Printed Books Research Articles

Preparing Children for an Unpredictable World in the Middle of a Crisis: La Aldea's Approach

No one was prepared when COVID-19 hit. While education systems all over the world turned to distance learning, countries like Colombia faced a significant challenge: only 75 percent of Colombian teachers had received training in online teaching, 64 percent of school principals considered the technology available to schools to be insufficient, and only 67 percent of 15-year-old students had internet access (OECD 2019). And what about the families living in at-risk contexts and facing additional economic and health pressures? The time was ripe to scale up La Aldea—a flexible, learner-centered strategy whose content and methods are designed to meet the needs of the child at the end of the proverbial "last mile." La Aldea is a strategy created by ClickArte, a Colombian organization that specializes in designing and implementing educational projects. Using its print books, radio shows, digital content, songs, and games, La Aldea was disseminated throughout the country via UNICEF Colombia's education in emergencies strategy. It also provided online training sessions to 4,220 teachers. It ultimately reached 87,667 families and children. This immediate, comprehensive, multimedia, multistakeholder plan was adapted to reach every child in Colombia's formal and nonformal education settings in migrant and conflict-affected communities. La Aldea education strategy is composed of carefully crafted stories whose main characters are animals found in Colombia (such as macaws, tapirs, owls, anteaters, among others). The stories and activities that make up La Aldea are metaphors of society: children, families, and teachers can self-identify with the situations being portrayed, hence giving schools material to integrate playfully into the teaching curricula, while at the same time nudging children's cognitive, citizenship, and social-emotional skills—and, of course, COVID-19 awareness.

Նվիրվում է հայկական գրատպության 510-ամյակին (1512-2022). պատմությունը և զարգացման ընթացքը

The history of Armenian book printing is one of the bright pages of the world culture and civilization. A comprehensive analysis has shown that thanks to the development of book printing a large number of books in different languages, periodicals and bibliographic publications were published, which by their meaning and functions influenced and continue influencing the development of intercultural, scientific, educational, technological (“digitalization”) and social communications. The theme of the conference is “Heritage Preservation for Sustainable Future,” which also should equally refer to the problem of saving the Armenian cultural heritage from destruction, which remained under the control of Azerbaijanis as a result of the new Artsakh war. In order to contribute to this important matter, the author of the lines has proposed cooperation with the international library community participating in this conference.

Executive attention modulates the facilitating effect of electronic storybooks on information encoding in preschoolers

Interactive features and multimedia elements in electronic storybooks might enhance knowledge acquisition in children due to the playful learning experience they provide. However, to date, there is no systematic research on the long-term efficacy of storybooks, and the individual cognitive factors that influence information processing when using these apps. Therefore, in Experiment 1, we focused on long-term improvements. Children (M = 5.55 years, SD = 0.51, N = 33) were divided into an Interactive App group (N = 16) and a Print Book group (N = 17), then they were exposed to a story. Their recall performance was measured immediately after the exposure and three weeks later. In Experiment 2, we focused on individual differences in cognitive factors (working memory and sustained attention). Children (M = 5.56 years, SD = 0.62, N = 32) were exposed to three stories with interactive, multimedia-only elements and an audio-only condition. Caregivers were asked to fill out the ADHD Rating Scale-IV regarding each child. According to our results, in Experiment 1, children in the Interactive App group performed better compared to the Print Book group and this improvement persisted over time. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, however, children with poorer sustained attentional abilities performed worse in multimedia and interactive conditions compared to the audio-only condition. Our results indicate that electronic storybooks can facilitate learning because they enhance encoding efficacy. However, the benefit is only evident in children with good attentional control abilities. Our results guide parents and educators on how to choose and design age-appropriate applications for learning.

