Private Ones Research Articles

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БАНКІВСЬКОГО СЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ

Introduction. During the period of independence, several state-owned banks operated in Ukraine – from two in the 2000s to seven in 2013-2014 and 2024. Until 2008, the state’s share in the banking sector's assets was insignificant and amounted to approximately 6%. Since then, the share of state-owned banks has increased almost 10 times. Banks of the public sector are included in the list of critical infrastructure objects in the banking system and the list of authorized banks of Ukraine involved in work in the conditions of a special period. The purpose of the article is to determine the main trends in the development of the state banking sector in Ukraine during the period of independence. Methods. In the research process the following general scientific methods of knowledge were used, such as historical method (when studying the emergence and development of state banks in chronological order), generalization and comparison (when studying the essence of state banks, to compare the state banking sector of Ukraine and foreign countries), analysis (for assessment of the role of individual state-owned banks) and synthesis (for a generalized assessment of the share of the state-owned banking sector and the economic problems arising from it), a statistical method (in the study of quantitative indicators of the functioning of state-owned banks of Ukraine). The results. The main stages of the development of the state banking sector of Ukraine were studied: the reasons for the creation of state banks and the nationalization of private ones, the results of these decisions for the economy and the financial system, and the change state banking sector’s share in the banking system were analyzed. The place of individual state banks in the banking system by size and share of assets is highlighted. Conclusions. The main negative consequences of a high share of the state in the banking sector are summarized and the need to reform the state banking sector of Ukraine is formulated. The impracticality of privatizing the largest state-owned banks during the war has been substantiated.

Appropriateness and readability of Google Bard and ChatGPT-3.5 generated responses for surgical treatment of glaucoma.

To evaluate the appropriateness and readability of the medical knowledge provided by ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard, artificial-intelligence-powered conversational search engines, regarding surgical treatment for glaucoma. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 25 common questions related to the surgical management of glaucoma were asked on ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard. Glaucoma specialists graded the responses' appropriateness, and different scores assessed readability. Appropriate answers to the posed questions were obtained in 68% of the responses with Google Bard and 96% with ChatGPT-3.5. On average, the responses generated by Google Bard had a significantly lower proportion of sentences, having more than 30 and 20 syllables (23% and 52% respectively) compared to ChatGPT-3.5 (66% and 82% respectively), as noted by readability. Google Bard had significantly (p<0.0001) lower readability grade scores and significantly higher "Flesch Reading ease score", implying greater ease of readability amongst the answers generated by Google Bard. Many patients and their families turn to LLM chatbots for information, necessitating clear and accurate content. Assessments of online glaucoma information have shown variability in quality and readability, with institutional websites generally performing better than private ones. We found that ChatGPT-3.5, while precise, has lower readability than Google Bard, which is more accessible but less precise. For example, the Flesch Reading Ease Score was 57.6 for Google Bard and 22.6 for ChatGPT, indicating Google Bard's content is easier to read. Moreover, the Gunning Fog Index scores suggested that Google Bard's text is more suitable for a broader audience. ChatGPT's knowledge is limited to data up to 2021, whereas Google Bard, trained with real-time data, offers more current information. Further research is needed to evaluate these tools across various medical topics. The answers generated by ChatGPT-3.5™ AI are more accurate than the ones given by Google Bard. However, comprehension of ChatGPT-3.5™ answers may be difficult for the public with glaucoma. This study emphasized the importance of verifying the accuracy and clarity of online information that glaucoma patients rely on to make informed decisions about their ocular health. This is an exciting new area for patient education and health literacy.

