Prisoner Of War Camps Research Articles

Функціонування в Україні пенітенціарних таборів для військовополонених російської федерації

The article states that with the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation to Ukraine more than two and a half years have passed. During this time, law enforcement agencies initiated 127,814 criminal proceedings under various articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It should be noted that many of them have already been examined by domestic courts and those guilty of criminal offenses have been held criminally liable. It has been proven that all of them are serving their sentences in a camp that functions as a correctional colony for prisoners of war sentenced to imprisonment for a certain period or to life imprisonment. Since the problem of the functioning of prison camps for prisoners of war in Ukraine has not been the subject of research yet, the article states that their creation in Ukraine is an unprecedented practice during the years of Ukraine's independence, which is connected with the events of the invasion of the Russian Federation to the territory of our country as a "special operation" on February 24, 2022. It is noteworthy that theMinistry of Justice of Ukraine ensures the functioning of prison camps for prisoners of war in Ukraine as the subject of the implementation of state policy in the field of punishment and probation. It has been proven that currently four camps for prisoners of war of the Russian Federation have been created in Ukraine. All of them comply not only with international humanitarian law, but also with Ukrainian legislation. Unfortunately, Article 13 of the Convention is simply ignored by Russian Federation, thereby demonstrating disrespect for the norms of international humanitarian law. Moreover, our soldiers are held captive not in separate camps for prisoners of war, but in ordinary penal colonies, subjecting them to physical mutilation, acts of violence and intimidation, although this Convention categorically prohibits the use of reprisals against prisoners of war. The author's definition of the Ukrainian camp for prisoners of war of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was formulated. These are specially equipped places on the basis of correctional colonies of the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine for the forced detention of captured enemy servicemen with the aimof their final release and repatriation. A comparative analysis of the maintenance of prisoners of war in Ukraine and Russia was carried out. It is noted that if the personnel of the camp for prisoners of war establish that persons who took part in hostilities and were captured do not belong to prisoners of war, then such persons enjoy the protection of the Convention until their status is determined by a competent tribunal. Such persons, however, use benefits and protection. They include medical and spiritual personnel who provide assistance to prisoners of war. They are also provided with all opportunities to provide medical and spiritual assistance to prisoners of war. During the performance of their medical and spiritual duties, they also use certain privileges, in particular, they are allowed to periodically visit prisoners of war who are part of work teams or in hospitals outside the camp. It is worth paying attention to the fact that after the exchange of our soldiers and their return to the Motherland, it becomes clear how many of our prisoners of war in the Russian Federation different from the Russian occupiers in the POW camp in Ukraine. If the physical and moral condition of our soldiers is suppressed, they are tired and exhausted.

Deprived of Masculinity?

Abstract This article explores how Soviet soldiers were impacted by captivity in German-run POW camps within the USSR during World War II, focusing specifically on how the camps stripped POW s of their ability to act out their masculinity. Using the Slavuta POW camp as a case study, it argues camp life prevented prisoners from embodying two dominant versions of masculinity from the 1940s: the heroic Red Army soldier, and Lilya Kaganovsky’s concept of the masculinity of lack. This was true according to the Soviet state, but also reflects the narratives of POW-survivors, who made no attempts to claim that their struggle to survive in the notoriously deadly German POW camps was heroic. It draws on written accounts from POW survivors, sketches created by two POW-artists who spent time in the camp, and documentary photographs taken by Soviet state investigators after the camp’s liberation, all of which can be found within the files of the Soviet investigative body the Extraordinary State Commission.

ANALYSIS OF THE LABOR COMPENSATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR IN UKRAINE

The article examines the issue of compensation of prisoners of war currently held in Ukraine. It is noted that 75 years have passed since the adoption of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, and some of its provisions are now outdated or irrelevant. One of these norms is the amount of compensation for the labour of prisoners of war. Since there is some debate about the criterion of fairness today, the authors analyse the purchasing power of the Swiss franc in 1949 versus 2024 and provide a conclusion on this issue. Key words: prisoners of war, labour, labour compensation, labour relations, employment, State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine, International Committee of the Red Cross, international humanitarian law, Geneva Convention, legal status, prisoner of war camps, prisoner of war detention centres.

