Private Health Care Institutions Research Articles

Achievements and Challenges in the Development of a Nurse-Led Respectful Delivery Care Model Provided by Partners in Health in Rural Mexico.

The model of obstetric care predominant in Mexico in most public and private healthcare institutions is particularly focused on a physiological perspective of the female body that does not respond to women's need for emotional comfort and satisfaction. In the last decade, however, various initiatives that provide obstetric care centered on women's rights have emerged. To analyze the implementation of a model of humanized/respectful delivery care supervised by nursing and midwifery undergraduate interns in a birthing center in the state of Chiapas, in order to identify achievements and future challenges. We used information from secondary sources and carried out a descriptive analysis. Births attended at the birthing center increased in relation to all the births registered in the Angel Albino Corzo municipality between 2017 and 2022. Positive indicators of respectful care increased with the implemented model, while negative indicators decreased. Between 2016 and 2022, obstetric nurses attended more than 1500 births without maternal deaths and managed some emergency cases referred to specialized care. This case illustrates the potential of alternative models of obstetric care. Evidence-based, midwife- and nurse-led models of clinical obstetric care should be expanded in the Mexican healthcare system.

Effective Patient Engagement in Private Healthcare Institutions in Riyadh: An Analysis of Management Strategies

The healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia is undergoing a remarkable transformation driven by factors such as population growth and rising disposable income. This has led to a significant surge in demand for private healthcare services, particularly in major cities like Riyadh. While catering to the needs of a growing patient base, there is an urgent need to ensure patient-centered care to enhance service quality and satisfaction. Multiple research studies have affirmed the positive impact of patient engagement. Studies consistently demonstrate that patients actively involved in their healthcare decisions experience improved quality of life, better adherence to treatment, and reduced hospital readmission rates. This ultimately leads to improved health outcomes and reduced overall healthcare costs. Despite these well-established benefits, many private healthcare institutions in Riyadh struggle to effectively integrate patient engagement strategies into their practices. This implementation gap necessitates a deeper understanding of the factors influencing these efforts. This study aims to address this pressing need by investigating the factors affecting patient engagement initiatives within private healthcare institutions in Riyadh. The study will explore the influence of three key domains: Digital Technology: The increasing reliance on digital tools in healthcare holds the potential to revolutionize patient engagement. This study will explore how technology platforms, telemedicine applications, and patient portals can facilitate patient engagement. Organizational Leadership: Leadership plays a pivotal role in fostering a patient-centered care culture. This research will examine how leadership styles, commitment to patient engagement, and resource allocation impact patient engagement initiatives. Organizational Culture: The overall culture of a healthcare institution significantly influences patient interactions. This study will explore how factors such as communication practices, staff training, and patient empowerment within the organizational culture shape patient engagement. By examining these three domains, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the factors that influence patient engagement in private healthcare settings in Riyadh. The findings will contribute to the development of effective strategies for enhancing patient engagement and improving overall healthcare quality.

The population satisfaction with medical care quality according National monitoring of public health in the Russian Federation

The article presents updated information concerning satisfaction of patients with quality of medical care in public and private health care institutions in Russia. The purpose of the study is to explore satisfaction with medical services in different groups of Russian population using representative sampling and considering various aspects of medical care quality. The statistical analysis on the basis of data of telephone survey "The National Monitoring of Public Health" (2022) was applied. The respondents were asked about four aspects of medical care quality: explanation of health condition and treatment, involvement into desision making concerning treatment, trust to medical workers, readiness for another visit. The most patients of public and private medical institutions were satisfied with all aspects of medical care quality. The level of satisfaction varies in different groups: it was lower in less healthy patients and patients with unmet demands in medical care. No significant differences in satisfaction of patients were established in relation to socio-demographic characteristics (except place of residence). Most patients were satisfied with two aspects of medical care quality at once. However, 1-9% and 8-14% of patients of private and public clinics were satisfied with one aspect and dissatisfied with another. Despite dominance of patient satisfaction nation-wide, behaviors in some patient groups requires more detailed study to develop measures promoting their further involvement into health care system.