К вопросу о признаках инсайдерской деятельности

The work sets the task of identifying insider activities in organizations that lead to threats to in-formation security, one of the first steps of which should be a review of scientific publications in the subject area and identifying the main characteristics of insiders. The purpose of the work is to systema-tize the main characteristics of insiders used in the work of the corresponding methods; For this pur-pose, the following scientific methods were used: review of scientific publications, identification of in-sider characteristics, their analysis and systematization. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that, in contrast to individual groups of features used by existing methods for detecting insiders, this work presents their set of 15 elements, suitable for the entire set of solutions; namely the following: greed, biography, psychology, personality, switching, predispositional, professional (working), abnormal behavior, dissemination of information, file changes, collection of information (redundant), telephone conversations, loyalty, physiognomy, illegal actions. The theoretical significance lies in the fact that a single set of insider attributes has been obtained, including all private ones used in existing methods. The practical significance lies in obtaining the characteristics of insiders, on the basis of which a unified meta-method can be built, taking into account the advantages of existing ones.

The Burden, Challenges, and Prospects of Hand Surgery Practice in South Eastern Nigeria

Abstract Background: Hand injuries sometimes cause significant loss of function with psychological and functional consequences. The national status on dedicated specialised hand surgery units, hand surgery fellowship programmes, and outcome of operative hand surgery cases is generally lacking. Aims: To determine the current state of hand surgery practice in south eastern Nigeria and identify the major challenges to its practice and proffer realistic solutions. Methods: This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted amongst accredited hospitals for plastic surgery training in south eastern Nigeria amongst plastic surgery senior residents. Data were collected using a well-structured online questionnaire validated by a panel of investigators created as a Google form. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical package for Social Sciences by IBM, version 22. Ethical approval was obtained from the health, research, and ethical committee of the University of Enugu Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Results: There was a 70.59% response rate with 24 residents filling and submitting the questionnaire. Lack of fellowship training opportunities in hand surgery represents the most important challenge of hand surgery practice, followed by lack of appropriate facilities in government institutions in contrast to a lack of funding in private ones. Other major challenges include lack of adequate funding, lack of facilities, late presentation of cases, and lack of appropriate follow-up physiotherapy protocol. Availability of competent hand surgery specialists was significantly correlated with the frequency of hand surgery cases in the facilities (P = 0.000; χ2 = 20.400). Conclusion/Recommendation: The current state of hand surgery practice in south eastern Nigeria is not yet optimal. The creation of more hand fellowship trainings and courses bagged first place in recommended solutions by nearly half of the respondents. Provision of modern facilities, creation of dedicated hand surgical units, and better funding to the specialty were other suggestions.

What do voters want from their legislators? evidence from ghana

Abstract Legislators make trade-offs when allocating their time and resources to their multiple tasks of representation, legislation, executive oversight, and constituency service. Furthermore, they must decide how much effort to exert or the balance to strike when undertaking a specific function. Existing research provides limited insights into citizens’ preferences over these officeholder multifaceted decisions in sub-Saharan Africa. I offer novel insights into citizens’ preferences using a conjoint survey experiment of Ghanaians to address this knowledge gap. My findings are threefold. First, I find that citizens put more ‘weight’ on constituency-related activities than parliamentary work. Second, in the constituency, citizens value political representation activities more than constituency services. Third, they weigh public-good-oriented constituency services higher than private ones. The research contributes to our understanding of citizen–legislator accountability relationships in sub-Saharan Africa.

The analysis of medical personnel potential of stomatological service of the Subject of the Russian Federation considering its private sector

The approaches to analysis of medical personnel of stomatological service continue to be based on principles formed in relation to state health care system that makes it difficult to objectively assess situation due to increasing proportion of specialists employed in its private sector. The study, targeted to comprehensive comparative analysis of stomatological medical personnel of state and private medical organizations in the Irkutsk Oblast, for the first time made it possible to assess provision of population of large region and its municipalities with stomatologists, considering specialists employed in private medical organizations, in dynamics and in context of separate specialties. The decrease in provision of population with stomatologists in state medical organizations by 12.3% in 2019-2023 against the background of its increase in private ones by 14.5% was revealed. In 2023, 50.5% of stomatologists were concentrated in private sector of stomatological service and 30.8% in state sector. Yet another 18.7% combined their work in medical organizations of both types. The stomatologists employed in private sector of stomatological service were mainly concentrated in metropolises, especially in regional center, where their provision exceeds average regional level by 2.6 times.

