Prisoners Of War Research Articles

Правове регулювання статусу військовополонених відповідно до норм міжнародного гуманітарного права: історична та сучасна ретроспектива

Annotation. The article is devoted to the study of the norms of international humanitarian law in force in Ukraine regarding prisoners of war and the history of their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. A thorough analysis of the norms of international humanitarian law and their implementation in national legislation is carried out. The Third Geneva Convention clearly defines the concept of prisoners of war, which is particularly important for the issues under study, to whom both the personnel of the armed forces of one of the warring parties, as well as members of the resistance movement, as well as the population that defends its state from attack and is not reorganized in official armed formations. Ukraine has undertaken to fulfill all obligations regarding prisoners of war, which are prescribed in the Geneva Conventions, as well as additional protocols to the Geneva Conventions of June 8, 1977, which were ratified by Ukraine on August 18, 1989 and entered into force on July 25, 1990. Ukraine also undertakes to implement the UN Convention against Torture, which has been in force in Ukraine since November 5, 1998. The lack of proper legal regulation of the status of prisoners of war, their legal understanding and a defined set of guarantees was noted. Attention is focused on the declarative nature of norms. In general, despite the state of war in Ukraine, the situation of enemy prisoners of war who are in captivity of the state of Ukraine is based solely on Ukraine's adherence to the norms of IHL and international conventions for the protection of these rights, it is necessary to state the real observance of human rights, respect for the dignity of the person and the rule of law . Along with this, the urgent problem is the status of prisoners of war in the aggressor state, the impossibility of obtaining access to information about them in accordance with international and national institutions, cruel and inhumane treatment - this is a colossal pain of our society. The perspective of further research is defined as the issue of forming military law into a complex branch of national legislation, determining the guarantees of prisoners of war, the issue of their exchange, etc.

Food Supply of Captured Non-Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men in Russia and Western Countries in the XVIIIth Century

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the procedure for providing food to
 military personnel of various nationalities captured in the wars of the XVIII century.
 The object of the article is prisoners interned in Russia, Austria, England, France,
 Prussia, Spain, Sweden and Turkey. The absence of such works in both domestic and
 foreign historiography indicates the novelty of the work, and its relevance is due to
 the fact that it allows us to expand and clarify our ideas about the place of Russia in
 the world in the early modern period. In the process of investigation, mainly historical-typological and historical-comparative method were used. The source base of the
 article consists of works published mainly abroad, and documents from six archives
 of the former USSR. In the course of the study, three key Western European models
 of food supply for prisoners were identified. The genesis and evolution of the corresponding Russian model are studied step by step. The article shows that the basis of
 the Russian model was based on the principle of equality of food provision for prisoners of war and Russian soldiers of the garrison troops. The article emphasizes that
 the Russian model was a synthesis of domestic and foreign experience and retained
 the best features from the practice of the Moscow state of the XVI–XVII centuries.
 The article proves that in terms of the quantity and assortment of food products released to prisoners (36 kg of bread and 2–3 kg of cereals per month), Russia surpassed any other European country until the middle of the XVIII century and only with the beginning of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 was inferior to the leadership of Great Britain and France (and even then only in terms of the assortment). According to the author, the Russian model of prisoners' nutrition was highly effective and could be easily adapted to any situation, including the ethnic and confessional characteristics of individual groups of prisoners of war.

