Private Perspective Research Articles

Optimal location to land banking practices in urban-rural informal land market continuum of Ghana

Land banking practices in complex informal land markets are growing in developing countries. However, the land banking (LB) literature predominantly focuses on publicly driven land banks operating within formal land markets. Against this backdrop, this study investigates optimal locations for LB projects in Ghana's complex informal land markets from the perspective of private and semi-public real estate developers. Utilising a two-stage research process, first, the study developed a conceptual framework by using: (1) suppositions regarding space under economic geography; and (2) theoretical suppositions on the use of LB and its influence on LB locational choices uncovered from an interpretive hermeneutic literature review. The second stage focused on an empirical assessment of the conceptual framework by taking four urbanised regions in Ghana. The case study stage uses primary data from 30 interviewees selected using purposive and snowball sampling, while secondary data comprised land bank inventories from the regional Lands Commissions of the case study regions. Results revealed land title security as the primary factor determining optimal locations for land banks. There are significant challenges related to land title security in urban and inner parts of peri-urban areas. These challenges are aggravating the transformation of agricultural lands into residential lands in developers' preferred land bank locations. Based on the ongoing land transformation occurrences, the study underscores the need for policy responses that enhance title security to encourage developers to diversify their land banking locational preferences beyond solely greenfield sites to a mix of green and urban brownfield sites.

Climate damage from fishing the mesopelagic zone exceeds its economic benefits

Abstract Mesopelagic fish represent an opportunity for fishing companies and food production, but their exploitation carries substantial environmental risks related to these populations’ role in the oceanic carbon pump. We assess the economic viability of mesopelagic fishing from a private economic perspective, focusing on costs and revenues accruing to the fishing industry, and a public economic perspective, considering impacts on society at large, notably climate change. We develop a stylized model, which we apply to four pelagic trawling fleets in the European Union. We find that a mesopelagic fishery operated with current excess capacity in the four fleets considered is profitable from a private perspective, but the climate impacts potentially outweigh the private economic benefits. This implies that strict governance arrangements are needed to safeguard the sustainability of the mesopelagic zone. Considering long-term dynamics, we explore potential natural limits to an expanding mesopelagic fishery. First, a growing fishery will reduce biomass level, affecting profitability. Second, an increase in mesopelagic production may lower the price, also limiting potential for expansion. For the time being, however, it is unlikely that the fishery will reach a scale level where such feedbacks can be expected, making effective governance arrangements even more crucial.

The Dynamics of Reports on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Cambodian Mainstream Media Before and After the COVID-19

The outbreak of the pandemic in early 2020 greatly slowed down the economic and trade exchanges as well as the cultural exchanges among countries. The Chinese government and media are facing challenges communicating internationally the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI). This paper selects the reports of mainstream media in Cambodia related to the “Belt and Road” Initiative before and after the epidemic, and comprehensively analyzes the research samples with the help of content analysis methods. By studying the law of “other shaping” of the image of the BRI reported by the Agence Kampuchea Presse (AKP) and the Phnom Penh Post, the two major mainstream media representing Cambodia’s official and private perspectives, respectively, it is helpful to analyze internal laws and explore the logic behind the discourse of the two Cambodia’s mainstream media; by excavating the attitude and value orientation hidden behind the Cambodian media towards the BRI, the paper comes up with the objective conclusion that the national interests and economic benefits brought by “the Belt and Road” projects are the key internal factors influencing the position of Cambodia’s mainstream media. The paper also notices that the spillover effect of China-US competition has an important impact on the Cambodian mainstream media’s coverage of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, and it also has significance for China to look at external communications and seek a breakthrough in vision by studying the international communication of the United States to Southeast Asia in history and learning from its successful experiences.

The Economic Analyses of the Drosophila suzukii's Invasions: A Mini-review.