EARNINGS QUALITY AND NATIONAL IPO: REM PRACTICES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Abstract. The study aims to assess the impact of the National IPO/SPO Program on Earnings quality in KASE-listed companies and provide recommendations to the investor community. KASE Stock Exchange sample population is 52 local companies, 26 state and 26 private, across different industries excluding financial institutions and investment holdings. Time horizon is 13 years during 2009-2021period totaling 572 unbalanced panel firm-year observations. To estimate Earnings quality, we follow Kasznik cash flow model for accrual-based Earnings management jointly with real activity Roychowdhury aggregate model. We found that the National IPO/SPO process creates partial state-owned enterprises and improve their key investment indicators. Partially state-owned companies outperform private ones and thus become the preferable investment strategy based on Earnings quality risk, cash generation, profitability and leverage-based risk. To strengthen our analysis we compare main results with another popular measurement of accrual-based Earnings management based on the Shivakumar 1996 model. We also winsorised key investment indicators to estimate the impact of outliers on the main results. Theoretically, this study is the first to analyze Earnings management from the National IPO/SPO perspective and the first to relate Earnings quality with structure ownership in case of Kazakhstan. Practically, results and discussion are useful for investors of KASE-listed companies in investment decision-making. Keywords: Earnings quality, Ownership structure, Earnings management, Kazakhstan, National IPO/SPO, KASE

SOME INDICATORS OF DENTAL CARE IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS OF THE KIROVOHRAD REGION

Relevance. Global upheavals in the country affected the activities of dental institutions, including private ones. Aim of this study. Analysis of the dynamics of dental caries treatment indicators in the adult and children's populations in private institutions of the Kirovohrad region. Materials and methods. According to reference books, an analysis of the indicators of caries treatment and complicated dental caries in private institutions of the Kirovohrad region in 2018, 2020, and 2022 was carried out. Research results. In 2018, 134,408 teeth with caries were treated in the population, 131,669 teeth (98% of all) in adults, and 2,739 teeth (2%) in children. In 2020, 142,589 teeth were treated, which is 5.7% more than in 2018. For adults, 140,094 teeth (90.3%) were treated, 6% more than in 2018, and for children, 2,495 teeth (1.7%) were treated, which is 8.9% less. In 2022, 93,164 teeth were treated in the entire population, which is 34.7% less than in 2020. For adults, 89,771 teeth (96.4%) were treated, 35.9% less than in 2020, and for children, 3,393 teeth (3.6%) were treated, which is 26.5% more than in 2020. In 2018, the proportion of teeth treated for caries to all visits was 90.9%, in 2020 – 92%, and in 2022 – 77.7%. For adults, the proportions were 91%, 92.7%, and 76.9%, and for children, 85.6%, 66.7%, and 109.9%. In 2018, a total of 38,926 teeth were treated for complicated caries, 38,442 (98.8%) in adults, and 484 (1.2%) in children. In 2020, 39,522 teeth were treated (1.5% more than in 2018), 39,067 (1.6% more) in adults, and 455 teeth (6% less) in children, with the proportions remaining the same as in 2018. In 2022, the number of treated teeth in the population decreased by 20.1% to 31,593 teeth, for adults by 21.1% to 30,832 teeth, and for children, it increased by 40.2% to 761 teeth. In 2022, 97.6% of the treated teeth were in adults and 2.4% in children. The specific proportion of complicated caries to teeth treated for caries in the population was 29%, 27.7%, and 33.9% in 2018, 2020, and 2022, respectively. For adults, the proportions were 29.2%, 27.9%, and 34.3%, and for children, the indicator increased from 17.7% in 2018 to 18.2% in 2020 and 22.4% in 2022. Conclusions. Private institutions in the Kirovohrad region were almost unaffected by the quarantine. However, in 2022, there was a decrease in indicators for the entire population and adult patients, but an increase for children.