Недоліки «гуманітарної дипломатії» у сфері захисту військовополонених

The article provides a generalized analysis of the shortcomings of the functioning of humanitarian diplomatic institutions in the field of protection of the rights and freedoms of prisoners of war. It was established that, in general, the problem of the war in Ukraine actualizes deep ideological and legal constructions about justice, dignity and universal human values in the conditions of the conflict and requires a comprehensive approach to its solution. At the same time, the situation in the conflict zone leaves human rights mechanisms with the challenge of ensuring effective protection. Ensuring the inalienable rights of prisoners of war requires not only legal regulation, but also the practical implementation of these norms in difficult conflict conditions. It is motivated that the protection of the life and health of prisoners of war belongs to the canonical imperatives of ethics, which are embodied in normative acts of international humanitarian law. This imperative obligation, based on the principle of inviolability of the individual, reflects the highest anthropological ideals. However, the modern reality shows the insufficient effectiveness of these normative principles in the context of armed conflicts. Unfortunately, violations of the rights of prisoners of war have become commonplace, which requires improvement and strengthening of their protection mechanisms. The main task of the humanitarian community and the state striving to stabilize the situation in the conflict zone is to ensure elementary, "minimum" standards of humanity during a military conflict, including in relation to prisoners of war, which includes the need for a comprehensive approach that includes not only the regulatory and legal framework, but also the active role of international organizations, the public and humanitarian organizations. One of the main directions is to ensure independent monitoring of conditions of detention and treatment of prisoners of war. The analysis of the practice of the functioning of international and national "humanitarian diplomacy" in the context of the modern war on the territory of Ukraine gave us the opportunity to single out a number of significant problems in the field of protecting the rights of prisoners of war, in particular: the limited accessibility of representatives of "humanitarian diplomacy" to specific areas or groups of prisoners of war, to the camps where they are held; possible financial limitations of missions due to the problem of limiting resources and means for providing humanitarian aid; political pressure and limitations of "humanitarian missions", which causes a violation of the principles of neutrality and independence of humanitarian aid; security problems for employees of institutions.

Hungarian Volunteer Anti-Fascist Armed Groups during the Great Patriotic War

Using the example of the history of Hungarian volunteer anti-fascist groups created during the Great Patriotic War, the author identifies the factors that became decisive in the formation of a “foreign” military unit. The source base used in the research includes both published and unpublished documents from three federal archives - the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the Russian State Military Archive, and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The creation of Hungarian military units was complicated by the lack of an organized anti-fascist movement among prisoners of war, who for the most part remained loyal to the regime of Miklós Horthy. The changes in the domestic and foreign political situation of Hungary in 1944 contributed to the development of the volunteer movement and the beginning of the process of forming Hungarian volunteer anti-fascist groups. The author comes to the conclusion that the decisive factors that influenced the formation of the Hungarian volunteer units were the external ones. They contributed to the growth of anti-fascist and anti-German sentiment among prisoners of war, which led to a change in the attitude of the Hungarians to the idea of creating volunteer units; it allowed the Soviet command to begin their deployment at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Rehabilitation of the Former Prisoners of War

The emotional state of military personnel engaged in the extensive operations taking place in Ukraine is undoubtedly impacted. This especially applies to former prisoners of war (POWs) who have experienced mental and physical trauma. Optimizing their subjective well-being and life satisfaction can contribute to the development of emotional intelligence during the rehabilitation process. The purpose of the study is to identify the importance of emotional intelligence in enhancing the subjective well-being of former POWs. Methods. The following psychometric tests were used for diagnosis: EQ-Test, the Scale of subjective well-being, and Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). During the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were utilized. Results. The study found that the subjects have low emotional intelligence (M=39.31, SD=12.85), low subjective well-being (M=50.19, SD=11.06), and an average level of life satisfaction (M= 17.05, SD=8.96). Correlation analysis established a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being (r=0.483, p≤0.01) and life satisfaction (r=0.723, p≤0.01). Conclusions. The study statistically confirmed that emotional intelligence is an essential factor in the process of rehabilitation of former prisoners of war, as it contributes to their attainment of subjective well-being and life satisfaction. This aids in reinstating the individual's psychological balance after captivity, enhances the medical and physical recuperation process of the body, and ensures full reintegration. Prospects. The obtained results contribute to the rehabilitation system of rehabilitation for former prisoners of war, as they elaborate a comprehensive emotional intelligence approach to ensure their subjective well-being and life satisfaction.

