Private Income Research Articles

Determining risk for child physical harm through the classification of economic insecurity

Children in economically insecure families are more likely to experience physical harm compared with children in economically secure families. It is unclear, however, if particular combinations of economic insecurity are more or less predictive of child physical harm. This study aimed to 1) identify and describe the prevalence of distinct combinations, or classes, of economic insecurity (public and private income transfers, bill-paying, housing, food, and medical hardships), 2) and to associate these classes with child physical harm (spanking, hitting, slapping, shaking, pinching). We employed latent class analysis with age 5 data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (N=4133), finding that four latent classes of economic insecurity differentially predict the prevalence and chronicity of physical harm behaviors. Mothers who reported hardship perpetrated more child physical harm than mothers who received income transfers but reported no hardship. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

MP76-09 PREDICTORS OF METASTASIS AT TIME OF DIAGNOSIS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN METASTATIC TESTICULAR CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Practice Patterns, Quality of Life and Shared Decision Making IV1 Apr 2017MP76-09 PREDICTORS OF METASTASIS AT TIME OF DIAGNOSIS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN METASTATIC TESTICULAR CANCER Marshall Shaw, Andrew Bachman, Alexander Parker, Brian Cross, Kelly Stratton, Michael Cookson, and Sanjay Patel Marshall ShawMarshall Shaw More articles by this author , Andrew BachmanAndrew Bachman More articles by this author , Alexander ParkerAlexander Parker More articles by this author , Brian CrossBrian Cross More articles by this author , Kelly StrattonKelly Stratton More articles by this author , Michael CooksonMichael Cookson More articles by this author , and Sanjay PatelSanjay Patel More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.2137AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Few large series in the literature examine predictors of metastatic disease at time of testicular cancer diagnosis. We performed an analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to examine predictors of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and overall survival (OS) based on site of metastatic disease. METHODS Utilizing the NCDB, 44,354 patients were identified with data available for metastatic disease at time of diagnosis and tumor histology. Metastases were stratified as either absent, lymph node only, lung, brain, liver or bone metastases. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic indicators and tumor histology were compared using the chi-squared test. Univariate survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan Meier method. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Mean age of diagnosis was 35 and mean follow-up was 53 months. On univariate analysis decreased age at diagnosis (p<0.001), non-white race (p=0.002), uninsured status (p=<0.001), <$38,000 annual income (p=<0.001), distance from treating hospital (p<0.001), and pure choriocarcinoma histology (166/202, 82%, p<0.001) were associated with metastases at time of diagnosis. 3,504 (7.9%) patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed significant differences in OS between metastatic sites at presentation, with 5 yr OS of 87% for lymph node only metastases compared to 48% OS in those with brain metastases (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis while controlling for age, race, insurance status, income, comorbidities, histology, receipt of chemotherapy, and primary tumor size, metastases to any site were associated with worsened survival compared to no metastases (referent): metastasis to lymph nodes (3.4, 95% CI: 2.70-4.50, p<0.001), lung (4.48, 95% CI: 3.69-5.43, p<0.001), liver (10.32, 95% CI: 6.78-15.7), bone (12.99, 95% CI: 7.93-21.29) and brain (14.4, 95% CI: 9.53-21.89). Private insurance status (0.48, 95% CI: 0.40-0.56, p<0.001) and income >$63,000 (0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.87, p=0.001) were favorable predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in OS dependent on site of metastases at time of testicular cancer diagnosis. Several sociodemographic factors likely contribute to likelihood of metastases at presentation as well. Further prospective studies are warranted to better characterize the impact of sociodemographic factors on metastases at presentation and to improve access to care in high-risk populations. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e1016 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Marshall Shaw More articles by this author Andrew Bachman More articles by this author Alexander Parker More articles by this author Brian Cross More articles by this author Kelly Stratton More articles by this author Michael Cookson More articles by this author Sanjay Patel More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Multiplier Effects of Federal Disaster-Relief Spending: Evidence from U.S. States and Households

Can government spending have a large effect on private consumption and income? This paper uses a novel dataset on federal government disaster-relief spending, combined with both household and state-level consumption, income and employment data, to answer this question. My estimates show that the demand shock created by government disaster-relief spending can have a large multiplier effect, and that this effect comes from the government's influence on the labor market. I show that, in states receiving disaster-relief spending from the federal government, households who are most likely to work for disaster-relief related jobs have the largest consumption growth. When a state receives such spending, the industries in this state that provide most disaster-relief related jobs experience the largest employment growth. My findings are supportive of the job-creation channel emphasized in New Keynesian models of the transmission of government spending shocks.