Audience Costs and the Credibility of Public versus Private Threats in International Crises

Abstract The credibility of public versus private threats in international crisis bargaining has received scholarly attention. While public threats are often believed to be more credible than private ones because of audience costs, others contend that private threats should be equally credible or even more. Also, the effect of public threats can be conditioned by other domestic factors such as domestic hawkishness and a leader’s unpopularity. To test these competing expectations, I conducted a conjoint survey experiment that examines how observers assess resolve to fight in an international crisis with a sample of US citizens (N = 1,203). Three major findings stand out. First, evidence suggests that both types of threats increase the perceived likelihood that a country will stand firm. Second, though their effect size is small, public threats are more effective than private ones. Lastly, I find support for the conditional effect of public threats, indicating that the underlying mechanism of the credibility of public threats is domestic audience costs.

Pediculosis and Factors Affecting Its Prevalence among Schoolchildren in Amol City, Northern Iran.

Head louse infestation, pediculosis, is a serious health problem worldwide. Infected children usually suffer from itching, allergies, and secondary infections besides psychological disorders such as depression and lack of self-confidence leading to school failure. This study aimed to investigate the status of pediculosis and its determinant factors among schoolchildren in Amol City, Northern Iran. This study included 228 schools frequented by about 20017 students. Pediculosis was determined by careful examination of students' hair on the scalp, back of the neck, and around the ears. The diagnosis was based on observation of live adults, nymphs, and nits. A questionnaire was used to record the personal and demographic characteristics of participants. This study revealed that the prevalence of pediculosis among schoolchildren during all schooling seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) correlated with sex: the prevalence being higher among girls than boys (p= 0.00). In addition, the highest rates of pediculosis occurred during the autumn season (p= 0.00). The public schools accommodated higher numbers of louse-infected students than the private ones (p= 0.00). While head louse occurred at higher frequencies in long hair over the schooling year, dandruff had anti-louse effects (p= 0.00) during cold seasons, autumn, and winter. Socioeconomic status and educational level of parents played determinant roles in head louse prevalence (p= 0.00). Schoolchildren coming from socioeconomically well-situated families had lower rates of head louse infestation. Our results showed that head pediculosis was a serious health problem among schoolchildren in Amol city and its prevalence and severity tended to be multifactorial.

Investigating Task-Oriented Leader’ Behavior in Public and Private Universities to Establish the Structure of Quality Improvement

This study aimed to ascertain if task-oriented leaders' behavior and the establishment of structures to improve the caliber of universities are correlated. Furthermore, this research also assessed the disparity in the quality improvement framework between public and private universities and the variation in task-oriented leadership behavior shown by leaders in these universities. The survey comprised 369 participants, including Punjab's heads of departments, faculty deans, and directors of quality improvement cells drawn from public and private universities, as well as those accredited by the Higher Education Commission (HEC). Task-oriented leaders' behavior was assessed using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), while universities' quality improvement progress was gauged using the Institutional Performance Questionnaire (IPQ). The independent sample t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to examine the data. According to the research, leaders at public universities are more task-oriented than private ones. Furthermore, the study showed that private universities had better quality improvement structures than public universities. The results of this study indicate that enhancing the quality of universities may benefit from a task-oriented leadership style.