The objective of this paper is to bring to the fore the type of economic analyses that have been carried out on the invasion of the Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and what has been learned. The analysis is limited to the original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. A total of 20 relevant studies are identified. The studies are analysed based on their main purpose, which is either economic impact assessment or economic evaluation of management programmes. The analysis also considers the key methodological points highlighted in recent reviews of the economic literature on alien invasive species. Over time, the focus of these studies has gradually shifted from raising awareness of the magnitude of the impact, particularly on agricultural production, to supporting the decision-making process concerning effective pestmanagement. Most studies have been conducted froma private perspective, measuring private costs and providing guidance to the industry. However, some papersinclude, or focuson, the societal costs caused by the invasions of D. suzukii.This review hasfound few impact studies in the recently invaded areas and no economic evaluation of management programmes. There are not only geographical areas, but also themes that need more attention and analysis in the economic studies on D. suzukii. Assessing the economic effectiveness of integrated pest management programmes in specific settings, included the Latin American countries, is crucial.

From KMS Fusion to HB11 Energy and Xcimer Energy, a personal 50 year IFE perspective

Shortly after the laser was invented in 1960, scientists sought to use it for thermonuclear fusion. By 1963, Livermore had a classified laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) program and leaders predicted scientific breakeven by 1973. In 1974, KMS Fusion, Inc. announced thermonuclear neutrons from a laser target and promised grid electricity within 10 years. Private capital was attracted, but the data fell far short of the optimistic simulations. Magnetic fusion energy has had civilian funding (DOE), while ICF has primarily received military funding (DOE Defense Programs and now NNSA). As bigger lasers have been built and better simulations performed, optimism about ICF breakeven has waxed and waned. The achievement of ignition and gain on NIF has validated ICF's scientific basis, and the DOE and venture capital funded private companies are again interested in inertial fusion energy (IFE). The new DOE Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program is creating public–private partnerships to accelerate progress toward fusion pilot plants. ARPA-E, DOE INFUSE, and DOE IFE STAR are also building a U.S. IFE program within DOE. The U.S. leads in ICF, but developing IFE is an international competition. Private companies are leading the way. HB11 Energy Pty Ltd. is pursuing the aneutronic proton–boron fuel cycle. Xcimer Energy is developing a disruptive IFE technology to achieve high laser energies at dramatically lower costs. This 50-year perspective discusses where the U.S. IFE program is headed and promising strategies for progress in establishing an effective U.S. IFE program from both public and private perspectives.

Key Performance Indicators for Decision Support in Building Retrofit Planning: An Italian Case Study

To achieve climate and energy goals in the building sector, the current pace of renovating existing structures must double, overcoming prevailing barriers. Key Performance Indicators play a pivotal role in science-based decision making, emphasizing both direct and indirect benefits of building retrofits. The authors aim to contribute to proper metric identification for multi-perspective building performance assessment and formulate a methodology supporting energy planning decisions. They introduce the Global Cost per Emission Savings (GCES), an aggregated indicator encompassing both public (CO2 emissions) and private (global cost) perspectives of diverse retrofit technologies for building HVAC systems. Applied to the Italian residential building stock via the Reference Building approach, the methodology is tested using condensing gas boilers, biomass boilers, and electric heat pumps, revealing diverse environmental and economic performances. Addressing the establishment of effective decision-support tools for policymakers, the paper explores the potential impact of various policies on the favorability of technologies. Different policy scenarios are delineated to analyze how distinct approaches may influence the attractiveness of technologies. Notably, in the baseline scenario, biomass boilers hold an advantage over heat pumps according to the GCES index. However, scenarios involving technology-specific incentives or a greenhouse gases emission tax failed to alter the technological ranking, leaving heat pumps financially uncompetitive. In contrast, the TXPM scenario positions heat pumps as the most financially appealing option, penalizing biomass boilers for high particulate matter emissions.

Budget impact analysis of durvalumab consolidation therapy vs no consolidation therapy after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer in the context of the Chilean health care system.