Enhanced labour protection for prisoners of war

Abstract The principle of prohibiting forced labour exists in both treaty and customary international law. However, there are limits to this prohibition, in that certain types of forced labour are actually permitted; this is the case for forced labour performed by prisoners of war (PoWs). This paper examines the legal regime applicable to such labour. It starts by setting out the current rules, following a brief historical review. It then explains the shortcomings of those rules, which are open to abuse and are not focused exclusively on the rights and interests of the PoWs, before proposing two possible ways of improving the situation by means of a systemic approach. The first is based on international humanitarian law itself, while the second is based on the complementary relationship between that body of law and international human rights law. Such improvements would give PoWs the right to perform any available work while continuing to require them to carry out work exclusively dedicated to running the PoW camp.

Człowiek w obliczu sytuacji granicznej

The article presents the intellectual biography of Mieczysław Wallis in the light of his several years of experience as a prisoner of war. During World War II, the philosopher was sentenced to the German POW camp in Woldenberg, where he lived for several years. Wallis’ assessment of his stay in the POW camp is presented primarily in the text entitled The Psyche of a Prisoner of War, in which the philosopher describes the psychological threat– “barbed wire disease”, from which POWs often suffered. Importantly, Wallis himself did not succumb to the camp’s atmosphere of anxiety and did not mentally lose himself in danger of long-term captivity. His existential power was drawn primarily from the world of his own interior ‒turning to the sphere of values and experiences of an aesthetic nature. It was in the world of aesthetic experiences that Wallis found a refuge for human subjectivity, autonomy, freedom, and dignity. He was convinced that aesthetic experiences are a source of a special kind of joy that can balance suffering in human life.

‘Re-education’: The Imperial Pre-History and Afterlives of a Pedagogical Conceit

In the aftermath of World War II, the terms ‘re-education’ and ‘rehabilitation’ were ubiquitous. Often employed almost interchangeably, these nouns named the aspirational outcomes sought by military government personnel, civilian administrators and relief workers – for entire national populations or particular encamped populations. This article traces the origins of these entangled efforts to ‘remake’ subject peoples, now primarily associated with the postwar occupations of Germany and Japan. The essay uncovers the hidden connections between re-education and democratization projects – typically projected as constructive and progressive – with Britain’s brutal suppression of colonial counterinsurgencies, as well as the afterlife of the concept in the United States’ Cold War era preoccupation with POW camps and brainwashing. By the 1960s and ’70s, ‘re-education’ in the Western political lexicon denoted something pernicious practiced exclusively by cold war nemeses: in murderous camps in China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Yet at the dawn of the twenty-first century, George W. Bush’s administration reanimated memories of the ‘good occupations’ that had transformed Axis foes into pacific and prosperous allies, hoping to persuade sceptics that ‘de-Baathification’ would be every bit as straightforward and successful as ‘de-Nazification’ had come to appear with hindsight. Re-education again provided a language of both obfuscation and legitimation.

Identification of captured soldiers of the tsarist army based on nationality in Austria-Hungary, 1915: separation of Ukrainians

The article summarizes the process of identifying and separating Ukrainians from tsarist army soldiers who were captured by the Austrian-Hungarian forces. In 1915, such efforts were initiated by members of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (ULU) who surveyed camp inmates and compiled a list of prisoners willing to move to a Ukrainian camp in Freistadt. The procedure was complex because many inmates supported the imperial ideology, including the Black Hundreds and Little Russians who exerted psychological pressure on the prisoners and attempted to prevent communication between the Ukrainians and the ULU envoys. The compiled lists of Ukrainian nationals laid long-lasting foundations for the ULU’s efforts to unite Ukrainians and establish a community of Ukrainian activists, albeit a small one, who were willing to risk their lives and carry out the difficult task of spreading national liberation ideas not only in POW camps, but also on Ukrainian lands in Russia. Owing to the ULU’s efforts, Ukrainian prisoners were transferred to the camp in Freistadt which was the center of Ukrainian life in 1915–1918.