Ivano Luckevičiaus gudų muziejaus bibliotekos senųjų knygų paveldas / The Heritage of Old Books from in the Library of the Ivan Lutskevich Belarusian Museum

The Ivan Lutskevich Belarusian Museum was established in Vilnius over a century ago, in 1921. It was based on the documentary heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania collected by Ivan Lutskevich (1881–1919), historian, archaelogist and bibliophile, who also was a prominent activist in the Belarusian community in Vilnius. The holdings of the museum also contained various artifacts acquired by Lutskevich in archaeological expeditions and donated to the Belarusian Scientific Society in 1916. The reorganization of Vilnius museums that began in 1939 caused the complete liquidation of the Ivan Lutskevich Belarusian Museum in 1945. At that time print publications and manuscripts from the holdings of the museum were handed over to the then Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The museum’s library contained over 14 thousand volumes, with the collection of early print books (15th–18th centuries) consisting of about 600 items. The two-part Belarusian-language catalogue compiled in 1943 by the art scholar Vladas Drėma, museum custodian, contains 411 numbered entries for the books passed on to the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Based on this catalogue, which is now kept in the Library’s Manuscripts Department and on other sources, the article aims to examine the heritage of 15th–18th-century books kept in the Rare Books Department of the Wroblewski Library. The Drėmaʼs catalogue lists the old publications by century: one book from the 15th century, 24 from the 17th century; 293 from the 18th century (several of which might actually belong to the 19th century). There are 411 books in total. At present, we have been able to identify 224 15th–18th-century books (208 titles) that come from library of the Belarusian Museum: eight books from the 15th century, 21 books from the 16th century, 47 from the 17th century, and 144 from the 18th century. These statistical data, however incomplete, show that not all old publications have been described in Drėma’s catalogue. The collection includes rare printing masterpieces such as eight incunabula, the earliest of which is the Czech-language Biblia Bohemica published in Prague in 1488 and Biblia Latina printed in Basel in 1491 (these and other five incunabula are not listed in Drėma’s catalogue). The first entry in the catalogue is Pentecostarion (Триодь цветная), a liturgical book published in Cracow about 1493 by Schweipolt Fiol, pioneer of Cyrillic printing. Other notable entries are printing masterpieces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania such as Part 4 of Бивлия руска published by Francysk Skaryna in Prague in 1519, the Slavonic grammar by Meletius Smotrytsky published in Vievis at the printing house of the Holy Spirit Brotherhood in 1619, extremely rare publications by the Vilnius Jesuit Academy, Basilian, and other printing houses of those times. The Belarusian Museum’s collection of old books is notable for its linguistic and thematic diversity. Most of the books, about 45 per cent, are in Polish; 25 per cent (53 publications) are in Church Slavonic, Old Slavic and Russian; 15 per cent (30 publications) are in Latin; several publications each are in French (six) and German (two), one incunabulum is in Czech. The content of the books is discussed after dividing them into two groups of equal quantity: religious and secular literature. A list of so-far identified old books is provided at the end of the article. Keywords: Ivan Lutskevich Belarusian Museum; heritage of old books; Vladas Drėma; manuscript catalogue; The Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; Rare Books Department.

Features of the Organisation of Illegal Book Printing of the Fedoseyevtsy Old Believers in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

This article attempts to analyse the book publishing activities of the Bespopovtsy Old Believers in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Old Believer book printing of this period is the least studied section in the history of Russian printed books. From its inception in the early eighteenth century until 1905, the book publishing of the Old Believers was illegal. If the period of the eighteenth — early nineteenth centuries is clear enough, there is only a certain general idea of the situation in the second half of the nineteenth — early twentieth centuries (before 1905). The reason for this is that all editions of the latter period are anonymous or have false imprints. The author of the article offers her own approach to the study of this stage of Old Believer printing. In her opinion, it is necessary to identify and describe publications with their subsequent grouping based on the commonality of some features, primarily fonts and ornamentation, with a further search for ways to link these book groups to printing houses known from archival documents. Following this approach, the article identifies a group of publications, which list Pochaev as their place of publication. An analysis of these publications and identified archival materials makes it possible to identify eight printing houses in which they were printed. The study results in the following hypothesis: all these printing houses belonged to the Old Believers of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination, they closely interacted with each other, forming a kind of network, whose activities were guided and inspired by the Preobrazhensky cemetery. A special role in the production of printed materials of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination was played by the printing house of the Ovchinnikov brothers, which functioned for about 35 years. It helped smaller printing houses, cast fonts for them, made decor clichйs, and received materials from closed establishments. After the Ovchinnikov printing house ceased operations, other printers took over from them, who probably studied with them and purchased their equipment.

