Prisoners Of War Research Articles

PERANCANGAN PALANG MERAH INDONESIA KOTA MUARA TEWEH

The Indonesian Red Cross, which is often known by the abbreviation PMI, is a national association organization located in Indonesia and engaged in the humanitarian field. The activity that was first carried out by PMI was to help victims of the Indonesian Revolutionary War of Independence and return victims of Allied and Japanese prisoners of war so that the Indonesian Red Cross has gained international recognition. The purpose of the design this time is "How to design the Muara Teweh Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) building which is able to fulfill the activities of the volunteers and their working staff by providing assistance and blood services to the people in the city of Muara Teweh which are appropriate and make rooms with adequate facilities?”. By using the concept of "Local Wisdom" by prioritizing the function of building the PMI building and using the Symbolism Method in the design.

Борьба советских военнопленных с нацистскими оккупантами в Севастополе в 1943–1944 годах

The paper deals with one of the little-studied issues in the history of the resistance movement during the Great Patriotic War, namely, the participation of Soviet prisoners of war in the anti-fascist struggle in the ranks of the Communist underground organization in occupied Sevastopol in 1943–1944. The purpose of this article was to study the formation and structure of the aforementioned organization, as well as the involvement in the antifascist struggle of Soviet prisoners of war, and to identify the effect of their activities on the general course of the anti-Hitler struggle in occupied Crimea. The objects of the research are the underground group headed by Nikolai Ignatyevich Tereshchenko (pseudonym Mikhailov), which was part of the Communist underground organization, and the places where it carried out its anti-fascist operations: camps for Soviet prisoners of war around Sevastopol and in the city itself, especially after Tereshchenko’s escape from German captivity. The study was performed within the framework of the large-scale All-Russian educational project “Without Statute of Limitations” aimed at preserving historical memory. Along with providing insights into the tragedy of the civilian population of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the paper highlights the heroic deeds of the anti-fascist resistance movement in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union and demonstrates the contribution of individuals and groups to the defeat of Nazi Germany and its satellites. The author used documents that were declassified in the course of this project by the Federal Security Service Office for the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and transferred to the Sevastopol Archives. The analysis revealed a significant feature of the Sevastopol underground: prisoners of war were one of the most important components of the Communist underground organization, performing risky and dangerous tasks deep behind enemy lines. According to the plan, in the event of a Black Sea Fleet landing, it was the prisoners of war who were supposed to be the striking force and spark an armed uprising in the occupied city. Consequently, it is concluded that Soviet prisoners of war were one of the combat weapons teams of the Sevastopol underground movement, which carried out various operations: reconnaissance, agitation and propaganda, as well as sabotage and subversion deep behind enemy lines.

Archaeology and the public perception of a Soviet prisoner of war cemetery

Between July 2021 and November 2022, the federal archaeological office of Bremen (Landesarchäologie) excavated the site of a former cemetery for Soviet Prisoners of War and forced labourers. The remains had officially been reinterred at an honorary cemetery in Bremen in 1948. Only a small part of this article is about what the excavation revealed and rather its purpose is to reflect on the situation that has arisen between the federal archaeological office, the politics of Bremen versus two citizen's initiatives at the time of the official closure of the excavation. We set out how local conflicts can emerge from such a highly political topic in an archaeological excavation. We also explore how to manage the public interest while, at the same time, attempting to protect the personal dignity of the buried individuals. We engaged with the historical responsibility the city takes for its industrial sites and its past of profiting from forced labour and with the (often unfamiliar) societal function of the work of archaeologists. The research project aims to identify the people buried and to find out about the status of health provision, food supply and overall daily living in the Soviet POW-camps in Bremen by linking the results of archaeology, bioanthropology and historical sources in a database.

Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war and their employment in the Italian hinterland (1915–1920)

Abstract This essay deals with the criteria for the employment of POWs in Italy during the Great War. It is a contribution to the current research demonstrating the close connection between civilian and military spheres during the war, including in the area of internment. This intertwining is particularly evident when one studies the wartime economic system. Although the article shows that the contribution of POWs was marginal, their work was diverse and particularly visible in certain sectors. Therefore, it is important to clarify the rules that governed their employment, and the outcomes of their work.

