Private Ltd Research Articles

A Study on Financial Performance Analysis in Greenergy Bio Refineries Pvt Ltd Bengaluru

The learning speaks that the financial performance analysis at Greenergy Bio Refineries private Ltd company Bengaluru. The impartial of this study is to comparison the current financial performance with previous four years and to study the prevailing financial position of company. The information that used in this study, comparative balance sheet, comparative balance sheet analysis, and it is to be recommend that the company can quintessence on their cumulative this level of the current asset. Consequently, the company advances this financial position.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Shift Workers and Its Effect on Peripheral Nerve Conduction: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents as a multisystem disorder, heightening the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Occupation emerges as a significant factor influencing the occurrence of NAFLD. Research indicates that individuals engaged in shift work face an elevated risk of NAFLD, alongside obesity and T2DM, attributed to disruptions in their circadian rhythm, which precipitate hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Remarkably, peripheral neuropathy has been observed in conjunction with advanced liver disorders and NAFLD in the general population. However, the correlation between NAFLD and peripheral neuropathy remains unestablished in shift workers. Objective To identify NAFLD in seemingly healthy rotating shift workers and assess any potential impact of NAFLD on nerve function in this demographic. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 73 apparently healthy nonalcoholic security guards (aged 35 to 60 years) working in rotating shifts. The study included a comprehensive assessment, beginning with a medical history, an evaluation of physical activity, and anthropometric measurements. Confirmation of NAFLD was achieved through abdominal ultrasonography (USG), followed by the analysis of biochemical parameters. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies (NCS) were conducted on participants with normal vitamin B12 levels using the Aleron electromyograph (EMG) machine (Recorders and Medicare Systems Private Ltd, Budanpur, India). The evaluation encompassed the Median and Common Peroneal motor nerves, as well as Median and Sural sensory nerves. Recorded parameters for motor nerves included distal motor latency (DML), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, conduction velocity (CV), and F-wave minimum latency (F-wave), while sensory nerve parameters comprised sensory onset latency (SOL), sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude, and CV. Results Among 73 healthy security guards working in rotating shifts, 76.1% were diagnosed with NAFLD through abdominal ultrasound. Following participant withdrawals and exclusions due to vitamin B12 deficiency, a comparison of NCS parameters between NAFLD (n=24) and Non-NAFLD (n=12) groups revealed no significant disparities in motor or sensory parameters, except for a slightly diminished CMAP amplitude in the peroneal nerve of NAFLD subjects (8.21±2.83mV vs ±10.22±2.30 mV, p< 0.040). However, these differences fell within normal ranges, indicating no notable impact on peripheral nerve conduction in the presence of NAFLD. Conclusion The results indicate a high prevalence of NAFLD among individuals working rotating shifts. Moreover, the investigation suggests that despite the presence of NAFLD, there is no discernible influence on motor and sensory peripheral nerve conduction, particularly in common peroneal, median, and sural nerves.

Comparative Profitability Analysis of Public and Private Ltd Companies in India (A Case Study on Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and Essar Oil Limited (Nayara Energy)

The profitability has been identified as one of the most significant aspects of any business. Profitability Analysis of Public and private sector Oil Companies is very essential to know about general and overall profitability. The objectives of the study are to find out the Profitability of the organization to examines relationship between different Profitability Ratios. This study is based on the secondary data which is collected from the Annual Reports of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited and Essar Oil Limited (Nayara Energy). Ratio analysis as a tool is used for data analysis. Under analysis General Profitability Ratios and Overall Profitability Ratios are calculated to justify the said objectives. At last t-test used for Hypothesis testing. The study would be beneficial for public and private ltd companies.