ENHANCING STUDENT MOTIVATION AT COLLEGE LEVEL THROUGH EFFECTIVE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

This study investigated the impact of conflict management strategies (task, relationship, and value) on college students' motivation toward learning. A sample of 392 students from the intermediate classes in public and private colleges from urban &amp; rural areas participated. Data were collected using a self-developed rating scale and analyzed with SPSS software. The results revealed that task conflict management showed little variations between school types, relation &amp; value conflict management significantly affected motivation, with public schools outperforming private ones. Gender-based differences were noted in the relationship conflict management, with male respondents displaying lower motivation levels. Urban schools generally exhibited lower motivation than rural schools across all conflict resolution categories. Present results emphasized how crucial it is to use prevention approaches towards specific conflicts and to apply positive stimulation to students to promote more positive relations and thus motivate students in different educational environments. If the technologies employed where novelties’ little chance of support would be available to those lacking in IT expertise.

The Collaboration of Private Hospitals with the Public Health Service: The Case of La Rioja, Spain (1986-2019).

In Spain, the public National Health Service provides care to Spaniards and other residents and is tailored for a decentralized state of autonomies. Each Autonomous Community has legislative capacity in its organization and management. We study the case of the collaboration between private hospitals and the public health service in La Rioja, an Autonomous Community of Spain located in the North of the Iberian Peninsula, due to the importance that this relationship has in health systems, in general. We applied the case study method as a methodological tool in a long-term local study. The interpretation was carried out within a national context, which allows us to understand its meaning and the historical keys to hospital development in this region. Primary sources have been reviewed (mainly reports, catalogs, and censuses of hospitals from the Ministry of Health and the Government of La Rioja) and other secondary sources, located in archives, libraries, Institute of Rioja Studies, and Department of Health. The hospital system in La Rioja was characterized by a predominance of public beds compared with private ones, although there has been a growing trend in the number of private beds from 2013 onwards due to the incorporation of health and social care convalescent hospitals (two). La Rioja has been promoting public-private collaboration (seen as a strategic alliance) and focusing on agreements in the socio-health space, particularly using the management service agreement and the concession of work formulas. The development of the public health service in La Rioja, from 1986 to 2019, has been determined by a progressive lower dependence on specialized hospitals from other health services of neighboring Autonomous Communities and by a mixed public-private hospital system.

Assessment of Greek Hospital Websites using HSWAI v1.1

In modern times, technology is the driving force behind all human activity. The Internet is an integral part of peo- ple's lives and the majority of daily activities are carried out through it. The health sector is no exception as new concepts such as e-health, mobile health etc. have been introduced. Patients and potential users of health services use the websites of healthcare institutions to find and access information about their health problems in health services. The present research carried out as part of a diploma the- sis for the Information and Communication Systems Engi- neering Department of the "Electronic Governance" Master's Program of the Aegean University, attempts to investigate the quality and completeness of the websites of Greek nurs- ing institutions. The object of the research is the evaluation of hospital websites using the HSWAI evaluation tool. It is an excel file containing four(4) criteria with sixteen(16) indica- tors and one hundred sixty-eight(168) sub-indicators. Each sub-indicator includes a presumption that is examined to see if it is met by the nursing website under investigation. In the end a score is produced that identifies the hospital website according to the iHSWAI index global ranking. This fact helps the users and potential customers of health services to com- pare and choose the provider that satisfies them while at the same time it helps the administrations of the institutions to improve and enrich their hospital websites. The research sample consists of public and private nursing institutions operating in the Greek territory. One hundred and twenty-three(123) public hospitals and one hundred and twenty-two(122) private hospitals were evaluated, while sixty-four(64) institutions were not evaluated due to a lack of a website or technical difficulties. The results of the survey revealed that public hospitals have more complete websites as they performed better in the HSWAI score than the private ones. Also, the comparisons made in the context of the research results showed that the more beds a hospital manages, the better quality and more complete website it has. Also, the quality of hospital websites depends on the geographic area where the hospitals are located and the Health District they belong to.

