Private Individuals Research Articles

DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY AND CHALLENGES OF SMOKED AND DRIED FISH MARKETERS IN LAGOS STATE NIGERIA

This study investigated the profitability factors and obstacles of smoked and dried fish in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study utilized a multistage sampling approach to get 135 responses. The majority of fish marketers (65.93%) were female, and their typical age, household size, and marketing experience were 43.59 years, 6 people, and 3.5 years, respectively. The marketers cited numerous obstacles they confront in their marketing activities. Despite this, the firm was determined to be highly profitable, as each marketer reported a monthly income of N1,035,743.87. Among socioeconomic characteristics, marital status and educational level were 1 percent significant to the profitability level of marketers, whereas gender, age, marketing experience, and membership in cooperative societies were 1 percent significant to the profitability level of marketers in business. It is suggested that a national market development coordination be established to ensure the adoption of standard weight and measure for fish smoking and marketing in the region, and that private individuals and corporate groups maintain cost-effective transportation and smoking service facilities to increase marketer efficiency.

Международный опыт в сфере возвращения культурных ценностей законному владельцу

Introduction: restitution in international law is a form of material compensation for damage as a result of an unlawful international act by restoring the state that had existed before it was committed. It can be said that restitution is designed to restore lost rights, which means that it is a legal institution that promotes the protection of human rights and freedoms. In this regard, it is necessary to name the purpose of the study, which is to analyze the current international legislation regulating the procedure and conditions for the return of lost cultural property to individuals. Methods: the research is based on such methods as logical, systematic, the formal legal methods, as well as the methods of analysis, synthesis and other methods of scientific cognition. Results: based on the research, it has been revealed that the development of the institution of restitution of cultural property by private individuals in the Russian Federation requires the adoption of effective measures both at the legislative level and at the level of international cooperation. Conclusions: the institution of cultural property restitution is a relatively young civil law phenomenon that requires close attention from the legislator. As a result of the research, the authors have comprehensively reviewed the international experience of returning cultural property to its rightful owners, as well as their grounds and subjects.

Guarantees of implementation and protection of the administrative and legal status of a private natural person in the public sphere

It is indicated that in the theory of law there are still quite relevant discussions regarding the definition of the criteria for the relationship and delimitation of such categories as “mechanism of legal regulation” and “mechanism of implementation and protection of the legal status of a citizen”. According to separate unified approaches to the criteria for distinguishing such categories, it is emphasized that, in general, the mechanism of legal regulation should be considered as a basic element of the mechanism of implementation and protection of the legal status of a citizen. The mechanism of legal regulation establishes the general principles of the implementation and protection of human rights and freedoms in a sphere independent of social legal relations, defining the fundamental principles of human and citizen participation, establishing a system of law enforcement and human rights protection means and methods of implementation and protection of the legal status of a private person.
 It has been proven that the system of guarantees for the implementation and protection of the administrative-legal status of a private natural person in the public sphere has a four-level structure, to which the level of regulatory regulation, institutional definition of the system, procedural order and the level of law enforcement are possible. At the administrative-legal level of the administrative-legal mechanism, ensuring the rights, freedoms and interests of private individuals is actually carried out with the help of a certain set of legal norms that provide guarantees for the exercise of subjective public rights in power-management relations. At the institutional level of administrative-legal regulation of the exercise and protection of subjective public rights, a private person is a certain set of state authorities and local self-government bodies (i.e., public administration bodies) that are obliged to perform the tasks of ensuring and promoting the realization of the administrative-legal status of a person and a citizen of Ukraine. The third level of the system of guarantees for the implementation and protection of the subjective public rights of a private person is the administrative-procedural (management) level, which includes a certain set of administrative procedures that allow the realization of the rights, freedoms and interests of non-authoritative subjects of administrative law.The law-enforcement level of the normative-legal mechanism for the protection of subjective public rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities includes a set of administrative and administrative-judicial procedures that allow to guarantee the realization of the rights, freedoms and interests of non-authoritative subjects of administrative law at the appropriate level of efficiency.