Encyclopedias and lexicons of the 15-18th centuries in the collections from the Old and Rare Books Department of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine

The article presents the old printed encyclopedic and reference editions stored in different collections of the Old and Rare Books Department of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (VNLU) – incunabula, paleotypes, foreign old books, rare editions, editions in civil and Cyrillic font. The largest number among them is foreign old printed books, but information on domestic editions is also provided. The main goal of the publication is to draw the attention of specialists to these forgotten book monuments of the past and, if possible, to return them to scientific circulation. The methodology of the research and their subsequent quite brief characteristics involved structuring the information according to the chronology of book printing, importance in the society of the time, typological classification of publications, etc. For the convenience of further research work with these sources, each description of the monument is accompanied by a shelf number, assigned by the department. The study has revealed a significant amount and historical importance of encyclopedic and reference publications of the 15th and 18th centuries in the collections of a single specialized department of the library. It is reasonable to continue studying copies of encyclopedic editions of the 19th – early 20th centuries in the collections of the Old and Rare Books Department, as well as conducting a similar study in the collections of other specialized departments of the VNLU.

Львовские издания кириллической книги XVII века в собрании Новгородского музея-заповедника

The article examines Lviv Cyrillic books of the 17th century, which are stored in the library of the Novgorod State Museum-Reserve. In total, nine copies of six editions are presented there. They were printed in two printing houses. From the publications of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood printing house, there are two copies of the Festal Menaions (1638), the Book of Hours (1642), the Octoechos of 1644 and 1686. The printing house of Mikhail Slyozka is represented by two copies of the Act and Epistles (1639) and two copies of the Pentecostarion, (1642). Some of the books come from the collection of the Iversky Monastery. They were brought there by the brethren from the Kuteinsky Epiphany Monastery along with printing equipment by order of Patriarch Nikon. The second part of the books was purchased from collector Denis Perestoronin in 2015. The article shows the history of book printing and studies the notes on the copies. Most of them are donation records. These include the record on the donation of the Festal Menaions (1638) by the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood to the Kuteinsky Monastery; the record from 1655 about the donation of the Octoechos (1644) on behalf of Constantine and his wife Evdokia to the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin for the health and repose of family members; the record from 1668 about the donation of the Pentecostarion (1642) by the brethren of the village of Antonovka to the Church of the Nativity. Ownership records are of great scientific interest. Among them is the record from 1659 about the ownership of the Book of Hours (1642) by the Czech prince Lev Alexandrovich Shlyakhov, a foreigner who came to serve in Russia using fabricated documents and called himself like that. Hewas a servant of the Polish Count Kasper von Denhof. Also of great importance is the record made in 1914 by the hand of the impressionist artist Mikhail Nikolaevich Yakovlev.

ОРУДИЕ ТРУДА КАК ИКОНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ: АЛТАРНАЯ КОМПОЗИЦИЯ ИЗ ХРАМОВ ДЗАНА-БАИ В МАХАРАШТРЕ

The article deals with a unique object of temple worship from Maharashtra, a Marathi-speaking region of Western India, represented by a tripartite structure having a grindmill as its middle section. The motives for such a layout are found in the poetry of the medieval maid-servant Janabai (13th – 14th centuries), who described in her hymns her love for the god Vitthal / Vithoba from Pandharpur and their special bonds, including his help in grinding grain. The technical assemblage of the three components into the genre scene ‘God grinds together with Janabai’ was first recorded in the introductory lithograph for the chapter 21 of the Bhaktavijay, which established Janabai as an independent character. Published in the middle of the 19th century, this collective hagiography became one of the first samples in Marathi book printing and a source of deduction of ethnocultural and nationalistic meanings throughout the period of the formation of Maharashtrian identity. In addition, in the Marathi bhakti milieu a grind mill and grinding process function as a sustained metaphor drawn from the resources of the philosophy of monism-advaita. It implies final atomicity as a result of ‘crushing’ and ‘grinding’ of duality which leads to merging with the Absolute. Ubiquitously manifested the iconography of the servant and the god, inextricably linked by a millstone in the temples in honor of Janabai, visualizes this metaphor through narratives and heroes rooted in the regional culture.