Effect of Digital Transformation on University Brand Image with Ownership as a Moderating Variable

The digital era demands transformation from universities, including private ones. However, the effectiveness of digital transformation on university brand image can be strengthened by ownership. This research investigates the impact of digital transformation on the university's brand image, with ownership as a moderating variable. Using random sampling, we analyzed 45 private universities affiliated with Private Universities in Indonesia Region 2A. This exploratory study employed a quantitative method. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between digital transformation and university brand image, suggesting an enhancement of the university's reputation in the eyes of the public. However, the study also reveals that ownership does not mediate the relationship between digital transformation and university brand image. This suggests that each university may have different Ownership Competencies, especially in decision-making regarding digital transformation. The conclusion of this research indicates that digital transformation affects university brand image. However, specifically in the case of universities in LLDIKTI Region 2, ownership does not moderate the effects of digital transformation on university brand image. It is recommended that this research be continued using mixed methods to explore ownership moderation or test it in other regions' universities.

Burnout syndrome in peruvian dental students

Aim: Burnout syndrome describes the state of long-term physical, emotional and mental exhaustion related to work. This syndrome can cause health problems related to stress, insomnia, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases, including an increase in alcohol consumption and drug use. It is important to recognize the presence of the initial signs of this syndrome, therefore this study aimed to determine the prevalence of the burnout syndrome in peruvian dental students. Methods: The study was observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive. It was carried out from September to November 2018, and it included a total of 154 dental students of four universities of La Libertad region, surveyed by census method. Three were private universities and one was public. Burnout was evaluated through the Maslach Burnout Student Survey Questionnaire (MBI-SS). The results were presented in absolute and percentage frequencies, as well as confidence intervals, using double-entry tables. Results: It was found that 24.68% of the students (24.71% in male students and 24.64% in female students) presented burnout syndrome. The public university of Trujillo presented the highest percentage of affected students (47.37%). A prevalence of 53,90% of emotional exhaustion was also found among the students under evaluation. Conclusions: Almost a quarter of the students surveyed presented burnout. It was also observed that the public University of Trujillo had a higher percentage of burnout than the three private ones. The percentage of prevalence of the burnout syndrome according to sex was similar. However according to dimensions, emotional exhaustion presented the highest percentage.

A Double-Edged Sword: Quality and Credibility of Colon Cancer Screening Content on YouTube.

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant public health challenge globally, with its pathogenesis involving the transformation of benign adenomas into malignant carcinomas. Despite advancements in screening and early detection significantly improving outcomes, the rise of digital platforms like YouTube for disseminating health information presents new challenges. Concerns over the accuracy and reliability of content underline the necessity for rigorous evaluation of these digital health education tools. Methods Our study was conducted at Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York. We meticulously analyzed YouTube videos on "colon cancer screening awareness," employing strict selection criteria to ensure both relevance and quality, focusing on English-language content with pertinent audio. Videos were evaluated for their quantitative and qualitative attributes-views, subscriber counts, likes/dislikes, comments, and content type, classifying them as scholarly or personal. We assessed video credibility through scientific accuracy using the DISCERN instrument, Global Quality Score (GQS), and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), ensuring consistency in quality and reliability evaluation among seven researchers via the intraclass correlation coefficient. These tools - DISCERN for assessing reliability and quality, GQS for evaluating overall quality, and PEMAT for understandability and actionability - facilitated a comprehensive evaluation framework. Our analysis, leveraging descriptive and inferential statistics, scrutinized differences in content quality between academic and private institutions, employing t-tests to identify statistically significant disparities. The study utilized Microsoft Excel (version 16.73, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 29.0 (released 2022; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). for robust data processing and analysis, confirming the educational value and trustworthiness of the examined YouTube content. Results Our study of 156 YouTube videos on educational content, split between academic (68 videos) and private sources (88 videos), revealed significant quality differences. Using the DISCERN, PEMAT, and GQSmetrics, academic videos consistently outperformed private ones, with significant margins: DISCERN (54.61 vs. 34.76), PEMAT (3.02 vs. 2.11), and GQS (3.90 vs. 2.02), supported by low p-values indicating a statistically significant superiority. These findings suggest that the source of content-academic versus private-plays a crucial role in determining the quality and reliability of educational materials on platforms like YouTube, highlighting the academic sector's commitment to higher educational standards. Conclusion The study emphasizes the critical role of credible sources in enhancing the quality of health education content on YouTube, particularly concerning CRC screening. The superiority of academic institutions in providing high-quality content suggests a need for viewers to critically assess the source of information. It also calls for enhanced regulatory oversight and measures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of health information online.