Nursing Profession in Times of War and Humanity: Insights from Siti Rufaidah's Legacy

In armed conflicts, innocent people are often the victims of violence and brutality. War not only destroys infrastructure and the environment, but also destroys human morals and ethics. However, there are several humanitarian principles that must be upheld. These principles are set out in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, which form the basis of international humanitarian law. However, in reality there are still many countries that violate these principles. Violence and abuse against civilians, prisoners of war, and the injured continue to occur in many conflicts around the world. Nurse is a health profession that has an important role in war. They work on the front lines to provide medical care to victims of conflict, including military troops, prisoners of war, and civilians injured or sick as a result of the conflict. Nurses performed a variety of tasks during war, including treating patients with gun wounds, preparing medical equipment, taking blood samples for diagnosis, and providing psychological assistance to patients traumatized by the conflict. In the history of Islam and world civilization, many wars occurred during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Siti Rufaidah was one of the well-known nurse figures at that time and was often present in providing medical assistance to war victims. One of the proofs of her patentability in the world of nursing is during the Khandaq war. Siti Rufaidah at that time treated Sa'ad bin Muadz who was injured by an arrow until his condition stabilized and improved. The presence of Siti Rufaidah has had a huge impact on the development of the nursing profession in the Islamic world, and even today. She is a role model for Muslim nurses around the world.

UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS IN THE «VINETA» SPECIAL DEPARTMENT: HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND SOME PROSOPOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS

The article examines the common elements of the biography of some Ukrainian nationalists who collaborated in the Special Unit "Vineta," which was created in 1941 in the structure of the Ministry of Public Education and Propaganda of the Reich for the purposes of total propaganda aimed at the population of the "eastern occupied territories," troops, rear population, prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters. The author shows that both in the full-time staff of "Vineta" and among the freelance advisers and involved specialists, there were well-known members of the Wire of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, participants in the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, among them famous linguists, philologists, literary scholars, translators, journalists, artists, etc. The article contains data on eleven such persons. The author traces the elements of the "Vineta" stage of the life path of employees of the Special department, advisers, and consultants; hitherto unknown facts of their biographies have been established. For this, several recently declassified cases of former Soviet repressive bodies and documents of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in Exile were used as sources. It was found that there is no mention of cooperation with "Vineta" in any of the open biographies of the investigated personalities. New or relatively well-known facts about the biography of some personalities have been established or corrected. Reasonable doubts regarding the existing biography of Dmytro Narbut have been expressed: it has been proven that Yevhen Vyrovy was a member of the OUN; the facts from the Berlin period of Yosyp Pozychanyuk's life have been clarified, etc. A well-founded assumption was made that cooperation with "Vineta" was weakly correlated with participation in the Ukrainian liberation movement and was also not collaboration. It is shown that the common biographical feature of that part of the employees, whose life path was studied at one time, is direct involvement or tangentiality in the liberation struggles, greater or lesser participation in the political activities of emigration, repressions by the Soviet authorities; intellectual, creative activity, literature, journalism, fine arts, etc., in Europe or the USSR. Most of the former employees of the Special Department continued their activities even after the war in the fields of politics, economy, and culture. The author proposed directions for further research on this topic.

Prisoners of War of the First World War in the cities of Eastern Siberia (on the Materials of Kansk from Yenisei Province)

Prisoners of War of the First World War in the cities of Eastern Siberia (on the Materials of Kansk from Yenisei Province)

Jernlænken fra Fæsted

Jernlænken fra Fæsted

State Responsibility For Foreign Citizens Served As Ukraine Armed Force: An International Humanitarian Law Perspective