The Evolution of the Informal Economy in North Korea

I. IntroductionNorth Korea's Public Distribution System (PDS) of grain broke down during the so-called Arduous March in the mid- and late 1990s. This economic crisis led many households to rely on informal economic activities (IEAs) that had been previously repressed by the North Korean authorities. The authorities decided to tolerate such household activities, without which a considerably worse economic disaster would occur. Consequently, the informal economy in North Korea substantially increased in this period.The informal economy existed in other socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. The majority of economists maintain that the Soviet informal economy was large (Grossman 1987; Ofer, and Vinokur 1992; Kim 2003). For example, Grossman (1987) estimates that in the late 1970s, private income accounted for 33% of the total income of urban households. By using classified Soviet archival material, Kim (2003) provides annual estimates of the informal economy from 1969 to 1990. The average share of Soviet households' informal expenditure in total expenditure was 23% during the above period. Furthermore, certain economists ascribe the collapse of the Soviet socialist system to IEAs that range from household's private economic activity to bribery and even organized crime (Treml, and Alexeev 1994; Grossman 1998; Solnick 1998; Wintrobe 1998).1 These debates produced a number of studies on the informal economy in a socialist system.2The emergence of the informal economy in North Korea also elicited considerable research attention. Scholars have not only analyzed the size and determinants of the informal economy, but also its effects on the economy (Lee 2007; Kim, and Song 2008; Haggard, and Noland 2009; Lee 2009; Kim 2009; Kim, and Koh 2011; Kim, and Yang 2012). Most research that uses surveys of North Korean refugees finds that the size of informal economy in the North Korean households is at least 70% in terms of the share of total income as well as labor force participation rate. Therefore, North Korea's informal economy is extremely large with a scale that was not found in any former socialist countries.Compared with the size of the informal economy, its evolution over time attracted relatively less attention mainly because of the deficiency of the data. This is a significant research gap because the dynamics of the informal economy may have important implications for the future of not only the North Korean economy but also its society. Although studies on this issue have been conducted, their findings are based either on aggregated figures or on some case studies. For example, Kim and Song (2008) find that labor participation rate in plot-related activities or stockbreeding significantly increased from 2002 to 2004, whereas market trading did not during the same period. Kim and Yang (2012) evaluate the effects of different market policies by the North Korean government (i.e. appeasement policy vs. anti-market policy) on the informal economy, and find little evidence on an increasing trend of the informal economy from 2002 onwards. However, the above studies are based on a simple test of whether significant discrepancies occur in the size of the informal economy between different periods at the aggregated level; that is, the participation rate in the informal economy. As regards case studies on the development of the informal economy, Kim and Yang (2014) report the specialization of IEAs by illustrating diverse cases that include suraegi, which indicates a manufacturing dealer. By using in-depth interviews of 39 North Korean refugees, Lee et al. (2014) assert that markets for consumer goods and services have been expanding. However, these studies are insufficiently rigorous because of the method of analysis based on the small sample.This study aims to contribute to the literature in two respects. First, we use a large dataset of North Korean refugees settled in South Korea accumulated from 2004 to 2011 to investigate the dynamics of the IEAs in North Korea at the individual level. …

Revealing major terrestrial- and marine species-based provisioning ecosystem services provided by the socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes of Lefke Region in North Cyprus

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate major terrestrial- and marine species-based provisioning ecosystem services (PESs) provided by the socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes (SEPLS) of Lefke Region located in North Cyprus. The objectives of the study include: (1) identifying major terrestrial-based PESs collected from the SEPLS (e.g. wild plants) and (2) recording major marine-based PESs caught (e.g. fish species), and (3) proposing several policy responses based on the results of (1) and (2) and on a review of the literature and current policies. The method of the study consists of two parts. Primarily, a conceptual framework for understanding the linkages among the SEPLS, PESs and landscape planning in Lefke Region was developed. Secondly, a participatory research approach was implemented to identify major PESs gathered from the SEPLS in the region. A range of data collection tools (e.g. a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data on the research questions in 12 villages from December 2015 to March 2016. The precise data on the PESs were obtained from 106 participants that responded to the questionnaire. Assessment of the questionnaire showed that the local people collect various terrestrial (49 plant and 5 mushroom species)- and marine (30 fish species)-based PESs from the SEPLS for a variety of purposes (e.g. private own use, income generation and nature experience). Finally, potential policy responses for better conservation and sustainable management of the PESs and the SEPLS (e.g. development of a national landscape planning strategy for North Cyprus and integration of the concept of ecosystem services) of the region were examined. It is expected that the results of this study can draw attention of policy-makers, planners and natural resource managers to better understand the feedbacks between SEPLS and associated ecosystem services in terms of biodiversity conservation, food production and sustainable livelihood development in Lefke Region and elsewhere.

Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States.

In this paper, we comprehensively examine the effects of the Great Recession on child poverty, with particular attention to the role of the social safety net in mitigating the adverse effects of shocks to earnings and income. Using a state panel data model and data for 2000 to 2014, we estimate the relationship between the business cycle and child poverty, and we examine how and to what extent the safety net is providing protection to at-risk children. We find compelling evidence that the safety net provides protection; that is, the cyclicality of after-tax-and-transfer child poverty is significantly attenuated relative to the cyclicality of private income poverty. We also find that the protective effect of the safety net is not similar across demographic groups, and that children from more disadvantaged backgrounds, such as those living with Hispanic or single heads, or particularly those living with immigrant household heads—or immigrant spouses—experience larger poverty cyclicality than those living with non- Hispanic white or married heads, or those living with native household heads with native spouses. Our findings hold across a host of choices for how to define poverty. These include measures based on absolute thresholds or more relative thresholds. They also hold for measures of resources that include not only cash and near-cash transfers net of taxes but also several measures of the value of public medical benefits.

GPs earned £90 600 on average in 2014-15.

General practitioners in the United Kingdom earned an average of £90 600 (€107 000; $120 000) in 2014-15, official figures show. NHS Digital, which published the data, said that this figure is not statistically significantly different from GPs’ earnings in the previous year. The earnings data cover both NHS and private income and were derived from anonymised tax data from …

Determinants of Real Private Consumption Expenditure in Lesotho

Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration, an error correction model (ECM) is estimated for real private domestic consumption in Lesotho. Lesotho is one of a number of countries with low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, that are landlocked and of which the national currency is pegged to that of a highly dominant trading partner. Analysis of consumption pattern in such countries is scant in the literature. This paper finds evidence of a long-run relationship between private consumption, income, interest rates, and inflation. The empirical findings suggest that higher income is associated with higher private consumption, higher inflation reduces private consumption and that higher interest rates reduce private consumption, implying that the substitution effect outweighs the income effect in Lesotho in the long term. Although the model is not designed to evaluate consumption theories, the estimated parameters to some extent support the absolute income hypothesis (AIH), relative income hypothesis (RIH), life-cycle hypothesis (LCH) and permanent income hypothesis (PIH).

Ecosystem accounting for measuring total income in private and public agroforestry farms

We develop an ecosystem accounting system to estimate individual products' biophysical and total income indicators. The ecosystem products are grouped into private and public activities and measured consistently with the principle of exchange value of the standard national accounts. Private products comprise timber, cork, firewood, conservation forestry, grazing, livestock, hunting, crops and private amenity, while the public ones comprise mushrooms, carbon, water, public recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity services. Our accounting approach revises and extends the standard agricultural and forestry sector income accounts by incorporating intermediate products, natural growth, private amenity, carbon sequestration and capital gain. Furthermore, our approach extends the standard government sector income accounts by including the economic value of the consumption of public final products delivered by ecosystems on the basis of simulating prices for non-market products. We apply the agroforestry accounting system to a group of 39 agroforestry farm case studies in Andalusia, Spain. We provide results for two agroforestry farm groups: publicly owned coniferous forest and privately owned native hardwood forest (dehesa). Total income attained, on average, €140 per hectare in coniferous forests and €352 per hectare in dehesas. Cork natural growth and private amenity are the main products explaining private income in dehesa farms. Forestry activity products, particularly timber natural growth and the intermediate products of conservation forestry, are the main sources of private income in the coniferous forests. Public incomes from non-market products are the main contributors of total income in dehesas and forests.