A Study on Impact of Compensation and Reward System on the Performance of Organization in TF Air Systems Private Ltd

Compensation is significant for fascination, maintenance and inspiration of reasonable workers for an association. It assumes a vital part in presentation of representatives and association. The idea of compensation as a vital element is exceptionally important in the event of association as effective, gifted and roused HR are required in association area very much like different areas of the economy. Hence this study has been embraced to research the effect of compensation and prize framework on authoritative execution of TF Air Framework private restricted. From this study it was found that prize and pay methodologies decidedly affect execution of association. The review suggests that association ought to embrace the utilization of both outward and characteristic prizes notwithstanding different motivations and ought to join it with in general association methodology to acquire upper hand in the business.

A Study on Marketing Strategies, SWOC Analysis and CSR Activities of HCP Wellness Private Ltd

Purpose: According to Ayurveda, often known as the science of life, illnesses are brought on by mental or emotional imbalances or stress. To achieve harmony between the body, mind, spirit, and environment, it promotes certain lifestyle changes and natural remedies. Every person is born with a combination of the three doshas—vata, pitta, and kapha—according to Ayurveda. It's crucial to keep the three in balance if you want to be healthier. To suit the evolving demands of customers around the world, HCP Wellness Pvt Ltd, a well-known company in ayurveda, offers private-label cosmetics, skincare, ayurvedic and herbal health care, and toothpaste for oral care. The researcher focused on outlining HCP Wellness Pvt. Ltd.'s advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats as well as the many goods the business produces, the marketing tactics used, and CSR initiatives. Methodology: This qualitative research paper draws on secondary data from research papers that have been published in a variety of journals, books, newspapers, publications, the company's annual reports, and related articles. Originality: This article explores the wide range of wellness goods produced by HCP Wellness Pvt. Ltd., as well as the SWOC analysis of the business, marketing plans, and CSR initiatives. Value: The study examined the company's strengths, flaws, prospects, and difficulties to determine if it is strong enough in terms of quality. Findings: People are more likely to purchase ayurvedic over-the-counter products than those that doctors advise. It produces a vast variety of goods across numerous categories. Gujarat knows it best for producing herbal cosmetics. It offers both offline and online sales of its items. To compete and sell its products on the global market, it uses a variety of marketing techniques. Paper Type: Case Study of the Company.

Hycons Renewable Private Limited: Viable Biogas Production from Paddy Straws: A Capital Budgeting Decision

The case revolves around the decision to be taken by Mr Sashikant Hegde, Managing Director, Hycons Renewable Private Ltd, on the project viability of a business proposal. The proposal was to start a manufacturing plant in Punjab to produce compressed biogas using paddy straws. Hegde firmly believed that the company would do well considering the growth of the CNG market in India, as the oil and natural gas sector in India is among the top 10 core industries in the country and plays an important role in the existence of other important sectors as well. The proposal would benefit Hycons to establish its presence in northern India, but the project viability and funding of the investment remained an unanswered question.

Book review: Juned Shaikh, Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor

Juned Shaikh, Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor. Orient BlackSwan Private Ltd, 2021, 227 pp., ₹995.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC-MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF K.G. 101 (KSHEERAGULOOCHI 101): AN AYURVEDIC PATENT PRODUCT

K.G.101 (Ksheeraguloochi 101) is an Ayurvedic patent product manufactured by Sitaram Ayurveda Private Ltd. Thrissur, Kerala. This is widely used by practitioners in the management of joint disorders. To explain this mechanism of action, the knowledge of biomedical compounds in the product is mandatory. The present study deals with the Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of K.G.101 to explain its medicinal value. This type of study is the need of the hour for better scientific validation and a new approach to the treatment. The Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric profile indicated the presence of nearly 39 molecules. Most compounds show anti-inflammatory potential, which explains their action in inflammatory joint disorders. The antioxidant property of the compounds explains their rejuvenating property. Some compounds show anti-cancerous activity also, which yet has to be explored.