This study discusses the status of civilian foreign citizens who participated in the war to defend Ukraine under international humanitarian law and state responsibility for foreign civilians participating in the war to defend Ukraine under international humanitarian law. The purpose of this research is: to analyse the status of foreign nationals, especially those contained in the Geneva Convention of 1949; and accountability countries that are fair to foreign nationals based on humanitarian law international. The method used in this research is normative. Results from this research that the status of foreign citizens who are involved in fighting for Ukraine are entitled under International Humanitarian Law treated as prisoners of war and entitled to equal treatment of humans. Actions committed by foreign civilian citizens, from each country are obliged to provide accountability to the aggrieved party. The rights of foreign nationals are protected by conflicting countries but do not reduce the privileges of the state against its own citizen. The link between international human rights law and law international humanitarian law is also one of the basic reasons for detaining power does not have the right to commit acts of cruelty.

:Love between Enemies: Western Prisoners of War and German Women in World War II

:<i>Love between Enemies: Western Prisoners of War and German Women in World War II</i>

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Repatriation of East Prussian Deportees from Simbirsk during World War I

This article assesses whether the repatriation of civilian prisoners of war, most of whom were East Prussian deportees, from Simbirsk to Germany between April and June of 1918, was carried out according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Simbirsk, which was home to more East Prussian deportees than any other internment site in Russia, is particularly well-suited for a case study of the repatriation of civilian prisoners from Russia during World War I because the correspondence and memoirs of those who were involved in the repatriation still exist and are accessible outside Russia. The article concludes that the repatriation of civilian prisoners of war interned in Simbirsk was not carried out according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk—at least not according to how the treaty was interpreted by the German and Russian governments—and identifies several reasons why this was the case. This case study may have policy implications for the current war in Ukraine, which has also been characterized by the deportation of civilians from Russian-occupied territory to Russia, although on a much larger scale. If the war in Ukraine ends in a negotiated settlement between Ukraine and Russia, the repatriation of Ukrainian deportees will be an important part of that settlement. The article offers several recommendations for the Ukrainian officials who would be responsible for negotiating such a settlement to avoid chaotic evacuations similar to what happened in Simbirsk during World War I.

Japanese prisoners of war of World War II: a historiographical review

Japanese prisoners of war of World War II: a historiographical review

Stitchers of Instagram

Stitchers of Instagram

“We must fight!”. The resistance of the Jews to the genocidal policy in Kremenchuk (1941–1943)

The article examines an almost unexplored topic about the resistance of the Jews to the Nazi genocidal policy in Kremenchuk. The author reviewed historiographical developments on this issue, outlined terminology, and characterized the source base (a part of the sources is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time). The article analyzes the factors that influenced Holocaust flow in the city: the evolution of the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” during the occupation of the town; events at the front that determined the priority of current tasks for rear structures; demands or the lack of demands for Jewish labor, etc. In accordance with this, the author researched the condition of local Jews and Jews-prisoners of war who got to the Kremenchuk due to the encirclement of parts of the South-Western Front and analyzed the dynamics of the implementation of the Holocaust in the city.The article considers the aspects that prevented the development of a purely Jewish resistance movement in Kremenchuk. Therefore the author explores the opposition of Jews at the individual level and their activities as a member of underground organizations that actively helped Jews (those who were prisoners of war, local people, and those who arrived in the city during the occupation). Consequently, it was investigated that thanks to the cooperation of leaders from among the Soviet prisoners of war and local activists, it was possible to create an effective infrastructure for providing help and rescue to persecuted groups, including Jews. For example, in the «Patriot of the Motherland» underground organization, this infrastructure consisted of a prisoner of war camp, the first city hospital, a Red Cross station, and underground apartments. This enabled those persecuted within the framework of underground organizations to effectively resist the Nazi genocidal policy. The article also analyzes, on an individual level, how both local and Jewish prisoners of war, as well as those who arrived in Kremenchuk, resisted the genocide.

Principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war

This article analyzes the principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war. It is motivated that the actualization of the issue of the status of prisoners of war is due to the following circumstances: the presence of a state of war on the territory of Ukraine and an increase in the number of prisoners of war on both sides; the absence of a real mechanism to guarantee the proper treatment of prisoners of war, the weakness of international institutions in this area; normative legal acts were adopted after the Second World War in the conditions of the information society, globalization and changes in the life of society in all spheres, therefore a modern update of the norms and their clarification and the development of an effective policy in this area are necessary.&#x0D; It was established that a significant breakthrough in the direction of humanizing social development was the adoption of norms of international law, in particular, those related to the rules of treatment of prisoners of war. Formally, there is a model for protecting and ensuring the humane situation of this group of participants in the armed conflict. However, it is necessary to state a significant, even colossal problem: the declarativeness of international obligations, the ineffectiveness of international institutions and the lack of real influence on the party that holds prisoners of war. In this context, we should talk about updating the international norms of international humanitarian law in general, as well as prisoners of war in particular.&#x0D; The author points out the lack of a clear legal agreement on the concept of «prisoner of war» and the generally significant political nature of the issue.&#x0D; Within the scope of the represented scientific research, the essential principles (main principles) of the legal policy of democratic states in the field of treatment of prisoners of war are defined. They are grouped into two categories - general (prohibition of ill-treatment, humane treatment, right to dignity, preservation of personal belongings and documents, right to contact with family and protection agencies, right to return home) and special (rehabilitation and special state support prisoners of war after returning from captivity; support for families of prisoners of war).

Determining the status of prisoners of war in customary law and legislation of the Muscovite kingdom of the 15th-early 18th centuries

The article is devoted to highlighting the processes of formation of the specifics of the status of captives according to the norms of customary law and legislation of the Muscovy kingdom (Moscow state) during the 15th - early 18th centuries. The relevance of addressing these issues is due to the fact that the customs and views developed at that time, as well as the norms of positive law, still determine the peculiarities of the attitude of Russians towards prisoners, which is largely determined by the specifics of the national mentality and legal tradition.&#x0D; It is shown that the attitude towards captured foreigners, the legal basis of their status in the Muscovite Empire were laid down in the course of the formation and development of customary law, which was formed long before the period considered in this article. It is emphasized that since in the 15th - at the beginning of the 18th century. before there was a division into combatants and non­combatants, the terms "prisoners" and "captives" meant both captured soldiers of the enemy army and representatives of the civilian population who were deprived of personal freedom and found themselves under the complete power of the enemy. Captives were divided into "state” and "private”, although specific subgroups can be identified within these groups depending on the peculiarities of their legal status.&#x0D; The status of prisoners in the Muscovite Empire was determined primarily by customary law, although over time, acts of legislation appeared that contained norms aimed at regulating the legal status of prisoners. A vivid example of such legislation is the Senate decree of November 27, 1717 "On the prohibition of baptizing and marrying Swedish prisoners of war.”&#x0D; It is noted that a valuable source for elucidating the complex of customs regarding the treatment of captives can be considered the works of European diplomats, merchants, and soldiers who had been in the Moscow state for a long time and were well acquainted with local orders. They contain interesting information on ethnopsychology, the history of diplomacy, as well as the history of law. The value of this historical source is enhanced by the fact that the observations, facts and considerations given in it are confirmed by other sources. A conclusion was made about a certain continuity in the national character of the population of modern Russia, customs that, even now, under the conditions of the spread of legal nihilism in Russian society, largely regulate the behavior and activities of citizens of the Russian Federation, in particular, military personnel, mercenaries of private military companies, etc.

Provision of sanitary standards by the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire in the late XIX-early XX centuries.