Sources of challenges for sustainability in the building design – The relationship between designers and clients

Sustainability demands have changed the building design nature, which gained complexity due to the increased diversity of requirements, activities, agents, and tools. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has a potential to contribute to sustainability enabling the building integrated design, performance simulations, life cycle assessment and information use throughout the building life cycle. The aim of this paper is to investigate the sources of challenges in the relation between architectural and engineering (AE) design firms and clients (developers or private individuals) for promoting sustainability in the building design. Also, it is investigated if BIM has been implemented by the firms and how it relates to management and sustainability. The research method adopted is qualitative and participatory based on focus groups. Two groups were interviewed: eight AE design firms and six developers and/or construction companies. Analysing the research findings, the sources of challenges that were identified are the lack of definition and communication about the stakeholders’ sustainability approach; the lack of a more detailed design scope and required qualifications by the clients, but also the lack of business management and firm’s performance evaluation processes by designers; the traditional project delivery systems, traditional work relationships, tools and processes that do not support the collaboration needs. In addition, AE design firms’ organization affects the client relationship and design quality including the consideration of sustainability issues in the design solutions. The sources are found in the AE design firm’s processes of strategy planning, business and marketing, design, people, and knowledge management. So, further research will be carried out about managerial and organizational capabilities of AE design firms for sustainability and BIM.

사회구조적 변화요인과 치안인력의 관계에 관한 연구

One of the most important needs in human life is the need for safety. As modern society changes rapidly, crime is also becoming ferocious and intelligent, and as private property increases and individuals change into a self-centered society, exposure to crime can be said to represent vulnerability to crime. The increase in crime rates is a major social problem, and people are living in anxiety and fear that they can become victims because of the increasing number of crimes. Crime is increasing day by day, diversifying, heinous, and organized. In order to protect the people from these crimes and secure safety from various accidents, it is necessary to increase and strengthen the number of police officers, and such measures to increase manpower and strengthen police forces are essential tasks to realize “people's happiness,” one of the government's important policies. In order to secure the safety of the people from crime, it is necessary to increase and strengthen the number of police officers, and such measures to increase manpower and strengthen police forces are essential tasks to realize “people's happiness,” one of the government's important policies. However, there is a question of whether the police force has changed to suit the development of the country or the increasing number of crimes. Police size should be changed to suit the security situation in the long run. However, the fact that political factors such as the tendency of the regime, which is different from the security situation, play a greater role in the change of police size indicates that the police cannot be politically neutral, while at the same time disproving that the police plan is systematic and unplanned. This study attempts to empirically analyze the effect of various independent variables on the determinants of police size, which are dependent variables. The number of police officers in the entire National Police Agency is used as a dependent variable, and socio-economic and political factors at the national level are used

Circumstances of the Opening of the Polytechnic Institute in Guides to Kyiv (1900 – Early 20th Century)

In the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. in Kyiv, a city that attracted many visitors, nationwide trends in the development of the coal, metallurgical, machine-building, light, food industry, and agriculture industries were marked, and at the same time, there was a lack of engineers, agronomists, and technicians. Against this background, there was an urgent need to establish a higher institution of technical education in Kyiv, which became the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, opened in 1898. At the same time, it was during this period that tourism, which before was rather a supplement to pilgrimage, gradually grew into a mass one, and accordingly, guides, as a publication outlining noteworthy routes, became more and more popular. Therefore, it is important to trace how the new university entered the sphere of attention of visitors to the city, and what role the authors of guidebooks – valuable comprehensive sources on the history of everyday life in the city – played in this. The article examines the peculiarities of coverage in Kyiv guidebooks of the circumstances of the opening of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. It can be concluded that the most information about the circumstances of the opening of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute is contained in those guides (except K. Svirskiy) that were published immediately after the opening of this educational institution (in 1900 and 1901), although one of them – a reprint of M. Sementovskyi – in the first in the first turn it was aimed at pilgrims, and only in the second – at social guests of the city. Probably, the compilers sought to record as accurately as possible the still unfinished process unfolding before them.V. Chekhovsky, who openly positioned his work as dedicated to the modern features of the Kyiv of that time, disclosed in it the main, in his opinion, prerequisites and key aspects of the establishment of the institute from planning to the implementation of a concrete project, and among the most prominent persons involved, he did not overlook those ethnically related to Poles, but did not exaggerate their role. Later editions do not go beyond the placement of information, according to the authors, most important for average travellers. Even in the most succinct coverage of events, the importance of the role of donations from private individuals is noticeable, sometimes with an indication of the cost of the project.