Durvalumab, used as consolidation immunotherapy, has shown to improve survival in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer who respond to chemoradiotherapy, based on the most recent follow-up of PACIFIC. The Chilean healthcare system provides access to certain immunotherapies for this condition. The present study sought to estimate the budget impact of durvalumab versus standard of care in the context of the Chilean healthcare system. A partitioned survival model was adapted to compare two strategies: durvalumab as consolidation therapy and standard of care for treating stage III NSCLC. The number of patients eligible for treatment was estimated using published incidence data and modeled for a 5-year time horizon. Model inputs were based on published literature, and the duration of treatment was estimated using survival curves obtained from PACIFIC. Costs were estimated in Chilean pesos (CLP) and converted to USD dollars using an exchange rate of USD 1 = CLP 827. Scenario analyses were performed to assess different subsequent therapy splits, variations in the target population and dosage of durvalumab. Durvalumab uptake projected total costs ranging from USD 1.27 in Year 1 to 8.5 million in Year 5 from the public perspective. From the private perspective, the budget impact for the first year is USD 1.3 million to USD 3 million for 2028. This difference relies mostly on the lower number of patients treated. Both perspectives anticipated cost savings over the time horizon through reduced monitoring, adverse events, and end-of-life expenses. This study demonstrates that the inclusion of Durvalumab for NSCLC in Chile represents an investment in the Chilean health system. The incremental costs align with clinical benefits and potential savings in healthcare resource utilization. However, a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis is needed to evaluate its economic value thoroughly.

Implementing Toll Road Infrastructure Financing in Indonesia: Critical Success Factors from the Perspective of Toll Road Companies

Having effective and efficient financing is one of the most critical steps in accelerating public infrastructure development, including toll roads. This study aims to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. Thirty-three CSFs have been identified from the literature review. A Delphi survey was conducted involving a panel of experts in the infrastructure industry. Based on the survey, it is known that the internal rate of return, affordability, investment decisions, commercial banks, financing costs, interest rate risk, control of cash flow, contract scope, and principles of risk transfer are important factors for implementing toll infrastructure financing in Indonesia. This study fills research gaps by developing a CSF model for successful toll road infrastructure financing in Indonesian PPPs, considering private perspectives and aiming to provide insights for investors and enhance understanding of country profiles in developing countries. The focus on toll road implementation in Indonesia contributes to a comprehensive understanding of CSFs for PPPs in the country.

A Review of the Influence of Ownership Structure on Capital Structure

The main content of this paper is the analysis of the influence of ownership structure on capital structure and the summary of some scholars in the past on this aspect of research. This article added some private perspectives and came to the conclusion. Bebchuk, Du and Dai, Nor and Ariffin, Boubaker, Driffield, Friedman, Bany, Boubakri and Montreal have provided significant academic support for this paper, using a variety of regression models and structures to conduct data sampling in different regions and come to quite authoritative conclusions. This article also presents basic information about the subject, such as the purpose of changing the ownership structure and how it works, and an explanation of some of the professional names mentioned in this article.

Firm Age and Financial Performance: The Firm Life-Cycle Theoretical Perspective of Private Limited Companies In Uganda

Purpose: While the financial performance of private companies has invoked intense interest globally, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between firm age and the financial performance of private limited companies in Uganda.
 Methodology: The study adopted a positivist paradigm and a cross-sectional design. A structured self-administered questionnaire was deployed to gather quantitative data from Accountants, Auditors, CEOs, and Board Members who were purposively selected. Three hundred ninety-four private companies in Central and Western Uganda were sampled. The relationship was assessed using Pearson correlation and standard regression analysis techniques.
 Findings: The study established a positive relationship between firm age and financial performance. It was established that firm age accounts for 14% of the variance in financial performance among private limited companies in Uganda. The study recommends that managers prioritize factors that guarantee the long-term existence of businesses by devising sound investment and operational policies that match the life-cycle stages of their firms.
 Recommendations: This study cements our insights on a firm age-financial performance nexus in Uganda’s private sector and highlights the significance of age towards financial performance. Findings provide insights into devising promising business approaches and guide management in setting priorities to achieve long-term business survival and better financial performance.