Justice at the End of War

This paper aims to critically analyse two conflicting ethical orientations that dominate the debate on the issue of justice in the post-war phase: minimalism and maximalism. The former approach narrows down the scope of the third aspect of just war theory, known as jus post bellum (justice after war), to the restoration of peace and the prevention of future hostilities. In contrast, the latter emphasizes the importance of achieving political objectives via military triumph and the use of force. Furthermore, it underscores the need for conscientious state-building after a military triumph in order to guarantee the welfare of individuals and the effectiveness of the justly established state. In line with Immanuel Kant's philosophy, it argues for minimalism by giving importance to upholding the rights of civilians and prisoners of war while striving to achieve enduring peace. In addition, it analyzes the fundamental concepts of Orend's maximalist approach to peace accords. These principles give priority to social justice, equality, human rights, democratic government, and social and economic progress. Orend's criteria for a fair peace settlement after a morally justified conflict include the vindication of rights, proportionality, discrimination, punishment, compensation, and rehabilitation. It also discusses the justifiability of regime change in this context. In line with Walzer, it contends that instances in which a new regime will be significantly better compared to the old one should be the only ones in which regime change is appropriate.

Ottoman subjects and prisoners of war in the Semirechye Oblast during the First World War

Abstract Amidst the upheavals of the First World War, a considerable number of prisoners of war from the Ottoman Empire found themselves in Russia, resettled primarily in the central regions of the Russian Empire. The regions of Volga, Siberia, Ural, and Western Siberia played host to Ottoman prisoners, who were accommodated in camps and barracks across cities and rural areas. Over time, a noteworthy migration led some prisoners to the territory of modern Kazakhstan, with cities like Samara, Orenburg, and Omsk serving as pivotal points before further dispersion into the central regions of Kazakhstan. As a result, Ottoman citizens found themselves under suspicion and were dispersed akin to prisoners. The Semirechye Oblast (Zhetisu region) emerged as a focal point where both Ottoman subjects and prisoners of war were dispersed during this tumultuous period. This article investigates the political and social dynamics, as well as the fate, of Turkish prisoners of war and citizens within the Semirechye Oblast during the war. The analysis delves into the status of Ottoman Empire subjects who acquiesced to the authority of the Russian Empire, offering insights into the lives of prisoners of war in this specific region.

The role of ideology in the experience, perception and memory of the Italian prisoners of war, in George, SA

In 1939, the South African government made the decision to align itself with the Allied powers in opposition to the Axis powers, the fascist regimes of Germany, Italy and Japan. The town of George reflected the diversity of national viewpoints regarding this decision, which were often shaped by party political ideologies and affiliations. The Purified National Party embraced Afrikaner nationalism and objected to South African participation in the war. Conversely, the United Party, a more liberal and inclusive group, supported the government’s decision. In addition, a significant number of Afrikaners rallied behind the Ossewabrandwag, an organisation that espoused anti-British and pro-German sentiments.Between December 1942 and August 1945, a group of 500 Italian prisoners of war (POWs) were confined to a camp situated on the outskirts of George, South Africa. Despite being afforded a certain level of freedom, the prisoners faced restrictions on their movements and activities, including prohibitions on transportation, alcohol consumption and fraternising with the local population without prior approval. Specific areas were also designated as off-limits. The POWs repeatedly breached these regulations, leading to confrontations with law enforcement. Furthermore, many clandestine relationships developed between the POWs and local residents.Contribution: This article aims to explore how the inhabitants of George responded to the presence of the POWs by examining their attitudes and perceptions. The prevailing ideologies of nationalism and liberalism, as well as issues of religion, racial dignity and morality all played a role in shaping the belief systems and perceptions of the town’s residents. While the memories of the Italian POWs held in George often characterised the time as one of ‘good cheer’ and ‘mutual respect’, the reality of the situation was far more complicated.

The role of ideology in the experience, perception and memory of the Italian prisoners of war, in George, SA

The role of ideology in the experience, perception and memory of the Italian prisoners of war, in George, SA

Revisiting the origins of the Sobemovirus genus: A case for ancient origins of plant viruses.