FROM ACADEMIA TO ANECDOTES: ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS CONTENT ON YOUTUBE

Abstract INTRODUCTION This study examines the varying impact of YouTube videos on Ulcerative Colitis (UC) from academic and private institutions. While academic channels offer evidence-based, scientifically vetted information, private sources may lack rigorous scrutiny and sometimes prioritize commercial or anecdotal content. With YouTube's massive user base, the absence of an editorial process can result in misinformation. This content quality and credibility discrepancy can significantly affect patient education and treatment outcomes for UC. METHODS We conducted a search on YouTube using the keywords "Ulcerative Colitis" and "UC IBD" to identify relevant videos. Exclusions were made for videos that were not in English, irrelevant, or lacked audio. We documented various video attributes such as views, likes, dislikes, comments, and the nature of the source (academic or private). The videos were then classified as reliable or unreliable based on the scientific accuracy of their content. We employed DISCERN, Global Quality Score (GQS), and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) to evaluate video quality. The consistency among seven investigators in applying DISCERN, GQS, and PEMAT was measured using intraclass correlation. RESULTS We reviewed 21 YouTube videos that appeared in the search results, of which 11 (52.3%) were academic and 10 (47.6%) were private. Academic videos received higher DISCERN scores than private ones (317.5 vs. 23.64 5.07, p=0.018). The Global Quality Score was also higher for academic videos (3.9 vs. 2.2, p&amp;lt; 0.01), as was the PEMAT score (4.1 vs. 2.7, p= 0.022). Furthermore, academic videos were found to have a positive correlation with the number of likes (OR: 0.75, P&amp;lt; 0.001), subscribers (OR:0.68, P&amp;lt; 0.0001), and views (OR:1.52, P&amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study reveals significant quality discrepancies in YouTube videos on Ulcerative Colitis. Academic sources consistently outperformed private ones in accuracy and reliability, as indicated by higher DISCERN, Global Quality Score, and PEMAT ratings. The data also showed a positive correlation between academic sources and user engagement metrics like likes, subscribers, and views. These findings highlight the necessity of directing patients to academically-backed information to minimize the risk of misinformation.

Public and private interests in Han Fei: A statist approach

Han Fei was a central figure in Chinese Legalism, which was a leading school of thought in the Warring States period of China, and which left a huge imprint on political culture in imperial China. This article examines the complex duality of public and private interests in Han Fei’s political thought, a crucial aspect of his thinking. I argue that Han Fei adopted a sophisticated statist approach to understanding public and private interests. For Han Fei, public interests are embodied in the state while private ones have dual functions. On the one hand, private interests threaten public ones by inviting corrupt material interests, personal morality, and knowledge, as well as human relationships. On the other hand, self-centered human psychology plays a dialectic role in strengthening the state.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Persebaran Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Menurut Kecamatan di Kabupaten Jepara

Jepara Regency, Central Java, provides several private Aliyah Madrasahs as an option to study. High School is an important stage that must be undertaken by students. There are still many people who find it difficult to find information about schools and their locations because of the lack of these sources of information. Students will feel more comfortable while studying at the school of their choice, which can also increase learning motivation. Many students experience confusion when they want to apply to their favorite schools in Jepara due to lack of information about school choices. Jepara Regency has a variety of Madrasah Aliyah, including private and public ones. This application is designed in web format and based on Geographic Information System, with the hope that it can provide convenience for prospective students and parents to know the surrounding objects and get information about Madrasah Aliyah in Jepara Regency.