Marketing Metrics in private healthcare institution

Public health care institutions same as private health care institutions are present in almost every city in Croatia. Public health care institutions provide stability, security, and most of all they are traditionally among the people in Croatia. Private health care institutions are basically young and modern institutions with different and new management system. Main analyses and metrics which Policlinic Intermed uses in its business are SWOT analyses and BCG metrics. Through those methods and analyses this polyclinic can make right decisions in order to bring required marketing activities for this kind of business. A purpose of this research is to bring out strategies that are necessary for making marketing decisions and activities and clarify that private institutions are different then public ones and their need to be advertise and promote in order to survive on the market.

ENHANCING THE VITALITY OF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA WITH BIOPHILIC DESIGN STRATEGIES

Public Healthcare institutions in India are becoming less preferred compared to private healthcare institutions, not because these public facilities have less qualified doctors or staff but because of their old rustic structures and low maintenance of the buildings which are disconnected from nature. Biophilic is an idea to create bonding between a building and its user through landscape and natural essential elements of life like natural light, fresh air and water to improve mental well-being, reduce stress and increase the healing capacity of a human being. This research is mainly focused on the descriptive research on biophilic design and public healthcare facilities in India and the comparative case studies of KTP Hospital in Singapore and ‘Östra Psychiatry Hospital’ in Sweden with District Hospital Barmer-Rajasthan and District Hospital Satna- M.P. to understand the feasibility and challenges of the Biophilic concept in healthcare facilities in Indian public healthcare facilities. The findings of study shows that the user perspective is somewhere also dependent on the architectural or structural condition of the facility along with the qualification of medical staff. The healing process of patients and the mental well-being of staff can be improved by the addition of natural elements in daily life. This research therefore concludes as a healthcare system it is its responsibility to provide the best possible treatment not just by providing medicine but by a healing environment too, also it is necessary to focus on improving the mental well-being of all the staff including doctors, nurses, supports staffs etc.

Real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with HR+/HER2- advanced/metastatic breast cancer receiving palbociclib in Brazil: IRIS study.

e13088 Background: Palbociclib was approved for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced/metastatic breast cancer (aBC/mBC) in Brazil in 2018. Worldwide studies explore palbociclib's real-world use and outcomes; however, this data is not available for Brazilian patients. IRIS Brazil study aimed to describe demographic/clinical characteristics, treatment and clinical outcomes of adult female patients who have received palbociclib as first-line treatment for HR+/HER2- aBC/mBC in private healthcare institutions in Brazil. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included females aged 18 years or older diagnosed with HR+/HER2- aBC/mBC and those who had received palbociclib as their initial line of therapy. The study analyzed variables such as demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment history, palbociclib combinations, and clinical outcomes. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates at 6- and 12-month time points. Results: A total of 121 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 54.4 years, and 82 (67.7%) were menopausal at diagnosis. A total of 51 patients (42.1%) were treated with palbociclib + fulvestrant, while 67 (55.8%) were treated with palbociclib + aromatase inhibitors. The majority of patients (n = 79; 65.3%) did not require any dose adjustments. Among the 40 patients (33.1%) who required dose adjustments, the main reason was adverse events/toxicity (n = 36; 90%). The PFS rates at 6 and 12 months were 78% and 60%, respectively. The OS rates at 6 and 12 months were 86% and 70%, respectively. Conclusions: Results from this initial real-world assessment of clinical outcomes in Brazil suggest that Palbociclib combinations exhibit favorable effectiveness in treating HR+/HER2- aBC/mBC disease, as measured by PFS and OS rates.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT THE WORKPLACE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN THE CANTON OF SARAJEVO

Introduction: Workplace safety means implementing a modern risk assessment method automatically included in the risk management activity. When a risk is discovered, it is necessary to reduce it or eliminate it completely through preventive measures or interventions. Aim: To examine to what extent healthcare organizations care about their workers, to what extent workers are aware of the risks, whether they have adequate working conditions and whether they respect them. Participants and methods: The study was included 144 healthcare professionals employed in public and private healthcare institutions in the Sarajevo Canton. The sample was selected by the method of random selection. The study is descriptive and comparative. Results: The total sample (N=144) included 140 or 97.2% respondents working in public healthcare institutions, and 4 or 2.8% respondents working in private healthcare institutions. Almost ¾ of respondents are familiar with the implementation of risk assessment in the workplace, and in 25.0% of cases they are familiar with some strategic document on risk management and assessment of risky workplaces. The largest number of respondents, 63.9%, state that they respect the protection measures provided by the employer. None of the respondents gave reasons for non-compliance. Conclusion: Respondents confirmed the existence of workplace risks in public and private healthcare institutions and awareness about them, they are fully or partially aware of the risks and partially practice protection against them. A significant number of employees mention illnesses that are potentially caused by a risky workplace.Keywords:workplace safety, management, healthcare institutions.