The discrepancy between short- and long-term rate estimates, known as the time-dependent rate phenomenon (TDRP), poses a challenge to extrapolating evolutionary rates over time and reconstructing evolutionary history of viruses. The TDRP reveals a decline in evolutionary rate estimates with the measurement timescale, explained empirically by a power-law rate decay, notably observed in animal and human viruses. A mechanistic evolutionary model, the Prisoner of War (PoW) model, has been proposed to address TDRP in viruses. Although TDRP has been studied in animal viruses, its impact on plant virus evolutionary history remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the consequences of TDRP in plant viruses by applying the PoW model to reconstruct the evolutionary history of sobemoviruses, plant pathogens with significant importance due to their impact on agriculture and plant health. Our analysis showed that the Sobemovirus genus dates back over four million years, indicating an ancient origin. We found evidence that supports deep host jumps to Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae occurring between tens to hundreds of thousand years ago, followed by specialization. Remarkably, the TDRP-corrected evolutionary history of sobemoviruses was extended far beyond previous estimates that had suggested their emergence nearly 9,000 years ago, a time coinciding with the Neolithic period in the Near East. By incorporating sequences collected through metagenomic analyses, the resulting phylogenetic tree showcases increased genetic diversity, reflecting a deep history of sobemovirus species. We identified major radiation events beginning between 4,600 to 2,000 years ago, which aligns with the Neolithic period in various regions, suggesting a period of rapid diversification from then to the present. Our findings make a case for the possibility of deep evolutionary origins of plant viruses.

An Odyssey through "Satan's Kingdom": Marines at the 1863 Night Attack on Fort Sumter and Their Experiences as Prisoners of War

The assault on Confederate-controlled Fort Sumter, South Carolina, ended in disaster, and the U.S. Marines who managed to land on its rubble-covered shores would end up in the worst prison in the Confederacy, a place from which most would never return. This article traces their journey and details their ordeal, throughout which Marines demonstrated the qualities and character traits that have defined their Service since its inception. They resisted their captors, largely supported their chain of command while imprisoned, refused to divulge information when interrogated, and sought opportunities to escape and rejoin the fight.

Legality of Americas Military Action Against Terrorism in Iraq from the Perspective of International Law

This paper mainly studies the legality of military action against terrorism under international law. It takes the anti-terrorism action of America in Iraq in 2003 as a case (Iraq war). It judges its legality and necessity by linking the action with legislations such as International Humanitarian Law and the (Third) Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (of August 12, 1949). In the early stage of the article, the author traces the origin and defines the word 'terrorism' while introducing the counterterrorism acts enacted by the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2015 by summarizing the viewpoints of the reference. The author concludes that under the assumption that Iraq does meet the condition of conviction, some military actions of the United States violate international law and go beyond the necessary scope of anti-terrorism.

The Extermination of Red Army Soldiers in German Captivity, 1941–1945: Causes, Patterns, Dimensions

ABSTRACT Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.

Corrective action for prisoners of war: International legal, penal and other regulation

The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the peculiarities of the application of means of correction in relation to convicted prisoners of war. The article answers the question of in what places of forced confinement it is allowed to isolate the above-mentioned persons — in correctional institutions of the Russian penal and correctional system with separate detention from prisoners sentenced to imprisonment or in other places of forced confinement? The provisions of the Geneva Convention of 1949 “On the Treatment of Prisoners of War” are analysed in order to identify the specifics of treatment of this category of convicts. It is proposed to supplement it with a provision according to which there should be a prohibition to allow persons who suffered (or their relatives suffered) from the results of military actions to work with prisoners of war. The paper substantiates the necessity of implementing the principle of differentiation and individualisation in relation to prisoners of war convicted of various types of crimes, who have relapsed into crime (such cases are not uncommon, especially among mercenary combatants) or who have other socio-legal or personal characteristics. It is concluded that it is advisable, taking into account the provisions of international settlement documents at the national level in penal and other legislation, such issues as determining the places of detention of convicted prisoners of war, the scope of legal restrictions in relation to them, ensuring external and internal isolation, the content of educational work with them, including the use of measures incentives and penalties, their employment, providing social influence, organizing medical care.