Switching from Risks to Opportunities: The Application of a Superbonus Tax Incentive to Heritage Buildings from the 1960s in Fragile Mountain Contexts

This paper introduces actual considerations for the progressive disuse of residential space in the Alpine territory, considering possible actions. Nowadays, the building complexes built around the 1960s and 1970s (a symbol of mass tourism) are suffering and searching for a new identity. The generation of owners who bought them has aged and the propensities of the new generations for holiday in those places has changed, which means fewer opportunities for leisure, particularly in the winter. Due to the great attention (and seeming opportunities) of current incentive policies toward improving the energy use of the existing stock, the authors investigate the private conveniences of transformations through the refurbishment of these buildings. Starting from a study of the territory and the dynamics of the local population, this research analyzes a possible set of energy works, based on a new (2020) incentive measure, the 110% Superbonus, which consists of a series of facilitation mechanisms, deductions, and reimbursements for building interventions. A large part of the insight is focused on a technical and economic feasibility study of the possible actions, following a process based on the evolution of the legislation. This work is based on a specific case study, located in a small municipality in the Piedmont mountain area, consisting of three apartment blocks of mostly second homes. The methodology adopted lends itself on the one hand, as a guide for preliminary economic energy assessments and, on the other hand, as a policy evaluation tool from the public and private perspectives.

Photovoltaic-green roof energy communities can uphold the European Green Deal: Probabilistic cost-benefit analyses help discern economically convenient scenarios

The new roadmap of the European Union (EU), the European Green Deal, aims at tackling climate adaptation, energy, biodiversity, and pollution challenges. To contribute to such aim, the latest EU Renewable Energy Directive defines for the first time renewable energy communities. Among them, Photovoltaic-Green roof Energy Communities (PGECs) emerge as a potential option in urban areas. This paper investigates whether and under which conditions PGECs are capable to meet the objectives of the European Green Deal in an economically convenient manner. Since some conditions are context-specific, this research is showcased using a case study (Luxembourg). First, European legislation was reviewed to determine the suitable legal model for PGECs. Second, a systematic literature review helped identifying lifecycle costs and benefits of photovoltaic-green roofs and their value ranges. Third, a model for probabilistic social and private cost-benefit analyses was developed and tailored to Luxembourg. Lastly, Scenario Discovery was used to identify the ranges of input values leading to desirable net present values. Results show that PGECs can contribute to achieving multiple objectives of the European Green Deal in an economically convenient manner. From the societal perspective, PGECs are found to be economically convenient for any cost, benefit, and discount rate in the case study. From the private perspective, PGECs remain convenient in 62% of the scenarios, with green roofs’ installation cost and electricity generation benefit playing pivotal roles. This paper presents a rare combination of probabilistic cost-benefit analyses and scenario discovery, It supports policymakers designing incentive schemes for PGECs, and can be replicated in other countries.

Estimating public and private costs and benefits of implementing a milk quality assurance system in Kenya: A case study

Assuring food safety is increasingly important in emerging and developing economies. Despite being a public good, food safety in these economies is often addressed through limited private sector innovations while the public health costs and impact of food-borne diseases are largely unknown. This study estimates annual private and public costs and benefits of a quality-based milk payment system (QBMPS) in Kenya. Private costs and benefits were estimated using a partial budget analysis. From a private perspective, results show that participating farmers benefit most from the QBMPS, with a net profit of about USD 0.02 USD/kg) from an additional investment cost USD 0.0125/kg to produce Grade A milk. The cooperatives and processor have a net loss of 0.025 USD/kg milk, mainly driven by testing and initial investment costs. Disease burden was calculated using the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), while direct and indirect health costs were calculated using an incidence-based analysis. We estimate an annual disease burden of 53,000 DALYs from milk-related infectious diseases and a generated health benefit of 13 KES/kg due to reduction in disease incidence if 15% of Kenya’s milk goes through the QBMPS. These health benefits justify public and private sector support for a QBMPS.

Green climate and pro‐environmental behavior: Addressing attitude‐behavior gaps towards promoting sustainable development

AbstractBased on the Stimulus‐Organism‐Response theory, this paper extends knowledge by examining both the direct and indirect effect of green climate on pro‐environmental behavior whilst incorporating the following two multidimensional measures: group identification and social norm measure as mediator and moderator, respectively. The study extends current knowledge by addressing the attitude‐behavior gaps eminent in most papers. Consequently, this study provides in depth knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning the role of individuals and also their role as influenced by the group they belong to. Further, this study proffer knowledge from the perspective of both private and public sphere pro‐environmental behavior. The present study employed structural equation modeling using a survey from a dataset of 836 respondents. The findings revealed that green climate positively influence public‐sphere behavior. Further, green climate indirectly affects private‐sphere behavior through group identification. Again, our study found that group identification partially mediates the relationship between green climate and public‐sphere behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are further discussed.