Sex differences among S-ICD recipients: a propensity-matched, multicenter, international analysis from the i-SUSI project

Abstract Background Women have been historically underrepresented in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) trials, despite sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). So far, no data on sex differences among subcutaneous-ICD (S-ICD) recipients have ever been described. Purpose To investigate sex-related differences in patients undergoing S-ICD implantation. Methods Consecutive patients enrolled in the multicenter i-SUSI project were analyzed. The iSUSI (International SUbcutaneouS Implantable cardioverter defibrillator) is a multi-center, open-label, independent, and physician-initiated observational project, involving 22 Public and Private Healthcare Institutions from 5 different countries in Europe and in the US. Comparisons between sexes were performed using an adjusted analysis with 1:1 propensity matching for age, body mass index (BMI), left ventricular function (LVEF) and underlying myocardial substrate (ischemic vs non-ischemic cardiomyopathy). The primary outcome was the rate of appropriate shocks during follow-up. Inappropriate shocks and other device-related complications were deemed secondary outcomes. Results A total of 1698 patients were enrolled in the current project. Females represented the 23.5% (n=399) of the study cohort. After propensity matching, two cohorts of 374 matched patients with similar baseline characteristics served as the study cohort for this analysis (Figure 1, panel A). Despite similar procedural characteristics and a matched BMI, female S-ICD recipients had a lower calculated risk of ventricular arrhythmias conversion failure as per PRAETORIAN score (females at low-risk 73.4% vs males 81.3%, p=0.049). Over a median follow-up time of 26.5 [12.7–42.5] months (without differences between the two cohorts), n=68 (9.1%) patients experienced appropriate shocks and n=105 (14.0%) patients suffered from a device-related complication, including 75 (10.3%) cases of inappropriate shock therapy (Figure 1). Appropriate shocks were more common in the male cohort (rate/y 3.4% vs 1.7%; log-rank p=0.049), while no significant differences in device-related complications (rate/y: 6.3% vs 5.8%; log-rank p=0.595) and inappropriate shocks (rate/y: 4.3% vs 3.1% log-rank p=0.375) were observed among groups. Survival analysis for primary and secondary outcomes has been reported in Figure 1, panel B-C-D. At multivariate analysis, male sex remained significantly associated with the primary outcome of interest (aHR 1.591 CI 0.975–2.595, p=0.063). Conclusion In a large S-ICD registry, females were overall underrepresented. In a propensity-matched cohort of S-ICD recipients, women were less likely to experience appropriate ICD therapy, while not showing higher risk of device related-complications and inappropriate shocks. Despite similar BMI and peri-procedural characteristics, women showed a lower risk of conversion failure according to PRAETORIAN score.Figure 1

Public administration of inclusiveness in private healthcare institutions: steps towards equality and accessibility

Public administration of inclusiveness in private healthcare institutions: steps towards equality and accessibility

Adaptation of the Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, and Knowledge Scale (M-BACK-Tr) into Turkish culture to assess the metabolic health of psychiatric professionals and investigation of Its psychometric characteristics

AimThe aim was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the “Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, and Knowledge Scale for Assessing Metabolic Health” (M-Back-Tr) to determine the barriers, attitudes, confidence, and knowledge status of psychiatry professionals in the assessing of metabolic syndrome. MethodsThis methodological study was conducted with 304 psychiatric nurses who were working in public and private healthcare institutions between March and June 2023. Translation and back-translation were made into the Turkish language during the adaptation process and it was found that there was no semantic shift between the versions. While the validity of M-Back-Tr was tested with content validity, construct validity, and convergent validity, its internal reliability and Split-Half Test Reliability were examined for reliability. ResultsThe structure of M-Back-Tr, which consists of 4 dimensions (i.e., Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, Knowledge) and 16 items, was confirmed in Turkish culture. This structure can explain 73 % of the variance in the related concept. The minimum score that can be taken from each sub-dimension is 4 and the maximum is 20. The Cronbach α value of the sub-dimensions of the scale was found to be between 0.79 and 0.91. ConclusionThe study findings showed that the M-Back-Tr is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in Turkish culture.