������� ����������� ������� ���������� � ²����������������� ϲ� ��� �Ϊ����� �����

The article examines the norms of international humanitarian law in force in Ukraine regarding prisoners of war and the history of their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. A thorough analysis of the norms of international humanitarian law and their implementation in national legislation is made. The legal regulation of the treatment of prisoners of war during martial law is considered. Attention is focused on the treatment of prisoners of war during martial law or hostilities, observance of their rights and performance of their duties. Threats of possible violations of the rights of prisoners of war are identified. In particular, it is noted that prisoners of war may be subjected to torture and ill-treatment, and may be used as labour without providing them with proper working conditions. The main reasons for the violation of the rights of prisoners of war are given: military operations, unwillingness to comply with international law, and imperfect national legislation. The article identifies the importance of compliance with international law on the treatment of prisoners of war. In order to address the problem of violations of the rights of prisoners of war, it is necessary to ensure compliance with international law, improve national legislation, and create mechanisms for monitoring the observance of the rights of prisoners of war.

ВПЛИВ НАЦИСТСЬКОГО ПРАВОВОГО ПОЛЯ НА ДОЛЮ РАДЯНСЬКИХ ЄВРЕЇВ-ВІЙСЬКОВОПОЛОНЕНИХ В ОКУПОВАНІЙ УКРАЇНІ (1941–1942 рр.)

The article is devoted to the influence of the legislation of the Third Reich on the fate of Soviet-Jewish prisoners of war who were in the camps of occupied Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity; general historical methods (chronological, problem-thematic, analytical); the use of interdisciplinary approaches at the intersection of world history, psychology, ideology, the history of Ukraine, military affairs; memories of those who survived the war. The scientific novelty lies in the formulation of the question, since the fate of Soviet Jews-prisoners of war in Ukraine remains poorly researched. Even before the implementation of the «Barbarossa» plan in Berlin, various departments issued orders, resolutions, and orders that regulated the legal status of Soviet prisoners who were supposed to be captured and kept in special camps («dulags», «stalags», «oflags»). Jewish prisoners of war were separated for execution. Their fate was particularly tragic. The Nazi legal field, both on the eve of the war and during the German-Soviet war, deliberately created conditions under which the use of prisoners of war of Jewish origin was not foreseen and had to be minimal. Military personnel of the Wehrmacht, starting from the top management, which issued numerous orders and decrees of anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic contents, and ending with the grassroots, were directly involved in the legal discrimination and physical elimination of Jewish prisoners of war. Until October 1941, the Wehrmacht got its hands dirty no less than SS teams, and then became less involved in the bloody politics of the Holocaust, transferring the right to exterminate Jews to representatives of the security police and SD. In general, in Germany, the scientific discussion about the bloody role of the Wehrmacht in the Nazi crimes committed on Soviet lands has long been over, and the direct involvement of servicemen in the crimes of the SS and SD no longer needs to be proven.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УВІЧНЕННЯ ПАМ’ЯТІ ЖЕРТВ НАЦИСТСЬКОГО ТЕРОРУ НА ХАРКІВЩИНІ У ВОЄННИЙ ТА ПОВОЄННИЙ ЧАС

The aim of the work. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of commemorative initiatives and building of monuments connected with the commemoration of victims of Nazi terror on the territory of the Kharkiv region. The article explains the specifics of honoring the memory of different groups of victims of Nazi terror on the territory of the Kharkiv region in wartime and in the post-war period. The methodological base consists of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systematic approach) along with special historical ones (historical-comparative, historical-systematic). The principles of scientificity, objectivity, and historicism are also applied. The scientific novelty of the research is defined by the fact that the author conducted for the first time a comprehensive study of commemorative initiatives of victims of Nazi terror on the territory of the Kharkiv region. Conclusions. During 1941–1945, the Kharkiv region was controlled by the German Military Administration. The German occupation regime established in the Kharkiv region led to numerous deaths among civilians and prisoners of war. The people's initiative served as the first step in commemorating the victims of war. Further, the state assumed control over the building of monuments. Works of monumental art became the instruments for the distribution of Soviet myths about «The Great Patriotic War». The official Soviet ceremonial model of commemoration was characterized by an intrusive cult of internationalism, heroism, Soviet patriotism, and self-sacrifice. The authorities stayed indifferent to people, keeping no record of victims and depersonalizing the dead. Due to the fatal defeats of the Red Army, the Kharkiv region lost about half a million citizens, but it wasn't highly ranked in the national narrative about the war. The state demonstrated discriminatory methods for commemoration of certain categories of the dead. Some of them were represented in the memorial space, and others were deprived of their rights. First of all, this concerned victims of mass terror – Jews, orphans, and prisoners of war. Only with the collapse of the communist regime and the independence of Ukraine these categories of victims of Nazi terror got the opportunity to convey their own vision of war to the general public.

