools are forced to close and stop providing quality education to children. Keywords: private school institutions, learning continuity plan, covid-19, compliance

Nutrtional Status and its Correlation with Academic Performance of School Going Children

Introduction: The nutritional status of the children is satisfactory in Asian countries like Pakistan however the prevalence of malnutrition is observed to decrease because of the various health programs at national and international level in order to improve the health status of growing children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence nutritional status and correlation between nutritional status of students and their academic performance of school going children in Timergara. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted by administering and filling the questionnaire from 400 children, 200 from private and 200 from public sector schools of ages 6 to 11 years in different public and private sector schools of tehsil Timergara Lower Dir, KPK. Nutritional status of children was calculated by anthropometric method and compared with WHO growth chart. Academic performance was calculated from the percentage of the marks obtained in the last annual exam. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS 24.0. Results: The prevalence of male gender were 61% and female gender were 39%. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, thin and Overweight+Obese were25.0 %, 17.0%, 7.5 % and 5.0% correspondingly. The low level of educational performance was significantly higher among the stunted (60.0%), underweight (38.2%), thin (33.3%) and Overweight+Obese (10.0%)children than that of the normal children.The low level of educational performance was significantly higher (p < 0.05) among the stunted, underweight and wasted children than that of the normal children. Conclusion: The nutritional status of school going children of Lower Dir, KPK was satisfactory however emphasis on the awareness regarding nutrition must be given. Keywords: Private, Public, School going children, Nutritional status

Incidence and Socioeconomic Impact of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Going Children of Private and Public Sectors Schools

Background: Parasitic infection is one of the most common infections in school age children because of poor quality of water, deprived sanitation system and lack of enough health care facilities in underdeveloped countries. Parasitic infections lead to anemia, growth retardation, weight loss, and other physical and mental health problems in children. Current study is designed to evaluate frequency of different intestinal parasitic infections and possible associated risk factors among school students in of District Buner Pakistan. Material and method: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Riaz Clinical Laboratory District Buner. All asymptomatic school going children between 5 to 15 years’ age of both genders were included in the study. Those students who had present with symptoms of gastrointestinal infection were excluded from the study. A total of 440 samples were collected from different public and private school’s children. Out of total 240 samples were collected from public sector schools and 200 samples from private sector school’s children. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to gather data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors. The adequate stool specimens were collected in sterile, screw caped disposable plastic container. All samples were examined under microscope using a direct wet mount and formal ether concentration technique. Data was analyzed through SPSS-22 and presented in the form of tables, Pie chart and bar graphs. Results: Out of 440 samples, 23.63% (104/440) were positive for an ova and cysts of different parasites. The parasite positivity ratio is greater in public sector school children (30%) compare to private sector school children (16%). Taenia saginata were most common parasite (8.4%) in school age children followed by Hymenolepis nana (5.68%), Ascaris lumbricoides (5.45%), Enterobius vermicularis 1.13%, and Strongyloides stecoralis (0.68%) were least common parasite in District Buner, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa. Conclusion: Major contributor for the high prevalence of parasitic infections in public school children were found to be poor personal and environmental hygiene, lack of proper sanitation, contaminated food and water supply, personal habits of the children like nail biting and finger sucking, illiterate mother and low socio-economic status of the individuals. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Worm infestation, School going children, Socioeconomic impact

Impact of Social Support on Female Teachers Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment at Secondary School Level

This current research study was planned to study the impact of social support on female teachers' work engagement and organizational commitment at the secondary school level in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. This research study was conducted in three districts of the Malakand region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. All female teachers in public sector schools and private sector schools were taken as the population of the study. However, 1354 teachers were selected as the sample size.Standardized research instruments were used for data collection. A total of five alternative hypotheses were formulated. The correlation coefficient, regression analysis, means score comparison and t-test were used. The entire five hypotheses were accepted. A significant relationship was found between social support and female teachers' work engagement and organizational commitment. A significant difference was found between public school female teachers and private school female teachers regarding social support. It is recommended that proper family and institutional support may be provided to female teachers to work diligently. In future, researchers may extend this research work by taking some other work-related variables like psychological capital and emotional intelligence as moderators/mediators.

A Comparative Study of The L2 Motivational Self System of Secondary Students in Public and Private Schools of Lahore

In the modern world, learning English is seen as a very important part of education. Many countries have added English to their school curriculum. This particular study is designed the investigation whether is there any relationship between the motivational self-system in L2 and language learning achievements. Three public and three private sector schools in Lahore were selected for the sample. This study was administered with the aid of close-ended questionnaires of secondary school students in Lahore. Results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between public and private schools on the basis of gender. Cooperation between teachers and students' effective motivational strategies can easily be adapted for L2 learners, as previous studies also show that building learners' confidence and establishing positive relationships are the most important motivational strategies in the L2 learning classroom.