Contributory factors related to patient safety incidence: A nursing perspective.

There are growing concerns about patient safety and quality assurance enhancement in the healthcare setting because of the increase in the incidence of patient harm and adverse events over the years. This study explored the contributory factors associated with patient safety practices. The study was conducted in two private hospitals in Gauteng province, South Africa. A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the issues pertaining to patient safety incidence. Purposive sampling was used to select professional nurses practicing within the two private hospitals. Thematic analysis was used. The study utilised the Donabedian model of patient safety and quality. The study revealed that majority of the professional nurses did not understand the concept of patient safety; there was poor communication between the multidisciplinary team. There was poor adherence to patient safety policies. Patient safety issues remain an issue of concern in public health. There is a need for nurses to be capacitated on the implementation of patient safety programmes as well as improving communication within the multidisciplinary team. Identifying and addressing risk and contributory factors will help reduce the global burden of patient harm. The study has presented the challenges as seen with patient safety and made recommendations on how to improve patient safety from the nursing perspective. It is anticipated that the results of this study may be used to create awareness on patient safety issues. This should promote a good healthcare climate in private healthcare institutions.

Attitudes, experience and practice about adverse drug reactions of dentists in republic of North Macedonia

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are possible with any medication that is prescribed or administered in the dental office. Evaluating the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of healthcare providers regarding pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting can help to devise strategies for improving reporting schemes to ensure patients’ safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes, experience and practice about ADRs reporting of dentists in Republic of North Macedonia. This study included 100 dentists employed in public and private healthcare institutions in the city of Skopje. The research was conducted using an anonymous survey questionnaire intended for healthcare professionals. Our results showed that 60% of dentists responded positively, that is, that it is necessary to report ADRs, 70% of the respondents responded positively, that healthcare professionals need to be familiar with the pharmacovigilance system. 45% of dentists declared that they have observed ADRs in their patients, and only 16% reported them. 64.45% of registered ADRs are unreported by dentists, and the main factor that discourages them is the difficulty in determining whether they are ADRs or not. This study showed that majority of the dentists had positive attitude towards pharmacovigilance, and that they understand the need for ADRs reporting, but the rate of reported ADRs is very low. Greater implementation of the pharmacovigilance system and cooperation between universities, dentists, patients, manufacturers, the government and national agencies, the media, the civil society and the international organizations working on drug safety is needed.

Implementing genetic testing in diabetes: Knowledge, perceptions of healthcare professionals, and barriers in a developing country.

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is an unusual type of diabetes often missed in clinical practice, especially in Africa. Treatment decisions for MODY depend on a precise diagnosis, only made by genetic testing. We aimed to determine MODY knowledge among Nigerian healthcare professionals (HCPs), their perceptions, and barriers to the implementation of genetic testing in diabetes patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors and nurses in three levels of public and private healthcare institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria, from December 2018 to June 2019. In all, 70% and 30% of a total 415 participants were recruited from public and private centers, respectively. HCPs were recruited in a 60:40% ratio, respectively. A 51-item instrument was used to assess MODY knowledge, perceptions of HCPs, and barriers to the implementation of genetic testing in diabetes patients. In the survey, 43.4% self-rated their current MODY knowledge to be at least moderate. About 68%, 73% and 86%, respectively, correctly answered 3 of 5 questions on basic genetics' knowledge. However, only 1 of 7 MODY-specific questions was answered correctly by 72.7% of the respondents. The mean basic genetics and MODY-specific knowledge scores were 2.6/5 (SD=1.0) and 1.8/9 (SD=1.3), respectively. Multiple linear regression showed higher mean scores among those aged 30-49 years, those with degrees and fellowships (except PhD), and general practitioners; 360 (80.0%) perceived that genetic testing plays a central role in diabetes care. Barriers to genetic testing were lack of access to testing facilities, guidance on the use of and updates/educational materials on genetic testing (82.7%, 62.1% and 50.3%, respectively). The level of MODY awareness and knowledge among Nigerian HCPs is unacceptably low with a lack of access to genetic testing facilities. These can hinder the implementation of precision diabetes medicine. Increased awareness, provision of decision support aids, and genetic testing facilities are urgently needed.