Сибирские книжные редкости: "Исторический журнал" Дмитрия Корнильева

The article considers Dmitry Korniliev’s Istoricheskiy zhurnal, ili Sobranie iz raznykh knig lyubopyt-nykh izvestiy, uveselitel’nykh povestey i anekdotov [Historical magazine, or Collection from various books of curious news, amusing stories and anecdotes] (1790). Over the years of its existence in the history of book culture, the publication has earned a reputation for book rarity (V.S. Sopikov, G.N. Gennadi, V.P. Semennikov). However, modern bibliology has not yet directly answered the question of whether it is a magazine or a book. The “Istoricheskiy zhurnal”, preserved in the Book Museum of the Russian State Library, and a digital copy of the publication from the library of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve provided material for the study. The novelty of the research is explained by its original methodological approach to the interpretation of the publication made in the context of the history of media and media transformations suggested by M. McLuhan and F. Barbier, who substantiated the idea of the difference between the book and magazine forms and the types of reading associated with them. Moreover, the integrative research methodology includes the structural-typological, historical-genetic and contextual types of analysis within the framework of bibliology. On the basis of the twofold criterion of the specifics of the magazine form (the mosaicity of its form associated with the phenomenon of collective authorship and fast reading designed for the collective reader), I show the transformation of the book form of I.E. Fisher’s Sibirskaya istoriya s samogo otkrytiya Sibiri do zavoevaniya sey zemli rossiyskim oruzhiem [Siberian history from the very discovery of Siberia to the conquest of this land by Russian weapons] into the Siberian digital mosaic of Korniliev’s “Istoricheskiy zhurnal”. The transformation process of the voluminous and chronically built “Sibirskaya istoriya” into a magazine mosaic of short educational and edifying “news” and moralizing stories is reconstructed. The “Istoricheskiy zhurnal” is studied as part of the formation of the Tobolsk type of a magazine from “Irtysh, prevrashchayushchiysya v Ipokrenu” [The Irtysh, turning into Hippocrene] to “Biblioteka uchenaya” [The scientific library]. The difference between the creative intention and the concept of the “Istoricheskiy zhurnal” in the dedication to A.V. Alyabiev and in the text of the surviving first part of the publication, included in the logic of the formation of the three Tobolsk magazines in their typological features: mosaic structure and educational, moral and entertaining character. I claim that the complex structuralthematic mosaic of the “Istoricheskiy zhurnal” does not correspond to the structural-typological features of the collection. The significance of the “Istoricheskiy zhurnal” as a publication that failed to use all of its potential is primarily explained by the fact that it became the first printed publication in Siberia in which Siberians displayed awareness of their own territorial identity. Owing to the “Istoricheskiy zhurnal”, the processes of transformation of the book and magazine forms in the initial period of the history of book printing are revealed.