Zur Frühentstehung der Osirisliturgien an den Beispielen der Kapellen des Osiris Ptah Neb Anch und Osiris Neb Anch in Karnak

Summary Papyrus Schmitt, dated in early Ptolemaic times, offers a clue to the earliest date of the writing of the mortuary liturgies of the Old and Middle Kingdom, which were transformed into Osiris liturgies. Mortuary liturgies were always recited from papyrus scrolls, as attested for example by the ritual Papyrus BM EA 10819 from the New Kingdom. Examples of Osiris liturgies on papyrus as part of the grave goods of private individuals are generally attested from the early Ptolemaic period onwards. At the same time, there can be no doubt that parts of the mortuary liturgies from the Old and Middle Kingdom were already performed in temples as part of the Osiris cult before their later canonisation on papyrus. In the following, ways of transmission will be presented that can explain the introduction of Osirian recitation texts into the temple cult before the beginning of the Ptolemaic period and thus before the point of time universally accepted for the canonisation of Osiris liturgies.

Методы государственного управления информационной составляющей сети Интернет: анализ современных подходов

The Internet (next — Web) is an integral element of modern human civilization. Being one of the priority sources of information for people, it is at the same time a comprehensive tool that provides ample opportunities for broadcasting the necessary ideas, propaganda programs and other information elements that allow influencing the public masses. In most cases, the state is considered to be the main user of the above-mentioned management capabilities of the Network, but modern experience shows that a sufficiently large number of private associations and individuals are able to achieve their goals no less effectively than the state in matters of managing society and its opinion. The tools that the Network provides are wide and diverse enough to be able to adapt and effectively apply it to perform tasks that are completely different in nature. Such tools are being developed and replenished continuously and, following it, technologies and methodologies for its application are being developed and replenished.

Exploring the Willingness and Ability to Pay for Paratransit in Bandung, Indonesia

This article explores the willingness and ability to pay of the paratransit user. Paratransit (jitney) in this study refers to a public mode of transport of passengers that is owned and operated by private individuals or very small enterprises. The data were collected from a survey in Bandung, Indonesia, and analyzed using ordinal probit and binomial logistic regression. The findings illustrate a gap between the values of willingness and ability, and also reveal that people have different valuations regarding their related perceptions. The analysis explains the groups of users who have a tendency to assign a higher value, including the characteristics of users who agree with higher fare increments. This study also discusses the policy implications of this analysis.

Japanese medical practices in the Amur Governorate-General (1884–1917)

The article reviews the activities of Japanese doctors in the Amur Governorate-General. Archival research allowed us to observe a whole range of Japanese migrants’ private medical practices authorized by the local administration, as well as examples of their illegal medical activities. The founders of Japanese medical institutions in the Russian Far East were private individuals acting either on their own initiative, or at the invitation of the leaders of the local diaspora. The commercial efficiency of their hospitals was one of the main indicators of success of their medical practice. The medical work of Japanese residents was concentrated in cities and was not common in rural areas. The daily activities of Japanese doctors were based on the principles of Western medicine and were aimed primarily at meeting the healthcare needs and providing pharmaceutical drugs to their compatriots, but this did not exclude the provision of medical care to the locals due to the lack of medical organizations and private practitioners. The services provided by Japanese doctors and paraprofessionals (paramedics, obstetricians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists) included pre-hospital, primary medical, and specialized medical care, medical examinations of certain contingents of the locals, a number of laboratory diagnostics, nursing care, disinfection and sterilization. In everyday medical activities, in addition to conservative therapy, operations on the abdominal organs, amputations, trepanations, incisions, extractions, and abortions were performed. Prevention, sanitation, and other public health issues were out of their scope. The provision of medical care was carried out both at the inpatient and outpatient levels. The large demand for medical services and special competitive advantages ensured high earnings for Japanese medics. But these activities were ambiguously assessed in Russian society, both due to the low level of medical education of the immigrants, and due to the existence of the discourse about the so-called “Yellow Peril”.

Responsibility of Private Individuals for Complicity in a War of Aggression

AbstractThe crime of aggression requires that the perpetrator be in a position effectively to exercise control over—or to direct—the political or military action of a state. This requirement, called the “leadership clause,” has led to the view that private individuals are excluded from criminal responsibility because they lack the necessary authority over the state policy. In this Essay, I argue against this dominant view and outline an analytical framework for criminal complicity in a war of aggression.