INDIA'S TOP TEN CSR CONTRIBUTING COMPANIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

This research paper explores the top ten CSR-contributing companies in India and their contributions toward environmental sustainability. The study analyzes the CSR spending patterns of these companies and the percentage of their CSR funds directed toward environmental sustainability. The results indicate a significant variation in CSR spending and contribution towards environmental sustainability among the top ten companies. Companies like Wipro Ltd, ITC Ltd, and Infosys Ltd have directed a considerable percentage of their CSR funds toward environmental sustainability. On the other hand, companies like Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Tata Sons Private Ltd, and Indian Oil Corporation Ltd did not contribute to environmental sustainability, despite significant CSR spending. The findings suggest that there is a need for companies to prioritize environmental sustainability in their CSR activities, given the current environmental challenges faced by the country. The study recommends that companies should adopt sustainable practices and invests more in environmentally sustainable CSR initiatives to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental conservation.

A Study on Marketing Strategies and SWOC Analysis of Himalaya Wellness Private Ltd

Purpose: Ayurveda is a traditional natural and holistic medical system that was transmitted orally through a lineage of sages. It is thought of as the study of life. It offers information on eradicating the paths that lead to the spread of diseases as well as how to prevent infections altogether. The Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hrudaya are the three oldest texts on Ayurveda. They describe the effects of five elements—earth, water, air, fire, and space—on a person's system and emphasise the significance of maintaining these elements' balance so that people can live healthy and happy life. Numerous businesses produce ayurvedic goods. One of the ayurvedic businesses, The Himalaya Company, was established in 1930 by Mr. M. Mrunal to modernise the ancient Indian science of Ayurveda and introduce it to the public. The researcher concentrated on presenting the Himalaya Company's advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and challenges, the various wellness products the company produces, the marketing tactics employed, and the company's marketing mix. Methodology: This qualitative research paper is based on secondary data which is obtained from the research papers published in various journals, books, newspapers, articles, annual reports of the company, and articles related to this study. Findings: One of the company's key strengths is the name Himalaya. One of the top 10 ayurvedic businesses in India is Himalaya. A Good Manufacturing Certificate was received (GMP). When making the items, the company uses the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. In order to address the growing demand for ayurvedic items, the company teamed up with Snapdeal. Additionally, they started the My Lakshya campaign, the main objective of which is to bridge the gap between their current and ideal careers. Originality: This article discusses the numerous wellness products made by Himalaya Company, the SWOC study of the company, its marketing techniques, and its overall marketing mix. Value: The study investigated if the company is strong enough in terms of quality by analysing the strengths, flaws, opportunities, and challenges. Paper Type: Case Study of the Company.

A Study on Marketing Strategies and SWOC Analysis of Himalaya Wellness Private Ltd

A Study on Marketing Strategies and SWOC Analysis of Himalaya Wellness Private Ltd

Effectiveness of Internal Audit- A Tool for Management Control System: An Action Research Approach

Internal audit emerged to have been an indispensable tool of management control system in Large Public Ltd. Companies in particular and Public Ltd Companies in general. Research on internal audit and its effectiveness has mainly so far focused on Public Limited Companies though an effective internal control system is a must for any organization including Private Limited Companies. Present study was administered in DMM Enterprise Private Ltd. Company within the meaning of the Companies Act, 2013 in order to examine the degree of effectiveness of internal audit for Private Limited Companies. The findings reveal that internal audit is a powerful tool to ensure that operational and financial functions carried out in succinct manner by timely detecting errors, financial frauds, exposing the risks involved and guiding the management in day-to-day commercial operations of the concerned organization. The appointment of internal auditor is mandatory for all the Listed Companies and ‘Producer Companies’. Unlisted Public Limited Companies having been subject to either of the criteria of a Paid-up Capital of INR 50 Cr. or more, the Turnover of INR 200 Cr or more and Loans and Borrowings of INR 100 Cr. from banks and financial institutions or having Outstanding Deposits of INR 25 Cr. at any point of time during the preceding financial year. As far as Private Limited Companies are concerned, internal audit has to be in place whenever the Turnover is INR 200 Cr. or more or the amount of Outstanding Loans and Borrowing is INR 100 Cr. or more at any point of time during the immediately preceding financial year. Internal audit for Private Limited Companies not covered within the criteria mentioned above assists efficiently in early detection of financial scam, frauds, errors, risk exposure , organizational performance evaluation and ensuring exercise of a robust management control throughout the length and breadth of the organization and save financial resources, ensures accuracy, authenticity, validity and reliability of financial information which in turn contribute to ensure quality decision making by the management. Moreover, effective internal audit system can save financial resources from being spent on non- or non-timely compliances. This paper aims at examining effectiveness of internal audit through the ’Action Research Approach’. Effective internal audit has emerged to be a tool for exercising management control over large organizations for which it is mandatory and also the companies not covered under the canvas of mandatory internal audit requirements and any other organizations including and medium sized enterprises. Scope of internal audit includes identifying and assessing the financial and non-financial risks and the hurdles in achieving the mission, goals and objectives of an organization. The study has been conducted on the Action Research Model developed by Kurt Lewin in the 1930s. This approach helps the organizations bring about sustainable efficiency in the economic operations of a business in terms of improving productivity, profitability and financial solvency.

Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation: An Overview With an Example of Translation From Lab to Market.

Water oxidation has become very popular due to its prime role in water splitting and metal–air batteries. Thus, the development of efficient, abundant, and economical catalysts, as well as electrode design, is very demanding today. In this review, we have discussed the principles of electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction (WOR), the electrocatalyst and electrode design strategies for the most efficient results, and recent advancement in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst design. Finally, we have discussed the use of OER in the Oxygen Maker (OM) design with the example of OM REDOX by Solaire Initiative Private Ltd. The review clearly summarizes the future directions and applications for sustainable energy utilization with the help of water splitting and the way forward to develop better cell designs with electrodes and catalysts for practical applications. We hope this review will offer a basic understanding of the OER process and WOR in general along with the standard parameters to evaluate the performance and encourage more WOR-based profound innovations to make their way from the lab to the market following the example of OM REDOX.

Hycons Renewable Private Limited: decision to accept or reject an equity investment

Learning outcomes This study will help students determine the economic value of a firm particularly in case of a small business. The crux of the case is to help students estimate an enterprise value for a company and figure the actual worth of the company to aid in decision-making. Case overview/Synopsis This case is about a decision dilemma faced by Shashi Hegde, Director, Hycons Renewable Private Ltd, a company ventured into the production of Bio-CNG. It is about a recent proposal received by the firm from APL Ltd for equity investment with 40% stake in the firm. The case reflects the dilemma faced by small businesses to choose between investment or loss of control. Accepting the proposal will bring in additional funds, whereas the Board loss control on the firm. The case revolves around this dilemma. To help Hegde in this task, he seeks advice from his CFO and his confidant Kumar. Complexity academic level This case is most appropriate for a core finance class for both under-graduate and graduate programs. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

Sole Proprietorship to Private Limited Company - A Journey of Daijiworld Media Private Limited

Purpose: The media industry is crucial in arranging images and discourses that have an impact on society. Many media companies are relying on social media to power their production and distribution processes. To thrive in a highly competitive world, innovation is seen as a critical component in overcoming the pressures of changing social, economic, and technical conditions. The relationship between management and innovation in the media sector is the primary subject of this research. It represents concerns that have an impact on the organizational structures, strategies, media content, and audience perception. Daijiworld Media is a Mangalore-based Indian media company that specializes in news and entertainment. through its website, TV channel, Youtube channel, weekly magazine, audio-visual studio, radio, IT company, and OTT platform. This paper examines the company's evolutionary growth, highlights the company's services and subsidiaries, investigates the company's strengths, weaknesses, challenges, and opportunities, uncovers the company's hiring and training procedures, examines its finance strategy and CSR initiatives, and assesses the impact of COVID on the company. Methodology: This is an exploratory study based on primary data, and information is gathered by interviewing officials from Daijiworld, the Daijiworld Website, and news articles. Findings: Daijiworld Media is a Mangalore-based Indian media company that specializes in news and entertainment services through its website, TV channel, Youtube channel, weekly magazine, audio-visual studio, radio, IT company, and over-the-top (OTT) services, Throughout its twenty year history, this organization has researched the media and entertainment field and endeavored to respond to diverse customer expectations, from daijidubai to daijiworld, from daijiworld monthly magazine to audio-visual studio, from tv channel and radio to OTT. This company has studied the media and entertainment field and attempted to cater to various consumer demands during its twenty year history. The news on daijiworld is accurate, verifiable, and timely. It has content in all local languages to reach out to a wider range of audiences. They host different reality shows and help in the exposure of local talents. They constantly strive to come up with innovative concepts and content. Daijiworld Pvt Ltd is constantly striving to improve and adapt to market developments to be competitive. Research limitations/implications: Complete information or research papers on Daijiworld Pvt Ltd are not available so contacting their multitasking busy officials for more information was little challenging. Originality/value: This paper focuses on Daijiworld Media Private Ltd a local media and entertainment company. Paper type: Case Study