German Captors, Jewish POWs: Segregation of American and British Jewish POWs in German Captivity in the Second World War

Abstract The radicalization of Germany’s antisemitic policies that eventually led to the murder of six million Jews, went on in parallel to the radicalization of its POW policies. And yet, while Soviet Jewish POWs were murdered, and French, Polish, and Yugoslavian Jewish POWs were mostly segregated from their non-Jewish comrades, American and British Jewish POWs were rarely segregated in POW camps. This article suggests that a combination of different reasons during different stages of the war—such as the German fear of reprisals, protests of POWs against the segregations, and self-preservation of the German POW chain of command—helped make American and British Jewish POWs the most protected Jews in Nazi Europe.

“Memory of the World”: On the Sound Recordings of Ukrainians from WWI Prisoner-of-War Camps in Germany by the Prussian Phonographic Commission from the Collections of the Berlin Phonogram Archive (Factographic Aspects)

The article highlights for the first time the material connected to the sound recordings of Ukrainians from WWI Prisoner-of War Camps in Germany, that were made during 1915-1918 years by the members of the Prussian Phonographic Commission which included Carl Stumpf (the head of the Commission), Georg Schünemann, Wilhelm Doegen among others. This article is a result of the author’s personal research conducted at the Berlin Phonogram Archive and explores the factographic documents that include the data about the sound recordings themselves, the history and process of the creation of the documents and their digital versions made a 100 years after the Prussian Phonographic Commission’s project has started. The research also presents the first results of the analysis of the repertoire recorded from Ukrainian prisoners-of WWI, specifically its culture and genre characteristics.

The Influence and Limitation of the 1929 Geneva Convention Relative to Prisoners of War

This paper aims to find the influence and limitations of the 1929 Geneva Convention relative to prisoners of war. To achieve that, an analysis of primary and secondary resources about treating POWs before and after the convention is made. Through the study, the 1929 Geneva Convention had a limited but real impact on treating prisoners of war. Concluded the way failed to solve many problems of treating POWs like the camp facilities, but the Red Cross provided help to many POW camps to improve prisoners living. The research on this topic can tell us the importance of the convention in history.

PLACEMAKING AT LES BLANCHES BANQUES, JERSEY’S FIRST WORLD WAR PRISONER OF WAR CAMP: NESTED LANDSCAPES OF INTERNEES AND GUARDS

Most recent archaeological studies of prisoners of war have concentrated on resistance to confinement and identity creation within the camps. In contrast, the findings at Les Blanches Banques, Jersey, occupied by German military prisoners during the First World War, are here viewed through the lens of the varied placemaking strategies applied by both prisoners and camp staff. The prisoners created places of meaning within the regimented and confined conditions of their internment, but the guards were also limited by their duties in their assignment to this remote location, though all also saw the camp within its wider island landscape setting. This is the first study to consider placemaking at a prisoner of war camp at nested scales and from different perspectives.

Preexisting social ties among Auschwitz prisoners support Holocaust survival

Survivor testimonies link survival in deadly POW camps, Gulags, and Nazi concentration camps to the formation of close friendships with other prisoners. To provide evidence free of survival bias on the importance of social ties for surviving the Holocaust, we study individual histories of 30 thousand Jewish prisoners who entered the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp on transports from the Theresienstadt ghetto. We ask whether the availability of potential friends among fellow prisoners on a transport influenced the chances of surviving the Holocaust. Relying on multiple proxies of preexisting social networks and varying social-linkage composition of transports, we uncover a significant survival advantage to entering Auschwitz with a larger group of potential friends.