Preparing for North Korea's Collapse: Key Stabilization Tasks

ABSTRACT: North Korea's hereditary rulers have been under a watch for decades, with many pundits regularly predicting the demise of the Family Recent scenarios are predicated on the sudden death of Kim Jong-un, the 32-year-old Supreme Leader, and an ensuing succession struggle ranging from an internal-faction winner-takes-all fight to a more chaotic transition where factions clash with assistance from outside powers. Offering China a ballistic missile defense ban on the peninsula might persuade the Chinese to acquiesce to eventual Korean unification and denuclearization. ********** North Korea's hereditary rulers have been under a watch for almost 30 years, with pundits regularly predicting the demise of the Kim Family Regime. At present, Kim Jong-un, the 32-year-old Supreme Leader (so far without an heir apparent) appears to be effectively consolidating his power through a combination of brutal acts, tentative economic reforms, and beneficent giveaways. He executed his uncle, National Defense Commission Vice Chairman Jang Sungtaek, and 70 other senior officials and generals since assuming power in December 2011. (1) Concomitantly, Kim opened glitzy amusement parks (including a water park, a dolphinarium, and a ski resort) for use by the rising, increasingly affluent entrepreneurial class mainly located in Pyonghattan and other privileged enclaves of Pyongyang. These emerging Donju (masters of money) are relatively well-off, a result of leveraging government ties, Chinese connections, and tacit market-based reforms introduced over the last 15 years that permit them to earn private incomes primarily in trade and agriculture. (2) Internal Collapse Despite Kim's carefully calibrated moves to cement his rule, the of his regime remains possible, plausible, and predictable due to its reliance on a single point of potential failure, namely, the Kim bloodline. Without another male Kim in the wings, Kim's sudden assassination or death is likely to precipitate a succession struggle ranging from an internal-faction winner-takes-all fight to a more chaotic, uncertain transition where factions clash over time with help from major outside powers. North Korea's remains a question of if, not when, chiefly because Kim seems to be in good health despite a persistent weight problem. In addition, roughly one-third of North Koreans appear to be bolstering his regime, mainly in return for food security and other privileges. One-tenth of North Koreans have officially registered cell phones, and another tenth may have unregistered ones. (3) The rest of society constitutes a silent, hard-to-assess majority, increasingly exposed to foreign criticism of its leader, but voicing no opposition as a result of their isolation, deprivation, powerlessness, or imprisonment. The imprisonment of dissidents applies not only to offenders, but often to their extended families--with up to 120,000 currently interned in hard-labor camps. (4) On balance, the Kim Family Regime appears to be ruthless in protecting its survival as the most prominent authoritarian dynasty in the world, except for Cuba's single-generation Castro leadership. Recent scenarios conjure two potentially interrelated events: first, the sudden death or assassination of Kim Jong-un, and second, the emergence of alternative power centers within the secretive Kim Family clan itself and among key security organizations. These power elites, failing to accommodate each other in North Korea's highly authoritarian system, could clash and break up the brittle, centralized regime. Given this worst-case scenario, the internal collapse school anticipates a new territorial partition if groups align strongly along diverging Chinese and South Korean/Western interests. (5) The formal demarcation between North and South Korea might then be redrawn north of the Demilitarized Zone, where it has existed since 1953. …

Access to Philanthropic and Commercial Income Among Nonprofit Community Service Organisations

Governments depend on nonprofit, voluntary sector organisations to deliver social and community services, and public funding is the sector’s most important income source. However, in many countries, public funding for social services is becoming more limited, conditional and precarious, and governments are encouraging nonprofits to diversify their funding base, and shift their reliance to income from market activity and private donations. This article is concerned with access to philanthropic and commercial funding among nonprofits, and the factors affecting it. It firstly discusses an emerging policy agenda to promote private funding among nonprofit community service providers. Then, multivariate analysis of survey data from 521 Australian nonprofits shows which organisations access income from client fees, business activities, community fundraising, and philanthropic foundations. By exploring inequalities in the distribution of these main sources of private funding, the article helps identify the types of organisations that face challenges in establishing and sustaining streams of private income, and which are likely to require ongoing public support.

Public Provision of Private Goods, Self‐Selection, and Income Tax Avoidance

AbstractRedistributive taxation should benefit those with low earnings capacity rather than those who choose a lower income to obtain tax savings. Several contributions have highlighted how public provision of work complements can discourage people from lowering labor supply to diminish taxable income. We show how tax avoidance, previously neglected, can alter the conclusions regarding public provision. Tax avoidance breaks the link between labor supply and reported income. An agent reducing his reported income to escape taxes might no longer forego a publicly provided labor complement, because he can now lower his income by avoiding more rather than working less.

Democracy and Redistribution

In a probabilistic voting model with three jurisdictions with residents with different income levels, we demonstrate that it is always optimal to distribute tax revenues as public good to only the residents of richest and median income jurisdictions. In this context, we compare the overall welfare of all citizens in a one bracket Tax Structure where the poor contribute to tax and does not receive public goods, to that in a progressive Two bracket or a Three bracket Tax Structure where the poor face no taxes but neither do they receive any public goods. In a situation where the government extracts a part of the tax revenues as political rents and maximizes expected payoff rather than the probability of re-election, there is a possibility of complete extraction which implies taxing away all private income with no allocation of public good, if electoral uncertainty be high.