Skodsborg Badesanatorium: An Adventist Health Resort on the Fringe of Danish Public Healthcare 1898–1992

Summary Today healthcare in Denmark is overwhelmingly public, but around 1900 much was left to religious institutions. One of the largest and most long-lived was Skodsborg Badesanatorium, which survived from 1898 to 1992. Founded on the Seventh-day Adventists’ health principles, the sanatorium introduced therapies and medical ideas, which were frowned upon in Denmark around 1900. The sanatorium had to navigate between alternative and orthodox medicine, constantly defining itself as alternative enough to provide what patients could not get at the public hospitals, but orthodox enough to be scientifically reliable. The article analyses how the therapy at the sanatorium was presented, comparing alternative and orthodox medicine. Likewise, the sanatorium’s relation to public healthcare is analysed from its extensive administrative material. This article sheds light on private healthcare institutions, which are largely neglected in Danish historical health research, and thereby explores the space between public and private healthcare and orthodox and non-orthodox medicine.

Обоснование необходимости профилактики аллергического ринита на территории Воронежской области

The allergic diseases, the major role in etiology of which is played by allergens present in ambient air, are common. To develop practical guidelines on prevention of allergic rhinitis as the most prevalent disorder in the structure of allergy, it is necessary to estimate all the conditions, both negatively and positively affecting this disorder. The study was aimed to assess factors affecting the incidence, detection, and registration of cases of allergic rhinitis in the Voronezh Region. The report forms № 12 and № 30 provided substantive inputs to the study, along with the laboratory test data provided by private clinics and the social and hygienic monitoring data. Epidemiological analysis was performed by retrospective method; the territories were ranked by various indicators; the correlation analysis method was applied. We determined the incidence rates and the districts at high risk of allergic rhinitis (pollinosis) in all population groups for the period 2012–2021. We determined the structure of aeroallergens identified in private healthcare institutions, assessed the staffing levels of allergists in the public institutions of the Voronezh Region, and identified significant environmental factors. The identified features of the prevalence, diagnosis, and registration of allergic rhinitis in the Voronezh Region can be used to improve preventive measures targeting this allergic disorder.

The Coproduction of Health Framework: Seeking Instructive Management Models and Theories.

At the beginning of the 21st century, multiple and diverse social entities, including the public (consumers), private and nonprofit healthcare institutions, government (public health) and other industry sectors, began to recognize the limitations of the current fragmented healthcare system paradigm. Primary stakeholders, including employers, insurance companies, and healthcare professional organizations, also voiced dissatisfaction with unacceptable health outcomes and rising costs. Grand challenges and wicked problems threatened the viability of the health sector. American health systems responded with innovations and advances in healthcare delivery frameworks that encouraged shifts from intra- and inter-sector arrangements to multi-sector, lasting relationships that emphasized patient centrality along with long-term commitments to sustainability and accountability. This pathway, leading to a population health approach, also generated the need for transformative business models. The coproduction of health framework, with its emphasis on cross-sector alignments, nontraditional partner relationships, sustainable missions, and accountability capable of yielding return on investments, has emerged as a unique strategy for facing disruptive threats and challenges from nonhealth sector corporations. This chapter presents a coproduction of health framework, goals and criteria, examples of boundary spanning network alliance models, and operational (integrator, convener, aggregator) strategies. A comparison of important organizational science theories, including institutional theory, network/network analysis theory, and resource dependency theory, provides suggestions for future research directions necessary to validate the utility of the coproduction of health framework as a precursor for paradigm change.