ОКРЕМІ ПИТАННЯ ЩОДО РЕФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ УСТАНОВ ВИКОНАННЯ ПОКАРАНЬ В УКРАЇНІ

In the article, the authors considered the system of institutions for the execution of punishments and its constituent elements, consisting of detention centers, pretrial detention centers, special educational institutions, and open (correctional centers) and closed type penitentiary institutions. The authors identified the main current directions of its reform: to replace the punishment in the form of arrest by introducing instead of it the punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, but for a shorter period than is currently provided by law, since the adoption of the Criminal Executive Code in 2003, this type of criminal punishment has become more liberal and turned into imprisonment for a certain period, but for short periods; to substitute punishment in the form of restraint of will by replacing it with probationary supervision with mandatory involvement in community service, since those sentenced to restraint of will are under supervision and not under guard, and the main component at the same time remains mandatory involvement in work; conducting probation supervision of persons released on parole from places of deprivation of liberty and introducing an electronic monitoring system at the place of residence of this category of persons, the authorized body on probation issues must forcibly involve them in probation programs, monitor their behavior, provide assistance in their adaptation, not the least role is played by the establishment of cooperation on control of this category with units of the Ministries of Internal Affairs of Ukraine; re-equipment of penal institutions taking into account modern approaches to engineering and technical means of protection and supervision, accommodation of convicts and their isolated detention; creation of a modern approach to the prevention of offenses by the personnel of penitentiary institutions, taking into account the modern leading model of the economic impracticability of illegal behavior. Key words: punishment, prevention, penitentiary institution, convicts, personnel, probation supervision, parole, arrest, restriction of freedom, prisoner of war camps, prisoners of war.

Anyone But Charles de Gaulle: U.S. WWII Policy toward France

In summing up his main argument, Michael Neiberg writes that the U.S. relationship with France during the Second World War began with a “bad policy based on flawed assumptions.” U.S. officials had “too much faith in the flattery of ostensibly pro-American French officials and they took far too long to realize that despite the obnoxious and difficult behavior of Charles de Gaulle, British support of his movement gave the Allies the best option both for winning the war and rebuilding France after it.” Instead, the United States supported “a succession of anti-democratic French officials” (7–8). This well-researched, written, and fascinating account of U.S. decision-making drives home the point that French capitulation to the Nazis in June 1940 and fear of losing all of France led U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to cling to one horrific French leader after another, which resulted in an “anyone but de Gaulle” policy. Neiberg begins by depicting the United States as a free rider during the interwar period, underscoring how limited U.S. military budgets and a policy of political isolation derived “in large part [from] its faith in the French military, which served as a protective barrier” (9). This unwavering faith made France’s collapse all the more cataclysmic. Indeed, the day Paris fell, according to Neiberg, was the day World War II became real for ordinary Americans. Chapters 1–4 detail this reality as U.S. officials struggled to develop a coherent policy toward the Vichy France government led by World War I hero Philippe Pétain and former prime minister Pierre Laval. Intriguingly, Neiberg also suggests that the fall of France led to some major domestic consequences, with the pro-rearmament and anti-isolationist Wendell Willkie securing the Republican nomination, FDR running for an unprecedented third term, and a massive rearmament program being instituted (56–60). Neiberg then focuses on various U.S. attempts to work with the supposedly pro-American commander of the French Army, General Maxime Weygand, and the significance of FDR sending the highly respected Admiral William Leahy as his ambassador to France. Here, Neiberg provides an excellent accounting of the reasoning behind formally recognizing Vichy and the sending of such a prominent ambassador. The Americans sought to keep the French fleet as well as Martinique and Guadalupe in the Caribbean, and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon on the St. Lawrence River from falling into Nazi hands. They also wanted to maintain open lines of communication and non-communist leaders in power (97–101). As Vichy moved ever closer to full collaboration with the Germans, evidenced by the Paris Protocols that allowed German access to French military bases in Syria, Tunisia, and Senegal, in return for a reduction in occupation costs, the release of thousands of WWI veterans from POW camps, and promises of Vichy “unfettered authority” of domestic issues, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and FDR still stayed the course (120). Even the Franco-Japanese agreement to allow access to French bases in Indochina, which prompted a furor in U.S. public opinion and led the FDR administration to embrace the idea of an international trusteeship for Indochina, was not enough to lead to a break with Pétain.