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the historical experience of the participation of gendarmerie police officers in ensuring sanitary order on the railways of the Russian Empire. The purpose of this article is to study measures to prevent the spread of dangerous infectious diseases taken by the railway gendarmerie, both in cooperation with medical and sanitary services, and independently. The object of the study is the historical experience of the official activities of the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire. The subject is the role of gendarmes in ensuring sanitary standards on railways. Along with general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and concretization, the author used historical-systemic and historical-genetic research methods. The theoretical basis of the study, along with the published materials, were the office documents of the gendarmerie railway police, which are stored in the State Archives of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the ranks of the gendarmerie railway police performed a significant role in ensuring sanitary standards by bypassing the entrusted sites, assisting doctors in veterinary examinations, inspections of premises for the detention of prisoners of war, preventing outbreaks of epidemics on the railways that would pose a threat to the health and life of the population on a global scale.

İSLAM VE MODERN HUKUK EKSENİNDE SAVAŞ ESİRLERİ

İslam dini barış dinidir. Devletler hukukunda barışın teminatı olarak görülen adalet, mütekabiliyet, ahde vefa, cins, dil, ırk ayrımı yapılmaksızın zayıfa yardım, insan haklarını koruma gibi temel prensipler İslam’ın da benimsediği temel ilkeler arasında yer alır. Savaş ise problemlerin çözümünde en son başvurulacak çaredir. İslam’da savaş, yayılmacılık politikasıyla çıkar sağlama ve sömürme amacıyla değil, dine ve Müslümanlara karşı düşmanca tavırları bertaraf etme, barış ve sulh ortamını tesis etme, bu ortamı bozanlarla mücadele etme, temel hak ve hürriyetleri güvence altına alma gibi amaçlar için meşru kılınmıştır. Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefa-i Raşidin dönemlerinde cereyan eden gazve ve seriyyelerin büyük çoğunluğu savunma amaçlıdır. Ganimet ve toprak elde etmek gibi sadece dünyevi amaçlarla yapılmamıştır. Savaş sırasında, yaşlı, çocuk, kadın, din adamı ve silahsız insanların can güveliği teminat altına alınırken, ibadethanelerin tahrip edilmemesi, malların yağmalanmaması, hatta meyveli ağaçların bile kesilmemesi, gibi kurallarla din, mal ve çevre dokunulmazlığı güvence altına alınmış ve bu kurallar İslam’da savaş hukukunun temelini oluşturmuştur. Elbette savaşların kaçınılmaz olduğu durumlarda bazı sonuçları söz konusu olmaktadır. Bu hususa ilişkin olarak Hz. Peygamberin savaş sonrası, esirlerinin hukuki statüsünü gösteren söz ve uygulamaları bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda köle ve savaş esirlerinin hakları kesin çizgilerle belirlenmiş, yönetici ve askerlerin keyfî muamelelerine bırakılmamıştır. Uluslararası savaş hukukunun teşekkülü ise İslam hukukuna göre geç sayılabilecek 19. yüzyıla uzanmaktadır. Savaş sırasında yapılması yasak olan uygulamalar, sivillerin durumu ve savaş esirlerine uygulanacak yaptırımlar detaylı bir şekilde 1949 yılında imzalanan üçüncü Cenevre sözleşmesiyle birlikte gündeme gelmiştir. Bu makalede İslam hukuku ve mer’î hukuka göre savaşta esir alınabilecek kimseler, esirlerin hangi durumda öldürülebileceği veya köleleştirilebileceği, hangi durumda mübadele edileceği veya serbest bırakılabilecekleri gibi hususlar üzerinde durulacak, esirlerin durumu İslam hukuku ve günümüz savaş hukuku arasında karşılaştırma yapılacaktır.

The Influence and Limitation of the 1929 Geneva Convention Relative to Prisoners of War

This paper aims to find the influence and limitations of the 1929 Geneva Convention relative to prisoners of war. To achieve that, an analysis of primary and secondary resources about treating POWs before and after the convention is made. Through the study, the 1929 Geneva Convention had a limited but real impact on treating prisoners of war. Concluded the way failed to solve many problems of treating POWs like the camp facilities, but the Red Cross provided help to many POW camps to improve prisoners living. The research on this topic can tell us the importance of the convention in history.