Die Sicherheit persönlicher Daten beim Outsourcing der Datenbearbeitung an Dritte

The following article addresses the issue of security regarding personal data which is passed on by private individuals to third parties for processing. For this purpose, both the legal requirements according to art. 10a FADP and the possibilities of contractual arrangements must be examined. Particularly when data processing is transferred abroad or a cloud service is used, additional security-relevant aspects must also be taken into account.

Examining a Dataset on Gun Shows in the US, 2011–2019

Gun shows are public gatherings where licensed gun dealers and private gun owners use formal and informal venues to exchange information or sell and buy firearms, accessories, and ammunition. A major challenge is that gun shows, unlike established business locations, can be considered gray zones where regulatory loopholes facilitate the movement of legal firearms to illegal domains both domestically and internationally. Given this, they tend to feed into gun trafficking schemes. Despite this, gun shows are poorly monitored. Moreover, these events are not tracked by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) and what little is known comes from academic studies, press releases, or outdated ATF reports. To address this gap, update information, and generate a better understanding of how gun shows connect with gun trafficking, we generated a gun show dataset in the US from 2011 to 2019. We compiled information on promoted gun shows from three main sources, The National Rifle Association Magazine and the websites Gun Show Trader and Shooting Illustrator. We completed our dataset by looking at other minor sources that promoted gun shows. Our dataset encompasses information of 20,691 gun shows and suggests that 71% of them occurred in states where background checks were not required during gun sales between private individuals. We argue that scholars and practitioners will find in this dataset an original tool to analyze gun shows and their impact on public security and public health.

175 Persistence and Serendipity: The Ecological Recovery of North American Bison Populations

Abstract Bison or buffalo were once the dominant herbivore that impacted the ecology and landscape of North American grassland and forest ecosystems from Alaska to Mexico prior to European colonization. By the early 20th century they were almost extirpated in the wild with two exceptions; in the areas that eventually became Yellowstone and Wood Buffalo national parks. Since then, private individuals, NGOs, government agencies and indigenous peoples have collaborated to restore these populations, but significant hurdles remain to achieving full ecological recovery of the species; a vision which was articulated in a landmark paper in Conservation Biology in 2008 (Sanderson et al 2008 - The Ecological Future of the North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation of Wildlife). Unfortunately, bison have been virtually erased from most people’s consciousness and imagination for over a century now, making restoration efforts for the largest land mammal on the continent particularly challenging. Despite this, several locations have had remarkable success in re-establishing wild, free-ranging bison populations in Canada, the US and Mexico over the past two decades. Bison populations have recently been re-established in Banff National Park, Alaska, and Yakutia (Siberia) and there are plans to restore populations on tribal and indigenous lands in both Canada and the US in the next 10 years. The signing of the Buffalo Treaty in 2014 was the impetus for many of the current restoration efforts on tribal and indigenous lands and indigenous groups are heavily involved in shared stewardship of these transboundary bison populations. While commercially raised bison have very different goals and vastly outnumber their wild counterparts, who are managed for ecological restoration and conservation, both groups have several shared values relating to the long-term goal of maintaining and increasing the overall number of bison in North America as well as maintaining their wild character.

Investing in Engenhos: Credit, Claims, and Sugar Mills in Dutch Brazil

This article examines the issue of private investment in the seventeenth-century Dutch colony in Brazil. For the first time, new archival discoveries allow for a reconstruction of the size of private investment in the colony, as well as a breakdown into distinct investment activities. The article argues that private investment was an absolute necessity for the West India Company in the hope of making its colony successful, as it could not provide the required funds by itself. Private individuals claimed to have invested over eleven million guilders in the colony, nearly one-and-a-half times the WIC’s original capitalization. A number of case studies elaborate the overall figures presented and show that Dutch investors did indeed move into sugar cultivation and even moved into agricultural property development. Presenting these data and sources will, it is posited, allow for a fuller picture of the role of former inhabitants of Dutch Brazil in the development of plantation systems in the wider Caribbean from the mid-1640s onwards.