Прагматика смеха в эллинистической философии

The article deals with the philosophical possibilities of laughter in the Hellenistic age. At first, we specify the role of laughter in various genres of philosophical speech, and then we divide different types of laughter. Further, we analyze the use of laughter for liberation, however, we notice not the general anthropological aspect of “Culture of popular laughter”, but the specific philosophical possibilities of this liberation. If the whole world is a comedy, then philosophical laughter overcomes the private perspective — not to the “Collective body”, but to the perspective of the divine view. Finally, we explore the relation between laughter and the concept of godlikeness (ὁμοίωσις θεῷ).

The Presence of Exercise Services in Korea as a Solution to Physical Inactivity: From the Perspective of Private and Public Goods

The Presence of Exercise Services in Korea as a Solution to Physical Inactivity: From the Perspective of Private and Public Goods

Economic Feasibility of Tropical Forest Restoration Models Based on Non-Timber Forest Products in Brazil, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Peru

Mobilizing funds is a major challenge to achieve scalable Forest Landscape Restoration projects. While pure ecological restoration may not be a feasible investment from the private perspective, combining native species with non-timber forest products (NTFP) species may be a solution for reaching large scale and financially sustainable forest restoration. This study addresses potential species combinations for 12 restoration models, three models being based in pure ecological restoration and nine models being based on agroforests with NTFP, their economic costs, and benefits in tropical forests in Brazil, Peru, Cambodia, and Indonesia. A total of 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted to capture the models’ productivity and prices. As for the prices that the producers did not know, specialized stores were consulted in the cities of the collection. The starting investment to restore 01 hectare (ha−1) of tropical forest ranged between US $104 and $7736, with an average of $1963 ha−1 and a standard deviation of $2196 ha−1, considering the 12 cases evaluated in 2018 and 2019. From nine restoration models that had economic purposes, financial indicators showed a median net present value (NPV) of $1548 ha−1, and a median internal rate of return of 22%, considering a discount rate of 10%. The NPV varied between $−685 ha−1 and $55,531 ha−1. Costs of pure ecological restoration were on average 42% lower than agroforestry systems, but did not produce direct income from NTFP, therefore yielding negative NPV. The study demonstrated the economic feasibility of seven of nine models that had economic objective, showing that there are promising business cases for private investment in tropical forest restoration.

The Arm-wrestling Between Public and Private Partners: An Investigation of Critical Success Factors and Risk Allocation Preference in PPP Projects

This study aims at investigating the public and private perspectives on both the critical success factors (CSFs) and risk factors (RFs) in large Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. It aims at analyzing how risk allocation occurs and its implications. A case-based research approach was applied, combining qualitative and quantitative analysis strategies. This research in-depth examines four large PPP projects in the Brazilian metro-rail sector. Dyadic archival and interview data were collected from public-private parties, including 34 interviews, and archival sources, such as contracts and reports. The results identify the critical success factors and risk factors in PPP projects in the transport sector. The analysis shows that public and private sectors pursue different critical success factors but converge on the risk factors. The most stressed risk factor is “corruption and bribery,” which reveal the corrupted context spanning in the studied projects. Finally, the conflict in perceptions shows an explanation of context-dependent aspects explored in the qualitative analysis.

Analysis of the Indispensable Elements of Hot Style Short Video Dissemination

This paper selects four representative TikTok accounts and uses two research methods of case analysis and content analysis to explore the popular elements used by sample short video. The sample content is interpreted from the two perspectives of creative mode and communication mode. Through the research of this paper, it is found that TikTok burst video content uses similar elements and is good at using the narrative way and private perspective of storytelling to spread.

EE472 Use of Resources and Economic Cost of the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension for the Social Security and Private Perspective of Argentina

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure that can lead to ventricular failure and death. The aim of this study was to estimate the annual cost per patient by functional class (FC) for the national/provincial social security and private sector perspective and by geographic location of the healthcare providers for Argentina.