SATISFACTION OF BENEFICIARIES OF CSR ACTIVITY: A STUDY OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN VADODARA DISTRICT

After the companies Act, 2013, CSR is mandatory for companies fulfilling specified conditions. In this regard, almost all the companies are spending 2% of 3 years average profit as CSR activities such as, promoting education, promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, promoting vocational skills, etc. This research paper focuses on the study of the satisfaction level of CSR skill development activity carried out in rural area of Vadodara District by selected four companies viz. Apollo Tyre Ltd., Reliance Industries Ltd., Alembic Pharmaceutical Ltd., SEBIC Innovative Plastic India Private Ltd. Responses have been collected from 100 beneficiaries. Analytical research methods have used in this paper. The researcher has developed 3 objectives and 2 hypotheses and tested by Chi-Square. It is found that respondents are satisfied with the skill development activities of the companies

606-P: Higher Derived Time-in-Range with IDegLira vs. Insulin Glargine U100 in Patients with T2D

Aims: To compare derived time in range (dTIR) with insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) and insulin glargine 100 units/mL (IGlar U100) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Data from DUAL V, a trial of patients with T2D uncontrolled on IGlar U100 randomized to switch to IDegLira or up-titration of IGlar U100 (+metformin; n=557), and DUAL VIII, a durability trial of insulin-naive patients with T2D randomized to either IDegLira or IGlar U100 (+ oral antidiabetic drugs; n=1012), were evaluated post hoc. Self-monitored blood glucose profiles (weeks 0, 12, and 26 [DUAL V] or weeks 0, 26, and 104 [DUAL VIII]) were used to derive the proportion of available readings within (dTIR: 70-180 mg/dL [3.9-10 mmol/L]), below (dTBR: 180 mg/dL [>10 mmol/L]) target range. Results: Estimated treatment differences (IDegLira− IGlar U100) for change from baseline to end of treatment (EOT) in dTIR were significantly greater with IDegLira vs. IGlar U100 (Figure). The proportion of patients achieving ≥70% dTIR at EOT with IDegLira and IGlar U100, respectively, was 62% and 60% in DUAL V, and 50% and 26% in DUAL VIII; the proportion achieving a ≥5% increase in dTIR from baseline to EOT was 63% in both groups in DUAL V, and 44% and 25%, respectively, in DUAL VIII. Conclusion: IDegLira was associated with significantly greater dTIR vs. IGlar U100 in insulin-experienced and insulin-naive patients with T2D. Disclosure A. Philis-tsimikas: Advisory Panel; Self; Bayer Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Self; Sanofi-Aventis, Employee; Spouse/Partner; Ionis, Other Relationship; Self; Merck & Co., Inc., Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis. V. R. Aroda: Consultant; Self; Applied Therapeutics, Duke, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Sanofi, Employee; Spouse/Partner; Janssen , Merck , Research Support; Self; Applied Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Fractyl , Medpace, Medpace, Novo Nordisk, Premier , Sanofi, Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Janssen, Merck. C. De block: Advisory Panel; Self; A. Menarini Diagnostics, Abbott Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim , Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novartis AG, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Speaker9s Bureau; Self; A. Menarini Diagnostics, Abbott Diagnostics, Boehringer Ingelheim , Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. L. K. Billings: Advisory Panel; Self; Bayer Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. E. Hachmann-nielsen: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. A. Liebl: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Speaker9s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Bayer, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb , Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, MSD, Novo Nordisk, OmniaMed, Roche, Sanofi. R. Sivarathinasami: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk Service Centre India Private Ltd. J. M. D9cruz: Employee; Self; NovoNordisk GBS. I. Lingvay: Advisory Panel; Self; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Consultant; Self; TARGET PharmaSolutions, Other Relationship; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Zealand Pharma A/S, Research Support; Self; Mylan N. V., Sanofi. Funding Novo Nordisk A/S