Рейтинг как форма моделирования современного пространства чтения

Reading is a multidimensional phenomenon, being not only a tool for receiving information about the world, but also an instrument of ethical and aesthetic education, a way of spending leisure time. The volume of reading characterizes the personality, indicates erudition, interests, and behavioral features. In ancient times books were available to the few, and the attitude towards them was serious. In antiquity it was recommended to confine oneself to a few selected authors and re-read them. After the invention of book printing, reading gradually losst its elitist character, the book became the most important source of information. In modern society the spread of the Internet and digital technologies has led to a decline in the popularity of traditional reading. The opportunity to obtain compressed information from the Internet and the feeling of accessibility of any information without the need to comprehend and memorize it change the structure of cognitive processes, tune the brain to assimilate ready-made forms, resulting in a loss of interest in reading and an increase in functional illiteracy. It is all the more important to maintain interest in reading, to form the need for it, to draw attention to the best classical and contemporary works. This is the goal of various ratings that are regularly published in print and online publications. They come in two varieties: sales ratings and stimulant ratings. The former reflect the requests of readers, the latter model these requests. Sales ratings record the emergence of interest in a particular book, which can be caused by various factors, for example, the appearance of a film adaptation or the occurrence of situations in real life similar to those described in the book. Stimulant ratings aim to introduce the reader to the type of serious, focused and complicated reading with the help of modern tools: catchy titles resembling advertising slogans, appeals to prestige, the use of debitive and imperative modality. Stimulant ratings are published in quality press and other responsible media, and their influence on the formation of readers’ preferences is undoubtedly great. They perform informative, advertising, educational functions. Introduction to the culture of reading is a socially significant problem. To a certain extent ratings help to solve it. Their role in the modern digital society focusing on the rapid acquisition of compressed information is to form the need for reading, to promote books worthy of attention and to model the reading space.

The Collective Memory and its Transformations: The Great War and the Battle for Independence in Lithuania (1914–1920)

The author aims to discuss three topics using the memory research method. The first part discusses construction of the imagined community and collective memory of 19th century Lithuanian intellectuals in a country where education in the national language, and the printing of books and papers, were banned. The second part of the article presents the impact of the Great War and the struggle for independence on collective memory as revealed in memoirs written in the 1914–1940 period by fighters on the front lines, refugees, intellectuals, and people in the occupied country. The third part discusses the extinction of the Great War and the battle for independence from collective memory as a natural and specially constructed phenomenon, caused by the Soviet regime.

“The Chinese as I Have Seen Them”: A Diachronic Analysis of Western Perception on the Chinese in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

It is estimated that around 12000 Westerners were living in the Chinese Empire at the end of the 19th century (Détrie 509); especially after the first Opium War (1839-1842), locals and Westerners learnt to co-habit, with the latter improving their quality of life. However, both groups maintained their lifestyles, criticizing those habits they thought objectionable, or downright barbaric (ibid.). Locals are Othered in travel literature, seen through a Western “power gaze” (Calzati); we can assume this opposition was stronger at a time of political tension. This paper aims at looking at how Western perceptions of China and the Chinese changed over the course of the 19th and early 20th century, as emerging from war, travel and life accounts written by anglophone expatriates, travelers, and military men. The analysis was carried out with a mixed quantitative-qualitative approach, drawing from corpus-assisted discourse analysis. The print books published between 1843 and 1919 were digitized using OCR software to make them readable by corpus analysis tools. Two subcorpora weree created, one including 2 2-volume books recounting the events of the first Opium War, and the second one including 6 books describing life and travel in China between 1897 and 1919. An analysis of selected keywords and their concordance lines, with the aid of Critical Discourse Analysis, attempts to shed light on how the perception of the Chinese on the part of Anglophone people has evolved between the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

From Multivalent Writing to a Poetics of the Book: A Media-Specific Analysis of Mary Ruefle’s A Little White Shadow

Mary Ruefle’s A Little White Shadow (2006) asks the reader to consider the book as more than a container for poetry by playing with our expectations of print books: namely stability, permanence, and authority. This work of erasure reproduces the marks Ruefle made to obscure words in the source text of the same name by Emily Malbone Morgan, published in 1889, by creating a facsimile of the original altered with white correction fluid. By utilizing the material object as an essential element of the poem, Ruefle engages this form to move beyond the concept of the book as object or apparatus for presenting poetry. She achieves this by physically erasing an already historically “erased” book – a text that was largely unavailable and unremembered at the time Ruefle published her poem – that treats themes of writing, reading, and literature. This aligns with Johanna Drucker’s definition of the artist’s book as a fine arts practice that interrogates the form and meaning of the medium and questions what a book is. Through this same relationship of form and content, Ruefle develops a poetics of the book. Ultimately, she rejects the idea that the poetry book is dead with the caveat that the codex as a de facto form that does not affect the meaning of the poetry is dying. Instead, Ruefle weaves our expectations and assumptions about the medium into her erasure poem to make this formerly default form an active part of her project.