TAXPAYER ON MSMES IN RANTAU UTARA DISTRICT, LABUHAN BATU REGENCY

This service aims to observe and disseminate good perceptions of the effectiveness of the taxation system, knowledge and understanding of tax regulations, and the level of trust in the legal system and government in paying tax compliance. The population in this study is the MSME taxpayer category of private individuals who have a free business in Rantau Utara, Labuhan Batu. This community Service (PKM) activity was carried out by outreach to the community in Rantau Utara, precisely on Jl. H. Adam Malik Gg. Taruna 45. The results of this Community Service Activ (PKM) show that previously MSME members did not know and did not realize what a taxpayer was. So I, as a resource person, conducted a socialization of Taxpayer's Community Service (PKM) to MSMEs in Rantau Utara, telling me what a taxpayer is and the types of taxes.

Between Misery and Reward: The Culture of Vigilance in the Experience of a Venetian Consul during the Early Modern Period

Consular participation in state surveillance did not seem to be the basis of the legitimacy of Venetian consuls in Izmir in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Indeed, their activity as informants did not contribute to producing the knowledge that was then used by those in power to make decisions, or to judge and punish illegal behaviour. By placing the Izmir consuls in a broader context in which the state rewarded the participation in a set of specific tasks of as many private individuals as possible, this article reassesses the oftendebated and much-contested efficacy of consular information activity. Rather than providing the Venetian authorities with reliable and indispensable information, this article argues that consular vigilance defined a bond of loyalty and mutual expectations between these consuls and Venice. Far from resulting in superior central control, political power projected its authority onto the narratives and behaviour of consuls and potential informers.

Assessment of the Social and Physical Characteristics of Obiagu Shanty Area in Enugu Metropolitan City, Nigeria

The persistent rise of the urban population and high housing rent has driven many to shanty towns. However, due to the increased population of the shanty towns, the social and physical characteristics of the towns have deteriorated. The study assessed the social and physical characteristics of Obiagu Shanty Area in Enugu Metropolitan City, Nigeria, with the purpose of establishing the extent of the rehabilitation and its impacts in the lives of the residents, as well as provides a better alternative. The data was obtained using a questionnaire survey. The statistical techniques employed to analyse the data are descriptive statistics (such as simple percentages, standard deviation and mean). The study, in general terms identified that the level of physical and social characteristics of Obiagu Shanty Area is highly negative. The study also reveals poor infrastructural amenities in the area. It demonstrates that the government is failing to fulfill its responsibilities in terms of urban development and infrastructure renewal. Furthermore, the study shows that private individuals and communities do not actively participate in urban regeneration and infrastructural renewal efforts in Obiagu Shanty Area. Therefore, the study recommends some retrofitting measures, such as the construction of modern houses with modern facilities and good sewage systems, the government partnering with private organisations/individuals or the community to assist in the remodeling of structures in the area, and constant sensitisation of residents by the government and NGOs on the negative health consequences of living in a dirty environment, among other things. Keywords: Shanty Area, Social Characteristics, Physical Characteristics, Metropolitan City, Retrofitting Measures, Urban Regeneration DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-9-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2022

3D printing – Present and future – A Chemical Engineering perspective

3D printing (3DP) has emerged in recent years as a form of processing with many exciting aspects. Today, it finds use in the industrial sector as well as among private individuals and small manufacturers, bringing manufacturing closer to end users and helping to bring a multitude of ideas and innovations to life. In this scenario, Chemical Engineering could play an essential role in 3DP, while it can also receive and benefit from many of the characteristics of this technology. This paper aims to highlight those that we consider the most productive meeting points between Chemical Engineering and 3DP, as well as the new techniques and applications that could benefit from this tandem in the future.

APPLICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL MECHANISMS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNAL THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY IN CONDITIONS OF RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

Judicial control and authorization of state coercion or other interference in the sphere of private legal interest is a universal standard for building a political and legal system based on the principles of the rule of law. To obtain reliable and substantiated conclusions, general and special research methods were used, which processed the results of theoretical research on the problems of administrative proceedings in Ukraine, materials of legal practice in the form of conclusions of international human rights institutions and Ukrainian courts. The study found that the proposed regulatory changes, which determine the dominant role of administrative courts in the application of sanctions related to the assets of individuals or the prohibition of political parties, perform a dual function - to ensure the necessary level of protection of rights, freedoms and interests of private individuals as well as administrative courts protect the national interests, national security, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, counter terrorist activity, as well as prevent violations, restore violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of Ukraine, society and the state. Thus, the preconditions have been created for resolving these complex human rights issues while maintaining the necessary balance, even in exceptional martial law