SPECIFIČNOSTI KONCEPTA STRATEGIJE MARKETINGA JAVNIH I PRIVATNIH ZDRAVSTVENIH USTANOVA

In the modern healthcare sector, effective marketing strategies are becoming increasingly important for both public and private healthcare institutions. This paper analyzes the specifics of marketing strategies used in these types of healthcare institutions, with the aim of identifying key differences and similarities in approaches and implementation of marketing activities. The results show that private healthcare institutions often emphasize personalized services, patient care and innovative technologies in their marketing campaigns, while public institutions focus on accessibility, reliability and quality of services supported by government resources. Although there are differences in approaches, they have in common that they strive to build trust and long-term relationships with patients. Therefore, the results of the work can be especially used by the management of health institutions in order to improve their marketing strategies and improve the quality of health services.

Economic Burden of Accidents and Injuries in India: What Does 75th Round of National Sample Survey Imply?

Accidents and injuries constitute a sizable share of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries. This affects the most productive age group and increases disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). It results in a substantial financial burden on the households. To explore the economic burden of accidents and Injuries on Indian households and to find how the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) from accidents and injuries affects the population. Another objective is to explore Catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) patterns and distressed financing of households in India. The study used data from the 75th round of nationally representative surveys, that is, the National Sample Survey (NSS). Authors have analyzed the data using descriptive binary logistic regression analysis to estimate the rate and average days of hospitalization, average OOPE, and share of the population experiencing the catastrophic impact from the health expenditure separately from the public and private healthcare institutions. The study observed that hospitalization in the private sector imposes 72% of households incur CHE at more than 10% cut-off and 41% at more than 25% cut-off. In comparison, it is less in the public sector, with 22% of households incurring CHE at more than 10% of annual per capita household income and 9% at more than 25%. The increasing incidence of road traffic accidents (RTA) is a concern for the overstretched health system. The government should provide better healthcare facilities and universal health insurance coverage to ensure patients' speedy recovery and financial security.

Access to essential medicines used in the management of noncommunicable diseases in Southern Ethiopia: Analysis using WHO/HAI methodology.

This study aims to assess access to essential medicines used in the management of noncommunicable diseases through analysis of the availability, prices, and affordability of these essential medicines in Arba Minch town, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional design was carried out using the World Health Organization/health action international methodology between 2 March and 2 May 2023, within public and private healthcare facilities located in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. The median price ratio served as a metric. Statistical tests like the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were utilized to assess the normal distribution of price data. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was also employed to compare median buyer's prices (patient prices) between public and private healthcare institutions. Treatment affordability was determined by estimating the number of days' wages required by the lowest-paid government employee in Ethiopia to afford the prescribed medication regimen. Among 23 health facilities surveyed, the pooled availability of essential medicine used in the management of noncommunicable diseases was 18.7% (range: 0%-30.1%), with the public and private facilities contributing 16.3% and 38.3%, respectively. The overall percentage of availability originator brand versions was 1.1% for overall health sectors, 0.6% for public sectors, and 1.2% for private sectors. The overall percent availability of lowest price generics was 36.2% (range: 0%-26.2%; public: 32.0%; private: 37.1%). Only seven lowest price generics satisfied the World Health Organization target of 80% and above. The overall median price of lowest price generic medicines in private was two times higher than in public sectors. The top five median price scorers were amlodipine, furosemide, insulin, beclomethasone, and salbutamol. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that 11.6% of lowest price generics medicines had a statistically significant median price disparity between the public and private sectors (p < 0.05). The overall percent of unaffordability was found to be 100.0%, (public: 70.4; private: 100.0%). This study revealed the limited availability and potential financial burdens on patients seeking essential noncommunicable disease medications. Limited availability suggests the need for better supply chain management and consistent stock availability. The price disparities and affordability challenges identified underscore the necessity for policy interventions such as price regulation and subsidized programs to ensure equitable access to essential noncommunicable disease medications in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia.

Unmet needs for medical care in the Amur region

Based on a survey of the residence of the Amur region, the scale and causes of unmet needs for medical care are analyzed. A relationship has been established between the socio-demographic characteristics of the population, the territory of residence and behavior in receiving medical care. Significant differentiation was found in the ability to seek medical care, both in private and public health care institutions, between settlements in the region. It was revealed that residents of northern territories remote from the regional center with more dispersed settlements have limited access to medical care, which is manifested in failure to go to medical institutions when such a need arises.