Improving assistive technology access to students with low vision and blindness in Delhi: A school-based model.

Assistive technology (AT) has recently received considerable attention around the world. Studies have shown poor access to assistive technology for visual impairment (ATVI) in schools for the blind in India. The present article aimed at designing a school-based model to improve AT access in schools and provide hands-on training, and identify types of ocular morbidities present among students. The vision rehabilitation (VR) team of a tertiary eye-care center visited schools for the blind as a part of community-based VR services. The team conducted a basic eye examination and assessed best-corrected vision acuity (BCVA) and provided VR services. Furthermore, two schools were selected to establish an ATVI learning center as a pilot model. In total, 1887 students were registered for VR and obtained their disability certificates in 2019-20. Retina problems (25.7%), globe abnormalities (25.5%), optic nerve atrophy (13.6%), and squint (12.0%) were common ocular problems identified in students. Around 50.3% of students had BCVA3 1/60 in the better eye who would be benefited from visual-based AT, and the remaining students with visual substitution AT. Further, 20.8% of them who had near vision between N18 to N24 would be benefitted from large print books. Two schools were provided ATVI with support from the WHO. Familiarization, demonstration, and initial training for ATVI were carried out. A sizable number of the students would be benefitted from visual-based AT apart from visual substitutions AT. Students were interested to have such ATVI centers in the school for academic and non-academic skills development.

Simono Daukanto 1846‑ųjų Pasakų Fedro rankraščio ir spaudinio ortografija

T H E ORTHOGRAPHY OF BOTH MANUSCRIPT AND PRINTED BOOK (1846) OF SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’S LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF THE FABLES OF PHAEDRUS Simonas Daukantas prepared two manuscripts of his Lithuanian translation of the Fables of Phaedrus: one in the first half of 1836 (PaP), and another ten years later in about the first half of 1846 (PaPhr). Daukantas exploited two different orthographic tactics in tapping the first manuscript (PaP) as the source for the second one (PaPhr): (1) either to substitute older orthographic peculiarities for his own more recently introduced spelling equivalents (more frequent approach), or (2) just to keep them (more seldom).

Bilgorod Metropolitans and «Cherkasy Customs»: Book and School

The church history of the Russian-Ukrainian border is a significant area for research, in particular in the issue of the meeting of the Moscow Orthodox Church, which was intensively reformed, and the church structure of numerous immigrants to Slobodа Ukraine from the Kyiv Metropolis («Cherkasy» (Ukrainians)). The main ecclesiastical administrative formation in Sloboda Ukraine was the Bilgorod diocese, ruled by metropolitans in 1667–1721. In this case, the important features of the border are the presence of non-Moscow printing books and the emergence of schools.Already the first Bilgorod Metropolitan Theodosius brought 150 liturgical books to the center of the diocese from Moscow. But according to later data, Moscow books did not dominate in this space: a significant part of the books was from Kyiv, Lviv, and even Ostroh printing houses. The register of books of the Kuryazh monastery, published before the beginning of the 18th century, and other available registers testify to the coexistence of books of various printings in monastery book collections and churches.The «school tradition» of the establishment of schools at churches, similar to the Kyiv Metropolitanate, was also characteristic. The Bilgorod metropolitans did not bring their teachers from Moscow and apparently did not control the «cherkasy schools». These examples once again emphasize the heterogeneity of the borderline and the multiplicity of identities.