Determination of Manganese(II) using Catalytic Hydrogen Wave (CHW) Technique in Environmental and Biological Samples

Background: A simple, low cost and highly sensitive catalytic hydrogen wave (CHW) method has developed for the investigation of Manganese(II) in ammonium 4-phenylpiperazine-1- dithiocarbamate and ammonium 4-benzylpiperidine-1-dithiocarbamate in various environmental and biological samples using D.C. polarography. This procedure was based on the reaction of Mn(II) in APP-DTC/ABP-DTC in the presences of NH4Cl-NH4OH medium at pH 6.6 and 7.2 respectively. The resulting oxidation signals were obtained at -0.78 V and -0.64 V vs SCE, owing to the CHWs. Different experimental conditions such as pH effects, background electrolyte (NH4Cl-NH4OH) effects and DTCs and Mn(II) ion effects have been studied. The current method was effectively employed for the testing of Mn(II) in different environmental and biological samples and attained recovery percentages (95-99%) are comparable to the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Methods: Direct current polarography, model CL-357 and CL-25 (Elico Private Ltd, Hyderabad, India), Shimadzu AA 6300 spectrometer furnished thru a deuterium background corrector and hollow cathode lamp, at corresponding wavelengths (resonance line) with an air acetylene flame. The experimental guidelines remained those suggested by the makers. Results: The effect of NH4Cl between 0.1 to 0.7 M on the nature of CHW at DME, maintaining the concentrations of Mn(II) at 4.0 ppm and DTC at 3.0 mM (APP-DTC/ABP-DTC) then adjusting the pH to 6.6/7.2 (APP-DTC/ABP-DTC). The polarograms were well-defined in NH4Cl of 0.4/0.5 M for APP-DTC/ABP-DTC. The peak height decreased beyond this concentration and therefore 0.4/0.5 M (APP-DTC/ABP-DTC) concentrations was kept for more analysis. At fixed concentration of DTC, (3.0 mM APP-DTC/ABP-DTC) and (0.4/0.5 M for APP-DTC/ ABP-DTC) NH4Cl adjusting the pH to 6.6/7.2 respectively the metal ion concentration of the Mn(II) was adjusted between 0.05 to 7.0 ppm and results of CHWs were studied. The peak current increased linearly with Mn(II) concentration in the range 0.05 to 4.0 ppm for both DTCs. However, the sensitivity of the method was more with APP-DTC/ABP-DTC because of strong complex of Mn(II) and increased catalytic activity. Conclusion: The developed CHW method is highly sensitive, simple and spontaneous for the analysis of Mn(II) in environmental and biological samples. The polarographic reduction of Mn(II) in aqueous solutions in the attendance of DTC displays a catalytic wave as a role of pH, concentration of supporting electrolyte and metal ion. The graphs of catalytic signals as a role of the concentration of dithiocarbamate shows that the signals do not vary linearly with the concentration of dithiocarbamate which the characteristic of Brdicka CHWs. It is presumed that the dithiocarbamate complexes with metal ions involve adsorption process and can be described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the plot of CL/ip Vs CL should be linear. The CHW method is free from interference effect avoiding the removal stages which made towards placing among utmost sensitive methods for the analysis of Mn(II) in different Environmental and Biological samples.