British Experience of Keeping Prisoners of War in the Era of the Napoleonic Wars (1808—1812)

British Experience of Keeping Prisoners of War in the Era of the Napoleonic Wars (1808—1812)

Военнопленные Первой мировой войны в Омском Прииртышье: имена, статусы, память

The publication does not simply review the inter-fonds name index of prisoners of World War I mentioned in the metric books of churches in the Omsk region (1914–1920). It is shown how formalized information from metric records can be interpreted from the point of view of both nominative and statistical approaches. It is emphasized that in the light of the data of the reviewed publication, the fate of captured foreigners in Russia ceases to look like non-alternative and predetermined, and the prisoners themselves — only victims of war, victimized objects. The participation of prisoners of war in the life of host communities allows specifying the degree of impact of captivity on the institutions and practices common in provincial Russia, as well as considering captured foreigners as people whose destinies turned out to be decisive for the destinies of thousands of other people who lived yesterday and live today.

РІШЕННЯ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СУДУ З ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ КОМПЕНСАЦІЇ ШКОДИ, ЗАПОДІЯНОЇ ВОЄННОЮ АГРЕСІЄЮ

Background. The article addresses the study of the practice of the ECtHR in the context of compensation for damage caused by military aggression, which is important for determining the future strategy of Ukraine in the process of ensuring compensation for the damage caused. Methods. Formal-dogmatic, systematic and comparative-legal methods were used in the research, the basis of the research was the method of systemic analysis. Results. Some decisions of the ECHR based on the statements of victims in the Turkish-Cypriot, russian-Georgian confrontations were analyzed and the effectiveness of such method of protection as an appeal to the ECHR for compensation for damage caused by military aggression was determined. The possibility of Ukraine and other affected individuals and legal entities applying to the ECHR, taking into account the exclusion of the russian Federation from the Council of Europe on September 16, 2022, was assessed. A review and analysis of 40 decisions of the ECtHR related to military aggression was carried out, which is the basis for building the position of the injured party when applying for the protection of violated rights, since after the end of the war the most urgent issue will be the reconstruction of infrastructure, compensation for family members of the dead, wounded, prisoners of war, and other afflicted victims morally or physically together with financing the further development of Ukraine. The methods of influencing the Cabinet of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the respondent country in order to ensure the implementation of ECtHR decisions are analyzed. Possible options for the development of the events after the satisfaction of the complaints of victims of the russian-Ukrainian war are described. Conclusions. A logical summary of the analyzed topic about two possible ways of obtaining fair and real compensation for damage caused by the military aggression of the russian federation was formed and revealed: voluntary and forced.

СМЕСЬ ПЛЕМЕН И НАРОДОВ ИМПЕРИЙ: О СПРАВОЧНИКЕ "ВОЕННОПЛЕННЫЕ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: МЕЖФОНДОВЫЙ ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ К МЕТРИЧЕСКИМ КНИГАМ ХРАМОВ ОМСКОГО РЕГИОНА (1914-1920 ГГ.)"

The article analyzes the scientific reference publication “Prisoners of war of the First World War. An inter-fund name index to the metric books of the temples of the Omsk region (1914–1920)”. The work was prepared as part of the book series “Open Archive”. Based on the study and analysis of the act records of the metric books kept in the Historical Archives of the Omsk region, biographical information was collected with the search data for the documents on the military personnel of the German and AustroHungarian armies who were prisoners of war in the Omsk region in 1914– 1920. The publication presents the data from the civil records of the metric books of the Omsk Ecclesiastical Consistory, the Omsk Roman Catholic Parish Church, the Omsk Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Synagogue of the Omsk Jewish Society. Turning of the authors’ team to the study of the church documents for understanding the social and political processes seems justified in connection with the special role of the religious factor in the military revolutionary period. The publication contains detailed biographical data, and a personal search record is compiled for each person. It is noted that the procedure described by the Omsk researchers can be adopted by other archival institutions. The analyzed church records open up new opportunities for studying the specific pages in the history of the First World War and expand the possibilities for biographical (genealogical) search.