Regional Focus of Ukrainian Book Design Formation

The purposeof the article is to study specific regional features in Ukrainian book design and determine the degree of their mutual influence. The research methodology is based on art analysis in the context of historical-chronological, iconographic, inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. The scientific novelty is represented by theses on the differences of conventionally defined Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv and Odesa graphic schools, which had an impact on the development of local book design, and, consequently, on the formation of the artistic image of the modern Ukrainian book. The conclusions are conditioned by significant phenomena and trends in regional graphic art, which caused the corresponding processes in the formation of the image of the book publishing industries of Kyiv region, Lviv region, Kharkiv region, and Odesa region. In particular, the Kyiv school of graphic design in the all-Ukrainian cultural and artistic context is distinguished by a bold desire to master the latest technologies, active consumption of the experience of specialists from other collaborations, high genre elasticity, and a tendency to multivariate interpretations of traditional forms, which was accordingly reflected in local book design. On the other hand, the Lviv art book, which is a bright and heterogeneous phenomenon from the point of view of design due to the irregularity of its own development, today is an original product, formed after a long search for an individual image against the background of gravitation to European trends, which was manifested by the diversity of creative methods and author's approaches in its design. The artistic design of the Kharkiv book looks relatively more restrained and constructive, due to the dominance of the infographic approach in the design of multi-genre publications and the production of the classical tradition of Ukrainian bookmaking. In addition, the printing of books from this region deserves high praise. The Odesa graphic school, which from the middle of the 20th century had a solid foundation of realism with a flavour of social art, is characterised by the interpenetration of various regional features of book design due to the active migration of book artists between publishing houses and the multinationality of the creative center. Key words: book design, book graphics, Kyiv graphic school, Lviv graphic school, Kharkiv graphic school, Odesa graphic school, book art, regional features.

Культурно-историческая роль чешского книгопечатания в XVI – начале XVII веков

The article discusses the development of book printing in the Czech in the 16th – early 17th centuries, two periods in the development of Czech book printing are distinguished: 1501–1547 and after the events of 1547 until the Battle of White Mountain. The author reveals the changes that have taken place in the working conditions of printing houses, the attitude of the royal authorities to book printing, the repertoire of Czech printed books, the number of published products.

Tiskarski znak (signet) digitalizirane građe u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu

Printer’s mark (signet) is a trademark that the printer printed on books and with which it can be identified. As a typographic feature of a printer’s/individual title, it appears already in the very beginnings of printing. In addition to the role of an identifier, its function was also protection against forgeries, since the printing of books was an expensive and complex process, but also communicative as documents, information, visual representation or messages expressed through symbolic representation. Since the 16th century, when the title page took on its present-day features, typographical element is almost always found in the same place - centered in the middle of the page below the title and author’s name, and above the name of the printer, the place and year of printing, as well as the permission to print ( if it is stated), and the motifs that appear in artistic expression are diverse. The authors of the printer’s mark are mostly unknown, so it is assumed that they were mostly printers. After a historical review of the earliest appearance of printing marks in Croatia and Europe, and a presentation of some of the printing marks of the most important European printers, paper presents research on printer’s marks carried out on digitized Croatica (works by Croatian authors, works printed in Croatia, works that talk about Croatia and Croats) on a sample of 44 units of library materials stored in the fund of the National and University Library in Zagreb printed in Latin letters, from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the printer’s mark as a rare or almost non-existent independent subject of research among Croatian scholars, due to its importance in the study of book history. The research brings the names of the printers of works by Croatian authors (Croatica), the systematization of printing marks grouped into 9 groups according to artistic motifs, as well as information on the existence of mottos. The idea of ambiguity of the name of a printing mark, which as such should be associated with a certain book in a situation where printers continuously use the same mark for all works, is also put forward, which indicates that the printing mark assumes the function of a logo.

Iraqi Women’s role in social and intellectual work- Sister Assemblies and Muslim Women’s forum example

This study attempts to highlight the role of sister associations and the Muslim women’s social and intellectual forum in caring for women and preserving them form perverse ideas, it is educated in an Islamic culture including through religious educational and polite lessons and lectures, printing and distribution of Islamic books, letters and leaflets among the people as well as opening summer courses to teach the holy Koran and other educational courses, seminars educational conferences and others, as well as the interest of the two associations in opening schools in their various educational stages and the interest in helping those in need, various material and moral aid, the two associations have received widespread attention and acceptance in the feminist community.