Проблема финансового и материально-технического обеспечения клубных учреждений в 1990-е годы (на материалах Башкортостана)

This article analyzes the financial and logistical support clubs in the first decade of the post- Soviet period. It was, in fact, the years of survival of cultural and leisure areas. Considering these processes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the author identifies as a common characteristic of all country characteristics, and regional characteristics. Based on the analysis of archival and published materials the author established that the main source of income of clubs in Belarus, and in the whole of the Russian Federation, remained budgetary allocations, which have become much reduced. There has been a trend of redistribution of the financial burden from the Federal to the regional level. The possibility of increasing private income was limited to social purposes the test object. The backlog of Bashkiria from many regions in the number of paid services is largely due to the biggest in Russia network of rural clubs. To some extent, improved the financial situation of clubs introduction since the late 1990-ies of a number of tax concessions, operated at the level of the Republic

Rosca Meets Formal Credit Market

Rotating Savings and Credit Association (Rosca) is an important informal financial institution in many parts of the world used by participants to share income risks. What is the role of Rosca when formal credit market is introduced? We develop a model in which risk-averse participants attempt to hedge against their private income shocks with access to both Rosca and the formal credit and investigate their interactions. Using the gap of the borrowing and saving interest rates as a measure of the imperfectness of the credit market, we compare three cases: (i) Rosca without credit market; (ii) Rosca with a perfect credit market; (iii) Rosca with an imperfect credit market. We show that a perfect credit market completely crowds out the role of Rosca. However, when credit market is present but imperfect, we show that Rosca and the formal credit market can complement each other in improving social welfare. Interestingly, we find that the social welfare in an environment with both Rosca and formal credit market does not necessarily increase monotonically as the imperfectness of the credit market converges to zero.

Unsticking the flypaper effect in an uncertain world

We provide a novel explanation for the flypaper effect based on insurance arguments. In our model, the flypaper effect arises due to the differential response of precautionary savings to private income or fiscal transfers shocks in an uncertain world with incomplete markets. The model generates two testable implications: (i) the flypaper effect is a decreasing function of the correlation between fiscal transfers and private income, and (ii) such relationship is stronger the higher is the volatility of fiscal transfers and/or private income. An empirical analysis of Argentinean provinces for the period 1963–2006 finds strong support for the model's implications.

Financial structures, firms, and the welfare states in South Korea and Singapore

South Korea and Singapore display distinctive patterns of social provision. The Singaporean welfare state has served as the primary provider of social infrastructure and services, whereas the South Korean welfare state has developed its primary role in supporting income maintenance. These differences are not well accounted for in the existing literature, which focuses on similarities between the two regimes. This paper shows that deep institutional legacies in the two countries’ respective financial structures powerfully shaped their unique social policy instruments. In South Korea, where financial openness was low and firms relied on relationship-based financing, the corresponding long-term perspectives on production and employment encouraged the private provision of welfare-related infrastructure and services. In Singapore, where firms have relied heavily on arm's length financing, the corresponding flexible investment and employment perspectives encouraged the utilization of private income maintenance arrangements. Each country's government prioritized the mode of social provision that the firms were less willing to engage in. These findings suggest that financial liberalization may be an important determinant of welfare regimes in developing countries.

Abstract PD2-5: Epidemiology of stage IV breast cancer patients: A review of the National Cancer Database 2000-2011