A family at war: The life and times of Frank McLardy, pharmacist.

George Francis 'Frank' McLardy (1915-1981) was a pharmacist who lived in Formby in the 1930s. He came from an unremarkable lower middle-class family and enjoyed considerable success at school and later at technical college and pharmacy school. He became a qualified pharmacist just before the war broke. He volunteered for the army and was sent to France with the British Expeditionary Force. In France, he witnessed the collapse of the allied forces and was quickly captured. He spent the rest of the war in Poland and in Germany. This was the fate of many young men during the war. What makes McLardy's case unique is that, prior to the war, had a very active role in the Liverpool district of the British Union of Fascists and, while a prisoner of war (POW) he offered to work for the Germans against the Russians and visited POW camps recruiting British men for a unit which aimed to go to the eastern front and fight in German uniforms. Moreover, he did all this while still actively using his qualification as a pharmacist.

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022

R. Ross Holloway, 1934–2022

An American in Germany: Fall 1940

ABSTRACT This article examines the journal entries of Tracy Strong Jr. that he wrote in the latter half of 1940 while serving as a representative of the International Red Cross to the German POW camps holding Allied prisoners in central Germany. Despite his many critical observations, Strong strove to maintain a neutral and even-handed attitude toward Nazi Germany, as well as pacifist convictions that condemned the war itself. In 1941-1942, he worked as a humanitarian relief worker in the Vichy internment camps in southern France. Here his prioritizing of helping victims of the war over fighting and winning it transformed him into an early Holocaust rescuer.

Hereford: Prigionieri italiani non cooperatori in Texas

Hereford: Prigionieri italiani non cooperatori in Texas

"Gotowi do zemsty...” – projekt sformowania polskiego „wolnego korpusu” w okresie kampanii francuskiej 1814 roku

During the campaign of 1814 the French army was supported by the „free corps”, a unit that carried out irregular operations. A proposal to form a similar unit to supplement the Polish army was presented to the chief of staff of the Great Army by Stanisław Żarski, the chef de battalion from the Duchy of Warsaw’s army. The Polish „free corps” was to include soldiers of Polish descent that were currently held in prisoner of war camps in France. The details of Żarski’s proposal combined elements characteristic of both the Polish and French military.

Assessing the Prevalence of Mental Disorders and its Relationship with Resilience Among ISIS Prisoners in Iraq

Background and Aim: Despite the high prevalence of mental disorders in these people and the important role of resilience in mental health, resilience in prisoners has not received much attention. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of mental disorders and its relationship with resilience among ISIS prisoners of war in Iraq between 2014- 2021. Methods: This research was conducted using the SCL questionnaire and Connor and Davidson's resilience. The statistical population of this research is based on the official statistics of the Iraqi Ministry of Migrants and Displaced Persons Affairs and there are 465 thousand people, after making the necessary coordination with the officials of the POW camps among 383 people (based on the Cochran formula) questionnaires were distributed by random sampling method. became Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings of the present study showed that the participants in the study suffered from significant mental disorders on average, and all dimensions of the morbid symptoms index were reported at the level of significant mental disorders. Also, based on the results of people's resilience, it was also reported at an unfavorable level. Resilience dimensions include perception of individual competence, trust in individual differences, tolerance of negative emotions, positive acceptance of change and secure relationships, and spiritual influences at an unfavorable level and control at a relatively favorable level. Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that resilience can predict the index variable of morbid symptoms in an inverse way. In this study, it was observed that people who had less resilience are more prone to mental disorders.