High Efficacy of a Low Dose Candidate Malaria Vaccine, R21 in 1 Adjuvant Matrix-M™, with Seasonal Administration to Children in Burkina Faso

Background: Stalled progress in controlling Plasmodium falciparum malaria highlights the need for an effective and deployable vaccine. RTS,S/AS01, the most effective malaria vaccine candidate to date, demonstrated 55·8% (97·5% confidence interval [CI], 51-60) efficacy over 12 months in African children. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial of a low-dose circumsporozoite protein-based vaccine, R21, with two different doses of adjuvant, Matrix-M™ (MM), in children aged 5-17 months in Nanoro, Burkina Faso, a highly seasonal malaria transmission setting. Three vaccinations were administered at 4-week intervals prior to the malaria season with a fourth dose one year later. Vaccine safety, immunogenicity and efficacy were evaluated over one year. Findings: 450 children were randomised to receive the R21/MM vaccine or a control rabies vaccine. R21/MM had a 43 favourable safety profile and was well-tolerated. At 6 months, 43/146 (29·5%) who received R21/MM with low44 dose adjuvant, 38/146 (26%) who received R21/MM with high-dose adjuvant, and 105/147 (71·4%) who received the rabies vaccine developed clinical malaria. Vaccine efficacy (VE) was 74% (95% CI, 63-82) and 77% (95% CI, 67-84) in the low- and high-dose adjuvant groups, respectively. At 1 year, VE remained high at 77% (95% CI, 67-84) in the high-dose adjuvant group. Participants vaccinated with R21/MM showed high titres of malaria-specific anti-NANP antibodies 28 days after the third vaccination, which were almost doubled with the higher adjuvant dose. Titres waned but were boosted to levels similar to peak titres following the primary series of vaccinations after a fourth dose administered one year later. Interpretation: R21/Matrix-M appears safe and very immunogenic in African children, and demonstrates promising high-level efficacy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03896724. Funding: The European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), The Wellcome Trust and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. Declaration of Interest: AVSH and KJE are named as co-inventors on patent applications related to R21. GG, LF, JR and PP-A are employees of Novavax, developers of the Matrix-M adjuvant, and US is an employee of the Serum Institute of India Private Ltd, co-developer of the R21/MM vaccine. Other authors declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The trial was approved by the Comite d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Sante, Burkina Faso (CERS, reference number 2019-01-012), and by the national regulatory authority, Agence National de Regulation Pharmaceutique, Burkina Faso (ANRP, reference number 5005420193E). Ethical approval was also granted in the United Kingdom by the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC reference number 19-19).

Evaluation of rapid diagnostic test compared with ELISA for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen

Hepatitis B is a serious type of viral infection affecting millions of people throughout the world. Some of those who become Chronic carriers may progress to develop hepatocellular carcinoma and end stage liver disease. Therefore, early diagnosis and management is the need of time. Present study was aimed to compare the relative sensitivity and specificity of rapid ICT with ELISA for the detection of HBsAg.: One step rapid test for detection of HBsAg was performed on samples by Meriscreen HBsAg test from Meril Diagnostics. HbsAg ELISA was done by using SD HBsAg ELISA 3.0 from SD Biostandard diagnostics Private Ltd. This is assay for qualitative detection of HBsAg from human serum and plasma. Total 526 samples were analysed. Out of 64 positive samples, 62 were positive by rapid card test, and 2 were negative. Out of 462 negative samples, 461 were negative by rapid card test, and one was positive. We found the sensitivity and specificity of rapid ICT was 96.8% and 99.7% as compared to ELISA. The results are very much similar to several previous studies done in India and other parts of world. It would be wise to validate this point of care tests with a standard ELISA or other specific tests whenever feasible.