Abstract Background: Breast cancer patients tend to have distinctive characteristics that change as the cancer progresses to stage IV, especially in race and socioeconomic status. A previous SEER-based study reported blacks were diagnosed with a more advanced stage and larger tumor size compared to white patients'. This is the largest study to determine multiple factors associated with patients presenting with stage IV breast cancer. Methods: A population-based study was conducted using the National Cancer Database (2000-2011), which contains 70% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States from 1658 American College of Surgeons Accredited-Hospitals. The initial diagnosis of stage IV disease in women represented 3.56% (81,476) of the total patient population (2,294,058). The demographics of the stage IV patients were compared to the entire database (all stages) of breast cancer patients using the chi square test. Results: There was an increased incidence of stage IV Breast Cancer in patients with the following characteristics: Black, no insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, less educated, lower household income, and higher comorbidity (Table-1). Stage IV cancer incidence was higher in black patients (17%) compared to all stages (10%). There were 5,137 more black patients with stage IV than expected. Stage IV patients are three 3x more likely to have no insurance and 2x as likely to have Medicaid when compared to all stages. Stage IV patients tend to have less education and were twice as likely to have 2+ comorbidities. There was no increased incidence of stage IV disease in either Hispanics or in different age groups, and only a slight difference in distance traveled (not shown in table). Conclusion: The following characteristics are more common in patients with stage IV disease: low income, Black, no insurance, Medicaid, less education, and higher comorbidity. Patients who were White, had private insurance, higher education and income status, and lower comorbidity had less representation in stage IV disease. These factors influence the occurrence of a more advanced stage of the disease. Identifying or more promptly treating patients in high-risk populations may reduce their incidence of stage IV disease. 'Silber, et, Al. "Characteristics Associated With Differences in Survival Among Black and White Women With Breast Cancer." JAMA 310.4 (2013): 389. JAMA. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Table-1: Epidemiology of Stage IV Breast Cancer Patients (2000-2011)Stage (%)All Stages (%)Observed/ Expected # of Patients**Race/ Ethnicity*White748060,519/ 65,425Black171013,611/ 8,474Hispanic554,219/ 3,748Insurance*None624,792/ 1,792Medicaid1058,326/ 3,911Medicare393532,614/ 28,843Private405432,614/ 43,916Education* % Without HS Degree*(Lower value=more education)&amp;gt;31%161112,609/ 8,96223-30.9%171514,169/ 11,89518-22%161512,991/ 12,05812-17.9%232418,854/ 19,717&amp;lt;12%243019,168/ 24,606Household Income*(per year)&amp;lt;$28,0001289,330/ 6,274$28,000-32,999131110,422/ 8,718$33,000-38,999171614,188/ 13,199$39,000-48,999232318,585/ 18,658&amp;gt;$49,000313725,269/ 30,391Comorbidity*0646651,832/ 54,01911198,855 /7,0072+423,178 /1,548* p-value &amp;lt; .0001 **Observed # of patients / % of all stages in category x total # of stage IV patients (Expected) Citation Format: Jessica Gries, Van Do TH, Peter Silberstein. Epidemiology of stage IV breast cancer patients: A review of the National Cancer Database 2000-2011 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-5.

Changes in travel to school patterns among children and adolescents in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil, 1997–2007

This paper describes the changes in how children and adolescents travel to school in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), Brazil. Data were from children (6–11 year) and adolescents (12–17 year) who reported at least one trip to school at the SPMA Household Travel Survey for the years 1997 (15,491 people; 31,909 trips) and 2007 (11,992 people; 24,428 trips). We estimated: the proportion and respective 95% confidence interval, median interquartile range, and total trip time in each mode of travel (active, private, public transport) according to sex and quintiles of family income. The analysis was stratified by age group and weighted to make the sample representative of the studied population. Results suggest that the use of public transport and active transport in school travel decreased between 1997 and 2007, whereas the use of private transport increased, especially among children. An inverse relationship between median time in private transport and income was also observed for both children and adolescents. Median time of transport to school remained stable in the study period. This scenario suggests that little effort was put into improving independent mobility of children and adolescents to school by the local authorities. Policies focused on facilitating the acquisition of private vehicles implemented in the study period might have contributed to worsen the situation. Remodeling local environments (both built and social) to make them more suitable for children and adolescents׳ mobility might be part of a broader, long-term policy destined to enhancing the use and share of the cities׳ streets in a sustainable, equitable, and healthy way.

Financial structures, firms, and the welfare states in South Korea and Singapore

AbstractSouth Korea and Singapore display distinctive patterns of social provision. The Singaporean welfare state has served as the primary provider of social infrastructure and services, whereas the South Korean welfare state has developed its primary role in supporting income maintenance. These differences are not well accounted for in the existing literature, which focuses on similarities between the two regimes. This paper shows that deep institutional legacies in the two countries’ respective financial structures powerfully shaped their unique social policy instruments. In South Korea, where financial openness was low and firms relied on relationship-based financing, the corresponding long-term perspectives on production and employment encouraged the private provision of welfare-related infrastructure and services. In Singapore, where firms have relied heavily on arm’s length financing, the corresponding flexible investment and employment perspectives encouraged the utilization of private income maintenance arrangements. Each country’s government prioritized the mode of social provision that the firms were less willing to engage in. These findings suggest that financial liberalization may be an important determinant of welfare regimes in developing countries.